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Kheradmandkeysomi M, Salehi A, Jalali A, Omranpour H, Tafreshi OA, Naguib HE, Park CB. Enhancing Mechanical Performance of High-Density Polyethylene at Different Environmental Conditions with Outstanding Foamability through In-Situ Rubber Nanofibrillation: Exploring the Impact of Interface Modification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29291-29304. [PMID: 38776211 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we utilized in situ nanofibrillation of thermoplastic polyester ether elastomer (TPEE) within a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix to enhance the rheological properties, foamability, and mechanical characteristics of the HDPE nanocomposite at both room and subzero temperatures. Due to the inherent polarity differences between these two components, TPEE is thermodynamically incompatible with the nonpolar HDPE. To address this compatibility issue, we employed a compatibilizer, styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene copolymer-grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA), to reduce the interfacial tension between the two blend components. In the initial step, we prepared a 10% masterbatch of HDPE/TPEE with and without the compatibilizer using a twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, we processed the 10% masterbatch further through spun bonding to create fiber-in-fiber composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a significant reduction in the spherical size of HDPE/TPEE particles following the inclusion of SEBS-g-MA, as well as a much smaller TPEE nanofiber size (approximately 60-70 nm for 5% TPEE). Moreover, extensional rheological testing revealed a notable enhancement in extensional rheological properties, with strain-hardening behavior being more pronounced in the compatibilized nanofibrillar composites compared to the noncompatibilized ones. SEM images of the foam structures depicted substantial improvement in the foamability of HDPE in terms of the cell size and density following the nanofibrillation process and the use of the compatibilizer. Ultimately, the in situ rubber fibrillation and enhancement of HDPE and TPEE interface using a compatibilizer led to increasing the HDPE ductility at room and subzero temperatures while maintaining its stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Kheradmandkeysomi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Amirmehdi Salehi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Amirjalal Jalali
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Hosseinali Omranpour
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Omid Aghababaei Tafreshi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Hani E Naguib
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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2
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Zhao C, Zhao J, Mark LH, Chen Z, Soltani I, Lee PC, Park CB. xed composites. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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3
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Li Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Chen S. Preparing low-Density microcellular polystyrene foam by in-Situ fibrillated PTFE and supramolecular nucleator TMC-300 in the presence of sc-CO 2. J CELL PLAST 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x231154619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A method using in-situ fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and octamethylenedicarboxylicdibenzoylhydrazide (TMC-300) supramolecular nucleator was presented to prepare low density polystyrene foams. This study used a torque rheometer in the molten compound preparation of PS/fibrillated-PTFE/TMC-300 composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed in-situ fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene in Polystyrene melt and a nanofiber network with high aspect ratio. The formation of nanometer-sized fiber networks improved the melt viscoelasticity of matrices which promoted cell nucleation. As the results demonstrated, low-density foams with 11 μm average cell size were obtained using Polystyrene. The self-assembly nucleating agent TMC-300 was then introduced to the composite materials. TMC-300 and polytetrafluoroethylene as a composite cell nucleating agent were used in Polystyrene foams. Meanwhile, their nucleating efficiency was investigated. TMC-300 completed self-assembly in Polystyrene and served as composite nucleating agent in combination with polytetrafluoroethylene. Compared with the sample PS/PTFE-0.5, the average cell size of the sample PS/PTFE-0.5/TMC-2 had a reduction rate of 28.16% from 12.18 μm to 8.75 μm. The cell density increased by an order of magnitude. The composite nucleating agent was successful in controlling Polystyrene foam cell morphology, thus leading to the preparation of low-density Polystyrene microporous foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolun Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shihong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, China
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Lightweight and High Impact Toughness PP/PET/POE Composite Foams Fabricated by In Situ Nanofibrillation and Microcellular Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15010227. [PMID: 36616576 PMCID: PMC9824783 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) has become the most promising and candidate material for fabricating lightweight products. Microcellular injection molding (MIM) is a cost-effective technology for manufacturing porous plastic products. However, it is still challenging to fabricate high-performance PP microcellular components. Herein, we reported an efficient strategy to produce lightweight and high impact toughness foamed PP/polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polyolefin-based elastomer (POE) components by combining in situ fibrillation (INF) and MIM technologies. First, the INF composite was prepared by integrating twin-screw compounding with melt spinning. SEM analysis showed PET nanofibrils with a diameter of 258 nm were achieved and distributed uniformly in the PP due to the POE's inducing elaboration effect. Rheological and DSC analysis demonstrated PET nanofibrils pronouncedly improved PP's viscoelasticity and crystal nucleation rate, respectively. Compared with PP foam, INF composite foam showed more stretched cells in the skin layer and refined spherical cells in the core layer. Due to the synergistic toughening effect of PET nanofibrils and POE elastic particles, the impact strength of INF composite foams was 295.3% higher than that of PP foam and 191.2% higher than that of melt-blended PP/PET foam. The results gathered in this study reveal potential applications for PP based INF composite foams in the manufacturing of lightweight automotive products with enhanced impact properties.
