1
|
Li Z, Zhu G, Lin N. Dispersibility Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polymeric-Based Composites. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4439-4468. [PMID: 36195577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are hydrophilic nanoparticles extracted from biomass with properties and functions different from cellulose and are being developed for property-oriented applications such as high stiffness, abundant active groups, and biocompatibility. It has broad application prospects in the field of composite materials, while the dispersibility of the CNC in polymers is the key to its application performance. Many reviews have discussed in-depth the modification strategies to improve the dispersibility of the CNC and summarized all characterization for the CNC, but there are no reviews on the in-depth exploration of dispersion characterization. This review is a comprehensive summary of the characterization of CNC dispersion in the matrix in terms of direct observation, indirect evaluation, and quantified evaluation, summarizing how and why different characterization tools reveal dispersibility. In addition, "decision tree" flowcharts are presented to provide the reader with a reference for selecting the appropriate characterization method for a specific composite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Ge Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road #122, Wuhan430070, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bangar SP, Harussani M, Ilyas R, Ashogbon AO, Singh A, Trif M, Jafari SM. Surface modifications of cellulose nanocrystals: Processes, properties, and applications. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
3
|
Clarkson CM, El Awad Azrak SM, Forti ES, Schueneman GT, Moon RJ, Youngblood JP. Recent Developments in Cellulose Nanomaterial Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000718. [PMID: 32696496 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) are a class of materials that have recently garnered attention in fields as varied as structural materials, biomaterials, rheology modifiers, construction, paper enhancement, and others. As the principal structural reinforcement of biomass giving wood its mechanical properties, CNM is strong and stiff, but also nontoxic, biodegradable, and sustainable with a very large (Gton yr-1 ) source. Unfortunately, due to the relatively young nature of the field and inherent incompatibility of CNM with most man-made materials in use today, research has tended to be more basic-science oriented rather than commercially applicable, so there are few CNM-enabled products on the market today. Herein, efforts are presented for preparing and forming cellulose nanomaterial nanocomposites. The focus is on recent efforts attempting to mitigate common impediments to practical commercialization but is also placed in context with traditional efforts. The work is presented in terms of the progress made, and still to be made, on solving the most pressing challenges-getting properties that are competitive with currently used materials, removing organic solvent, solving the inherent incompatibility between CNM and polymers of interest, and incorporation into commonly used industrial processing techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M Clarkson
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Sami M El Awad Azrak
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Endrina S Forti
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Gregory T Schueneman
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Robert J Moon
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qin X, Ge W, Mei H, Li L, Zheng S. Toughness improvement of epoxy thermosets with cellulose nanocrystals. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Qin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wenming Ge
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Honggang Mei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiu K, Tannenbaum R, Jacob KI. Effect of processing techniques and residual solvent on the thermal/mechanical properties of epoxy‐cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Rina Tannenbaum
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering and the Stony Brook Cancer Center Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA
| | - Karl I. Jacob
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
- The G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Orr MP, Sonekan A, Shofner ML. Effect of processing method on cellulose nanocrystal/
polyethylene‐co‐vinyl
alcohol composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Orr
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Amidat Sonekan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Meisha L. Shofner
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thomas P, Duolikun T, Rumjit NP, Moosavi S, Lai CW, Bin Johan MR, Fen LB. Comprehensive review on nanocellulose: Recent developments, challenges and future prospects. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
8
|
Dias OAT, Konar S, Leão AL, Yang W, Tjong J, Sain M. Current State of Applications of Nanocellulose in Flexible Energy and Electronic Devices. Front Chem 2020; 8:420. [PMID: 32528931 PMCID: PMC7253724 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel and unique applications of nanocellulose are largely driven by the functional attributes governed by its structural and physicochemical features including excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In recent years, thousands of groundbreaking works have helped in the development of targeted functional nanocellulose for conductive, optical, luminescent materials, and other applications. The growing demand for sustainable and renewable materials has led to the rapid development of greener methods for the design and fabrication of high-performance green nanomaterials with multiple features, and consequently new challenges and opportunities. The present review article discusses historical developments, various fabrication and functionalization methods, the current stage, and the prospects of flexible energy and hybrid electronics based on nanocellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samir Konar
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alcides Lopes Leão
- College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jimi Tjong
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohini Sain
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nie J, Liu D, Li S, Qiu Z, Ma N, Sui G. Improved dispersion of the graphene and corrosion resistance of waterborne epoxy–graphene composites by minor cellulose nanowhiskers. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| | - Dongyan Liu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| | - Songtao Li