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Hejazi ES, Masoomi M. Investigation the effect of processing condition and dispersed phase content on rheology–morphology relationship in polypropylene/polyethylene terephthalate microfibrillar composite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe sadat Hejazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Polymer Group) Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
| | - Mahmood Masoomi
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Polymer Group) Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
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Zhu X, Ren Q, Li W, Wu M, Weng Z, Wang J, Zheng W, Wang L. In situ nanofibrillar fully-biobased poly (lactic acid)/poly (ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) composites with promoted crystallization kinetics, mechanical properties, and heat resistance. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Morphology and Properties of Polyolefin Elastomer/Polyamide 6/Poly(lactic Acid) In Situ Special-Shaped Microfibrillar Composites: Influence of Viscosity Ratio. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214556. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Situ microfibrillation is an easy and economical processing method, which has drawn wide concern in recent years. In Situ special-shaped microfibrillar composites, which with poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 6 (PA6/PLA) together formed special-shaped microfibrils in polyolefin elastomer (POE) matrix, were successfully prepared by using multistage stretching extrusion technology. Four types of PA6 with different viscosity were utilized to investigate the effect of viscosity ratio of PA6 to PLA on the structure evolution of special-shaped microfibrils and the mechanical properties of POE/(PA6/PLA) composites. The morphological observation showed that the viscosity ratio was closely associated to the size and shape of PA6 and greatly affected the microfibrillar morphology of PLA/PA6. When the viscosity ratio of PA6 to PLA was less than 2.2, the “gourd-skewers-like” structure microfibrils were obtained. When the viscosity ratio of PA6/PLA to 14.2 was further increased, the “trepang” structure microfibrils were dominant. The “gourd skewers” structure microfibrils were favorable to improvement the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and viscoelastic properties of POE/(PA6/PLA) blends compared to the “trepang” structure microfibrils. In addition, the morphology of microfibrils exhibited a negligible effect on the melting and crystallization temperature and crystallization degree of PLA and POE matrix. This work provides a new strategy for designing the in situ special-shaped microfibrillar composites with improved mechanical properties.
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Mark LH, Zhao C, Chu RKM, Park CB. Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded PP/PET-Nanofibril Composites and Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142958. [PMID: 35890732 PMCID: PMC9315760 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The creation and application of PET nanofibrils for PP composite reinforcement were studied. PET nanofibrils were fibrillated within a PP matrix using a spunbond process and then injection molded to test for the end-use properties. The nanofibril reinforcement helped to provide higher tensile and flexural performance in solid (unfoamed) injection molded parts. With foam injection molding, the nanofibrils also helped to improve and refine the microcellular morphology, which led to improved performance. Easily and effectively increasing the strength of a polymeric composite is a goal for many research endeavors. By creating nanoscale fibrils within the matrix itself, effective bonding and dispersion have already been achieved, overcoming the common pitfalls of fiber reinforcement. As blends of PP and PET are drawn in a spunbond system, the PET domains are stretched into nanoscale fibrils. By adapting the spunbonded blends for use in injection molding, both solid and foamed nanocomposites are created. The injection molded nanocomposites achieved increased in both tensile and flexural strength. The solid and foamed tensile strength increased by 50 and 100%, respectively. In addition, both the solid and foamed flexural strength increased by 100%. These increases in strength are attributed to effective PET nanofibril reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Howe Mark
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (L.H.M.); (C.Z.); (R.K.M.C.)
| | - Chongxiang Zhao
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (L.H.M.); (C.Z.); (R.K.M.C.)
| | - Raymond K. M. Chu
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (L.H.M.); (C.Z.); (R.K.M.C.)
- SABIC Limburg B.V., 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (L.H.M.); (C.Z.); (R.K.M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-978-3053
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9
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Anstey A, Tuccitto AV, Lee PC, Park CB. Generation of Tough, Stiff Polylactide Nanocomposites through the In Situ Nanofibrillation of Thermoplastic Elastomer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14422-14434. [PMID: 35302743 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) resins are among the most desirable biopolymers due to their biobased and compostable nature, excellent stiffness, and tensile strength. However, the widespread application of PLA has long been hindered by its inherent brittleness. While multiple routes have been successfully developed for the toughening of PLA, this toughening has always come at the cost of compromising the stiffness and strength of the matrix. In this work, we report a robust and scalable method for the development of PLA nanocomposites with an unprecedented combination of stiffness and toughness. Using the in situ nanofibrillation technique, we generated PLA composites containing nanofibrils of thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE). Due to the high aspect ratio of these nanofibrils, they form physically percolated networks at low weight fractions (∼2.8 wt %) which dramatically change the mechanical behavior of the material. We found that, upon network formation, the material transitions from brittle to ductile behavior, dramatically increasing its toughness with only a marginal decrease in Young's modulus. We investigate the peculiar rheological behavior and crystallization kinetics of these blends, and propose an extension of the critical ligament thickness mechanism, wherein intrinsic toughening arises at the fiber-matrix interface in the presence of entangled elastomer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Anstey
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Anthony V Tuccitto
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Patrick C Lee
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
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10
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Jalali A, Romero-Diez S, Nofar M, Park CB. Entirely environment-friendly polylactide composites with outstanding heat resistance and superior mechanical performance fabricated by spunbond technology: Exploring the role of nanofibrillated stereocomplex polylactide crystals. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2210-2220. [PMID: 34798187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the manufacturing and characterization of all-polylactide composites prepared by melt spunbond spinning technology. To do so, a series of asymmetric stereocomplex polylactide (SC-PLA) blends (PLLA 95 wt%/PDLA 5 wt%) was melt spun. To examine the impact of molecular structure of PDLA, the blends of linear PLLA, and low and high molecular weight as well as branched PDLAs, were subjected to a single step spunbond process. DSC thermograms of the samples showed two melting temperatures at around 170 °C and 210 °C, which were attributed to the melting of homo and stereocomplex crystals, respectively. The samples were spun at 190 °C, between the homo and stereocomplex crystals' melting temperatures, and at 230 °C, above the stereocomplex crystals' melting temperature. Morphology images showed the formation of fibers in the range of 40-50 μm. Shear rheological measurements revealed that the spun SC-PLA samples had a substantially higher viscosity and storage modulus in the low frequency region, and higher shear thinning behavior, compared to the non-spun samples. Extensional rheology measurements also showed that the spun samples demonstrated strain hardening behavior. Substantial enhancement of rheological properties was noted for the samples containing the branched and high molecular weight PDLA spun at 230 °C. After etching, the spun samples at 190 °C exhibited small spherical crystals with diameters in the range of 80-90 nm, whereas comparatively thin fibers in the size range of 60-70 nm were observed for the samples spun at 230 °C. Remarkable enhancements up to 100% and 60% was noted for the tensile modulus and strength, respectively, of the spun SC-PLA samples. The spun fibers also demonstrated a considerable reduction in boiling water and hot air shrinkage. The distinctive role of nanofibrillated stereocomplex crystals as a rheology modifier and a crystallization nucleating agent makes PLA more sustainable and paves the way for the fabricated all-PLA composites in applications requiring high heat resistance and superior mechanical performance. The present study unequivocally indicates a huge potential for the sustainable entirely all-PLA products manufactured by fiber in fiber and, indeed, unfolds unknown opportunities for PLA-based merchandises in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirjalal Jalali
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Sandra Romero-Diez
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada; Multifunctonal Composites Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada.
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11
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Rheology–morphology interrelationship in high-density polyethylene/polyamide-6 microfibrillar composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Md. Shahin AN, Shaayegan V, Lee PC, Park CB. In Situ Visualization for Control of Nano-Fibrillation Based on Spunbond Processing Using a Polypropylene/Polyethylene Terephthalate System. INT POLYM PROC 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2020-4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In situ generation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofibrils in polypropylene (PP) microfibers via fiber spinning in a spunbond process was studied in this work. The effects of polymer flow rate and air speed in the drafter on the formation of PET fibrils were investigated using a pilot scale machine. An in-situ visualization technique was applied to examine the fiber evolution events and stretch profile at die exit. A scanning electron microscope was used to analyze and investigate the morphology of the dispersed domain. The PET dispersed phase was fibrillated within the PP matrix such that a nonofibrillated composite containing fibrils with an average size around 100 nm was obtained. It was found that the final fibril size directly depends on the degree of die swell, the air speed and the polymer flow rate. It was also found that the in situ observed size of the micro-scale PP/PET fibers was well correlated to the size of the nano-scale PET fibers formed in the PP matrix. The visualization results revealed that a smaller fibril diameter was obtainable by increasing the stretching on the spin line and/or decreasing the die swell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Md. Shahin
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - V. Shaayegan
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - P. C. Lee
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - C. B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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Mohammadi RS, Zolali AM, Kim JH, Jalali A, Park CB. 3D fibrillated network of compatibilized linear low density polyethylene/polyamide with high melt strength and superior foamability. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Dadouche T, Yousfi M, Samuel C, Lacrampe M, Soulestin J. (Nano)Fibrillar morphology development in biobased poly(butylene
succinate‐co‐adipate
)/poly(amide‐11) blown films. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Dadouche
- Polymers and Composites Technology and Mechanical Engineering Department Institut Mines‐Télécom, IMT Lille Douai Douai France
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon Université de Lyon Villeurbanne France
| | - Cédric Samuel
- Polymers and Composites Technology and Mechanical Engineering Department Institut Mines‐Télécom, IMT Lille Douai Douai France
| | - Marie‐France Lacrampe
- Polymers and Composites Technology and Mechanical Engineering Department Institut Mines‐Télécom, IMT Lille Douai Douai France
| | - Jérémie Soulestin
- Polymers and Composites Technology and Mechanical Engineering Department Institut Mines‐Télécom, IMT Lille Douai Douai France
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15
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Anstey A, Chang E, Kim ES, Rizvi A, Kakroodi AR, Park CB, Lee PC. Nanofibrillated polymer systems: Design, application, and current state of the art. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Zhao C, Mark LH, Kim S, Chang E, Park CB, Lee PC. Recent progress in micro‐/nano‐fibrillar reinforced polymeric composite foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lun Howe Mark
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sundong Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eunse Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Chul B. Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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17
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Shahnooshi M, Javadi A, Nazockdast H, Ottermann K, Altstädt V. Rheological rationalization of in situ nanofibrillar structure development: Tailoring of nanohybrid shish-kebab superstructures of poly (lactic acid) crystalline phase. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Zhang X, Wang X, Dong B, Zheng G, Chen J, Shen C, Park CB. Synergetic effect of crystal nucleating agent and melt self-enhancement of isotactic polypropylene on its rheological and microcellular foaming properties. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20969553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Crystal nucleating agent Bis (3, 4- dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol (DMDBS) was used to tune the melt strength and microcellular foaming properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in this study. Rheological testing results reveal that the introduction of DMDBS could enhance the storage modulus and complex viscosity of iPP, obviously increase its crystallization onset temperature, compared to its counterparts without DMDBS. The addition of DMDBS could also significantly increase the cell nucleating ability of iPP, due to its large surface, cooperating with a thermal history control treatment. Quite fine microcellular iPP/DMDBS foams were fabricated with relatively small average cell sizes of nano to several micrometers, and cell densities up to 1011∼1012 cells/cm3, using the synergy effect of DMDBS and iPP’s melt self-enhancement. Under a comparatively low re-saturation pressure of 8 to 12 MPa, ideal microcellular foams could be generated, at a temperature zone of 158 to 162°C, which is slightly below to iPP’s original pellets nominal melting point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Xihuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Binbin Dong
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Aksit M, Gröschel S, Kuhn U, Aksit A, Kreger K, Schmidt HW, Altstädt V. Low-Density Polybutylene Terephthalate Foams with Enhanced Compressive Strength via a Reactive-Extrusion Process. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092021. [PMID: 32899711 PMCID: PMC7564929 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their appealing properties such as high-temperature dimensional stability, chemical resistance, compressive strength and recyclability, new-generation foams based on engineering thermoplastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) have been gaining significant attention. Achieving low-density foams without sacrificing the mechanical properties is of vital importance for applications in the field of transportation and construction, where sufficient compressive strength is desired. In contrast to numerous research studies on PET foams, only a limited number of studies on PBT foams and in particular, on extruded PBT foams are known. Here we present a novel route to extruded PBT foams with densities as low as 80 kg/m3 and simultaneously with improved compressive properties manufactured by a tandem reactive-extrusion process. Improved rheological properties and therefore process stability were achieved using two selected 1,3,5-benzene-trisamides (BTA1 and BTA2), which are able to form supramolecular nanofibers in the PBT melt upon cooling. With only 0.08 wt % of BTA1 and 0.02 wt % of BTA2 the normalized compressive strength was increased by 28% and 15%, respectively. This improvement is assigned to the intrinsic reinforcing effect of BTA fibers in the cell walls and struts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Aksit
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.A.); (S.G.); (U.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Sebastian Gröschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.A.); (S.G.); (U.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Ute Kuhn
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.A.); (S.G.); (U.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Alper Aksit
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.A.); (S.G.); (U.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.-W.S.); (V.A.); Tel.: +49-921-553-200 (H.-W.S.); +49-921-557-471 (V.A.)
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (M.A.); (S.G.); (U.K.); (A.A.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.-W.S.); (V.A.); Tel.: +49-921-553-200 (H.-W.S.); +49-921-557-471 (V.A.)
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Wang W, Liao X, He Y, Li J, Jiang Q, Li G. Thermoplastic polyurethane/polytetrafluoroethylene composite foams with enhanced mechanical properties and anti-shrinkage capability fabricated with supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Hajiraissi R. Linear and nonlinear melt viscoelastic properties of fibrillated blend fiber based on polypropylene/polytrimethylene terephthalate. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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A facile methodology to effectively improve the melt strength and microcellular foamability of isotactic polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Wang Y, Sun W, Liu S, Ji H, Chen X, Zhu H, Zhao H, Ma Y, Xie L. The Formation of a Highly Oriented Structure and Improvement of Properties in PP/PA6 Polymer Blends during Extrusion-Stretching. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040878. [PMID: 32290221 PMCID: PMC7240534 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the “slit die extrusion-hot stretching” process, highly oriented polyamide 6 (PA6) dispersed phase was produced and retained in the polypropylene (PP) matrix directly. By adjusting the stretching forces, the PA6 spherical phase evolved into the ellipsoid, rod-like microfibril with a decreasing average diameter; then, the PA6 microfibrils broke. Moreover, the effects of the PA6 phases formed in the process of the microfibrillation on PP’s crystallization behaviors were studied systematically. As the stretching forces increased, the crystallization ability and orientation degree of PP crystals improved significantly. Differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy confirmed the formation of PP spherulite, fan-shaped lamellae and a transcrystalline layer under the induction of the PA6 phases with different morphology. In the PP/PA6 microfibrilar composites (MFCs), PP crystals showed smaller average size, more crystals and stronger interface adhesion due to more excellent heterogeneous nucleation ability of the PA6 microfibrils, which made contributions to the improvement of the melt elasticity responses and oxygen barrier properties of the PP/PA6 polymer blends.
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24
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Yuan W, Wang F, Gao C, Liu P, Ding Y, Zhang S, Yang M. Enhanced foamability of isotactic polypropylene/polypropylene‐grafted‐nanosilica nanocomposites in supercritical carbon dioxide. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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25
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Yao S, Guo T, Liu T, Xi Z, Xu Z, Zhao L. Good extrusion foaming performance of long‐chain branched
PET
induced by its enhanced crystallization property. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tianhao Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhenhao Xi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhimei Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinjiang University Urumqi China
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26
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Hammani S, Moulai-Mostefa N, Samyn P, Bechelany M, Dufresne A, Barhoum A. Morphology, Rheology and Crystallization in Relation to the Viscosity Ratio of Polystyrene/Polypropylene Polymer Blends. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040926. [PMID: 32093024 PMCID: PMC7078875 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfibrillar and droplet morphology of polypropylene (PP) phase dispersed in polypropylene (PS) was fabricated by using melt-extrusion. This morphology was obtained by introducing isotactic PP (20 wt.%) with different viscosity in the PS matrix (80 wt.%). Furthermore, the rheological properties of the blend investigated as a function of the viscosity ratio K. The variations in blend morphology were related to crystallization, melting properties, and viscoelasticity. The blends with K >> 1 develop a fine morphology with PP microfibrils along the flow direction, while diameters of the dispersed PP droplets gradually increase with lower values of K = 1, or K << 1. Crystallinity of the prepared blends significantly decreases compared to neat PP, while the microfibrillar morphology induces homogeneous crystallization with small crystallites. This is reflected in a decrease of the crystallization temperature, small loss in the crystallinity, and lower melting temperature of the PS80/PP20 blend compared to neat PP. The storage moduli, loss moduli, and complex viscosity are highest for the microfibrillar morphology that presents retarded relaxation. The rheological properties are dominated by the dispersed phase (K > 1), or matrix (K < 1). The variation in blend properties with microfibrillar morphology can be clearly distinguished from heterogeneous blends containing PP droplets, providing an efficient tool to create a binary blend with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Hammani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire et Macromléculaire, Faculté de Science, Université de Blida, 109000 Blida, Algeria;
| | - Nadji Moulai-Mostefa
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences & Technologie, Université de Médéa, Ain D’Heb, 26001 Medea, Algeria;
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.B.)
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27
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Shahnooshi M, Javadi A, Nazockdast H, Altstädt V. Development of in situ nanofibrillar poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene terephthalate) composites: Non-isothermal crystallization and crystal morphology. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Liu T, Lian X, Li L, Peng X, Kuang T. Facile fabrication of fully biodegradable and biorenewable poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) in-situ nanofibrillar composites with high strength, good toughness and excellent heat resistance. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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García-Masabet V, Santana Pérez O, Cailloux J, Abt T, Sánchez-Soto M, Carrasco F, Maspoch ML. PLA/PA Bio-Blends: Induced Morphology by Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E10. [PMID: 31861652 PMCID: PMC7022582 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of processing conditions on the final morphology of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) with bio-based Polyamide 10.10 (PA) 70/30 blends is analyzed in this paper. Two types of PLA were used: Commercial (neat PLA) and a rheologically modified PLA (PLAREx), with higher melt elasticity produced by reactive extrusion. To evaluate the ability of in situ micro-fibrillation (f) of PA phase during blend compounding by twin-screw extrusion, two processing parameters were varied: i) Screw speed rotation (rpm); and ii) take-up velocity, to induce a hot stretching with different Draw Ratios (DR). The potential ability of PA-f in both bio-blends was evaluated by the viscosity (p) and elasticity (k') ratios determined from the rheological tests of pristine polymers. When PLAREx was used, the requirements for PA-f was fulfilled in the shear rate range observed at the extrusion die. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that, unlike neat PLA, PLAREx promoted PA-f without hot stretching and the aspect ratio increased as DR increased. For neat PLA-based blends, PA-f was promoted during the hot stretching stage. DMTA analysis revealed that the use of PLAREx PLAREx resulted in a better mechanical performance in the rubbery region (T > Tg PLA-phase) due to the PA-f morphology obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta García-Masabet
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Orlando Santana Pérez
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Jonathan Cailloux
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Tobias Abt
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Soto
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Félix Carrasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de Girona (UdG), Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071 Girona, Spain;
| | - María Lluïsa Maspoch
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
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30
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Challenge in manufacturing nanofibril composites with low matrix viscosity: Effects of matrix viscosity and fibril content. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Zhao J, Wang G, Zhang L, Li B, Wang C, Zhao G, Park CB. Lightweight and strong fibrillary PTFE reinforced polypropylene composite foams fabricated by foam injection molding. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Rizvi A, Bae SS, Mohamed NM, Lee JH, Park CB. Extensional Flow Resistance of 3D Fiber Networks in Plasticized Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rizvi
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Seong S. Bae
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Nik M.A. Mohamed
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jung H. Lee
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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33
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Zhang Y, Xin C, Wang Z, Mughal W, He Y. The foaming performance evaluation of fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene and isotactic polypropylene blends. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489319846785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) foamed products have the advantages of heat and chemical resistance, but it is difficult to foam without modified PP. Traditionally, researchers have used chemical modification to increase the melt strength to improve the foaming properties of PP. In this article, we designed four kinds of screw combinations, and five regions are selected for sampling. The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were blended by one-step fiber forming method, and then we tested the rheological properties and foaming properties. It is found that the rheological properties of the in situ microfiber composite are significantly improved than the iPP, and the crystallization temperature is also increased. The foaming experiment of the composite showed that the foaming performance of the composite with in situ microfiber morphology was significantly improved compared with the pure iPP performance, and the foaming temperature window of iPP was widened from 3°C to more than 6°C. [Formula: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zeming Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Waqas Mughal
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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34
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Aksit M, Klose B, Zhao C, Kreger K, Schmidt HW, Altstädt V. Morphology control of extruded polystyrene foams with benzene-trisamide-based nucleating agents. J CELL PLAST 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x19837508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene is a low-priced, amorphous polymer, showing excellent foaming behavior. Polystyrene foams are widely used in a variety of applications including insulation panels for building and construction. In this context, foam morphology plays a significant role to tune the macroscopic properties of the foams and research focusses on the fabrication of foams with homogenous morphology and an average cell size distinctly below 100 µm at densities lower than 100 kg/m³. Here, we demonstrate how 1,3,5-benzene-trisamides can be used as supramolecular foam nucleating agents to control the morphology of extruded amorphous polystyrene foams. Depending on the concentration and the processing temperature, benzene-trisamides can be homogeneously dissolved in the polystyrene melt. Upon cooling, the benzene-trisamides self-assemble into finely dispersed, solid supramolecular nano-objects, which subsequently act as nucleating sites for foam cell formation. Various concentrations of the benzene-trisamide-based additive were selected to systematically study the influence of the morphology of the extruded polystyrene foams. In the same way, neat polystyrene foams were produced as a reference. We found that for extruded polystyrene foams with 0.2 wt% of additive, the cell sizes were significantly reduced by a factor of 35 from 632 to 18 µm compared to those of a neat extruded polystyrene reference foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aksit
- Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - B Klose
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - C Zhao
- Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - K Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - H-W Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - V Altstädt
- Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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35
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13X zeolite as Difunctional nucleating agent regulating the crystal form and improving the Foamability of blocked copolymerized polypropylene in supercritical CO2 foaming process. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Zhu Z, He H, Xue B, Zhan Z, Wang G, Chen M. Morphology, Thermal, Mechanical Properties and Rheological Behavior of Biodegradable Poly(butylene succinate)/poly(lactic acid) In-Situ Submicrofibrillar Composites. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122422. [PMID: 30513576 PMCID: PMC6316981 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)/poly(lactic acid) (PBS/PLA) in-situ submicrofibrillar composites with various PLA content were successfully produced by a triple-screw extruder followed by a hot stretching−cold drawing−compression molding process. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dispersed PLA submicro-fibrils on the thermal, mechanical and rheological properties of PBS/PLA composites. Morphological observations demonstrated that the PLA phases are fibrillated to submicro-fibrils in the PBS/PLA composites, and all the PLA submicro-fibrils produced seem to have a uniform diameter of about 200nm. As rheological measurements revealed, at low frequencies, the storage modulus (G’) of PBS/PLA composites has been increased by more than four orders of magnitude with the inclusion of high concentrations (15 wt % and 20 wt %) of PLA submicro-fibrils, which indicates a significant improvement in the elastic responses of PBS melt. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) results showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PBS phase slightly shifted to the higher temperature after the inclusion of PLA. DSC experiments proved that fiber morphology of PLA has obvious heterogeneous nucleation effect on the crystallization of PBS. The tensile properties of the PBS/PLA in-situ submicrofibrillar composites are also improved compared to neat PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Hezhi He
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bin Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhiming Zhan
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Guozhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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37
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Arrigo R, Antonioli D, Lazzari M, Gianotti V, Laus M, Montanaro L, Malucelli G. Relaxation Dynamics in Polyethylene Glycol/Modified Hydrotalcite Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1182. [PMID: 30961107 PMCID: PMC6290601 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol-based nanocomposites containing an organo-modified hydrotalcite with loadings ranging from 0.5 to 5 wt.% were prepared by melt mixing performed just above the melting point of the polymer matrix. In these conditions, the dispersion of the nanofiller within the polymer matrix was quite homogeneous as revealed by TEM analyses. The effect of various thermal treatments and filler loadings was thoroughly investigated by means of rheological, morphological and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, hyphenated to thermogravimetry analysis tests. Unfilled polyethylene glycol exhibited a continuous decrease in complex viscosity upon heating. In contrast, the complex viscosity of nanocomposites containing nanofiller loadings higher than 1 wt.% showed first a decrease, followed by an increase in the complex viscosity as the temperature increases, exhibiting a minimum between 130 and 140 °C. Annealing at 180 °C for different times further increased the viscosity of the system. This unusual behavior was explained by the occurrence of grafting reactions between the ⁻OH terminal groups of the polyethylene glycol chains and the hydroxyl groups of the organo-modified filler, thus remarkably affecting the relaxation dynamics of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Massimo Lazzari
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Michele Laus
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Laura Montanaro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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Ishihara S, Hikima Y, Ohshima M. Preparation of open microcellular polylactic acid foams with a microfibrillar additive using coreback foam injection molding processes. J CELL PLAST 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x18770441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Open microcellular polylactic acid foams with a fibrous polytetrafluoroethylene additive were prepared by a coreback foam injection molding technique. The effects of this fibrous additive on the foam cell structure were investigated. Fibrous polytetrafluoroethylene forms a network structure in polylactic acid in metering and mixing processes. The fibrous polytetrafluoroethylene network increased the viscoelasticity of polylactic acid and provided polylactic acid with a strain-hardening property. The network also provided heterogeneous bubble nucleation sites for physical foaming. However, because of the slow crystallization rate of polylactic acid, the fibrous polytetrafluoroethylene additive did not promote the nucleation of polylactic acid crystals under fast cooling conditions. During fast cooling, such as injection molding cooling conditions, the crystals induced by the fibrous polytetrafluoroethylene network could not behave as bubble nucleation sites. Thus, changes in rheological properties and the increased number of heterogeneous sites contributed to the decrease in cell size, the increase in the number density of cells and the increase in the open cell content. As the number density of cells increased, the cell walls with the fibrous polytetrafluoroethylene fibrous additive became so thin that they could be easily fibrillated by a stretching operation during the coreback operation, while their strain-hardening property prevented the walls from complete breakage. Synergistically conducting cell reduction and stretching (coreback) operations, high expansion ratio foams with high open cell content were prepared. When we adjusted the foaming temperature and holding time, five-fold expansion (i.e. 80% void ratio) foams with cell diameters less than 25 µm and open cell contents (OCC) higher than 80% were produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Ishihara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Hikima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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39
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Zhao J, Zhao Q, Wang L, Wang C, Guo B, Park CB, Wang G. Development of high thermal insulation and compressive strength BPP foams using mold-opening foam injection molding with in-situ fibrillated PTFE fibers. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Rizvi A, Tabatabaei A, Vahedi P, Mahmood SH, Park CB. Non-crosslinked thermoplastic reticulated polymer foams from crystallization-induced structural heterogeneities. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Huang A, Peng X, Turng LS. In-situ fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) via melt blending: Effect on rheological behavior, mechanical properties, and microcellular foamability. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Studying the formation mechanism of
in situ
poly(butylene terephthalate) microfibrils prepared by one‐step direct extrusion via orthogonal experimental design. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Hajiraissi R, Jahani Y, Hallmann T. Investigation of rheology and morphology to follow physical fibrillar network evolution through fiber spinning of PP/PA6 blend fiber. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Hajiraissi
- Department of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (TMC); University Paderborn; Paderborn Germany
| | - Yousef Jahani
- Faculty of Processing; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; Tehran Iran
| | - Tobias Hallmann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University Paderborn; Paderborn Germany
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44
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Nofar M, Tabatabaei A, Sojoudiasli H, Park C, Carreau P, Heuzey MC, Kamal M. Mechanical and bead foaming behavior of PLA-PBAT and PLA-PBSA blends with different morphologies. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Rizvi A, Andalib ZK, Park CB. Fiber-spun polypropylene/polyethylene terephthalate microfibrillar composites with enhanced tensile and rheological properties and foaming ability. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Huang Y, He Y, Ding W, Yang K, Yu D, Xin C. Improved viscoelastic, thermal, and mechanical properties of in situ microfibrillar polypropylene/polyamide 6,6 composites via direct extrusion using a triple-screw extruder. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26734c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved viscoelastic, thermal, and mechanical properties ofin situmicrofibrillar polypropylene/polyamide 6,6 compositesviadirect extrusion using a triple-screw extruder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Yadong He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment
| | | | - Kunxiao Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Dongquan Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment
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47
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Li Z, Li X, Sun C, Shi Y, Zhang Q, Fu Q. Effect of nanoparticles on fibril formation and mechanical performance of olefinic block copolymer (OBC)/polypropylene (PP) microfibrillar composites. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding nanoparticles provides an alternative strategy to tune the morphological evolution and mechanical performances of OBC/PP microfibrillar composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Chengxiao Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yunjie Shi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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48
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Kakroodi AR, Kazemi Y, Ding W, Ameli A, Park CB. Poly(lactic acid)-Based in Situ Microfibrillar Composites with Enhanced Crystallization Kinetics, Mechanical Properties, Rheological Behavior, and Foaming Ability. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3925-35. [PMID: 26536276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Melt blending is one of the most promising techniques for eliminating poly(lactic acid)'s (PLA) numerous drawbacks. However, success in a typical melt blending process is usually achieved through the inclusion of high concentrations of a second polymeric phase which can compromise PLA's green nature. In a pioneering study, we introduce the production of in situ microfibrillar PLA/polyamide-6 (PA6) blends as a cost-effective and efficient technique for improving PLA's properties while minimizing the required PA6 content. Predominantly biobased products, with only 3 wt % of in situ generated PA6 microfibrils (diameter ≈200 nm), were shown to have dramatically improved crystallization kinetics, mechanical properties, melt elasticity and strength, and foaming-ability compared with PLA. Crucially, the microfibrillar blends were produced using an environmentally friendly and cost-effective process. Both of these qualities are essential in guarantying the viability of the proposed technique for overcoming the obstacles associated with the vast commercialization of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ramezani Kakroodi
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yasamin Kazemi
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - WeiDan Ding
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Aboutaleb Ameli
- Advanced Composites Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University Tri-Cities , 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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