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| | - Zhangweijia Qiu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| | - Na Ma
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| | - Guoxin Sui
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230000 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Septevani AA, Evans DAC, Hosseinmardi A, Martin DJ, Simonsen J, Conley JF, Annamalai PK. Atomic Layer Deposition of Metal Oxide on Nanocellulose for Enabling Microscopic Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803439. [PMID: 30328269 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) at low volume fractions in polymer nanocomposites through conventional electron microscopy still remains a challenge due to insufficient contrast between CNCs and organic polymer matrices. Herein, a methodology for enhancing the contrast of CNC, through atomic layer deposition (ALD) of alumina (Al2 O3 ) on CNCs is demonstrated. The metal oxide coated CNC allows clear visualization by transmission electron microscopy, when they are dispersed in water and polyol. A coating of about 6 ± 1 nm thick alumina layer on the CNC is achieved after 50 ALD cycles. This also enables the characterization of CNC dispersion/orientation (at 0.2 wt% loading) in an amorphous cellular system rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), using backscattered electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Microscopic analysis of the RPUF with alumina-coated CNC confirms that the predominant alignment of CNC occurs in a direction parallel to the foam rise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia A Septevani
- Australian Institute Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Research Center for Chemistry, Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
| | - David A C Evans
- Australian Institute Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alireza Hosseinmardi
- Australian Institute Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Darren J Martin
- Australian Institute Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John Simonsen
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - John F Conley
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Pratheep K Annamalai
- Australian Institute Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Enhanced dispersion and properties of a two-component epoxy nanocomposite using surface modified cellulose nanocrystals. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Saba N, Mohammad F, Pervaiz M, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Sain M. Mechanical, morphological and structural properties of cellulose nanofibers reinforced epoxy composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:190-200. [PMID: 28082223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Present study, deals about isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from the Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) pulp, fabrication by hand lay-up technique and characterization of fabricated epoxy nanocomposites at different filler loadings (0.5%, 0.75%, 1% by wt.). The effect of CNFs loading on mechanical (tensile, impact and flexural), morphological (scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope) and structural (XRD and FTIR) properties of epoxy composites were investigated. FTIR analysis confirms the introduction of CNFs into the epoxy matrix while no considerable change in the crystallinity and diffraction peaks of epoxy composites were observed by the XRD patterns. Additions of CNFs considerably enhance the mechanical properties of epoxy composites but a remarkable improvement is observed for 0.75% CNFs as compared to the rest epoxy nanocomposites. In addition, the electron micrographs revealed the perfect distribution and dispersion of CNFs in the epoxy matrix for the 0.75% CNFs/epoxy nanocomposites, while the existence of voids and agglomerations were observed beyond 0.75% CNFs filler loadings. Overall results analysis clearly revealed that the 0.75% CNFs filler loading is best and effective with respect to rest to enhance the mechanical and structural properties of the epoxy composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Saba
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - F Mohammad
- Surfactant Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Pervaiz
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - O Y Alothman
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Sain
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cationic surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals: Toward tailoring dispersion and interface in carboxymethyl cellulose films. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Khelifa F, Habibi Y, Bonnaud L, Dubois P. Epoxy Monomers Cured by High Cellulosic Nanocrystal Loading. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:10535-10544. [PMID: 27046649 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the use of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as the main constituent of a nanocomposite material and takes advantage of hydroxyl groups, characteristic of the CNC chemical structure, to thermally cross-link an epoxy resin. An original and simple approach is proposed, based on the collective sticking of CNC building blocks with the help of a DGEBA/TGPAP-based epoxy resin. Scientific findings suggest that hydroxyl groups act as a toxic-free cross-linking agent of the resin. The enhanced protection against water degradation as compared to neat CNC film and the improvement of mechanical properties of the synthesized films are attributed to a good compatibility between the CNC and the resin. Moreover, the preservation of CNC optical properties at high concentrations opens the way to applying these materials in photonic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Khelifa
- University of Mons-UMONS and Materia Nova Research Center , Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Place du Parc, 23-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Leila Bonnaud
- University of Mons-UMONS and Materia Nova Research Center , Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Place du Parc, 23-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- University of Mons-UMONS and Materia Nova Research Center , Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Place du Parc, 23-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Girouard NM, Xu S, Schueneman GT, Shofner ML, Meredith JC. Site-Selective Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals with Isophorone Diisocyanate and Formation of Polyurethane-CNC Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:1458-1467. [PMID: 26713564 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The unequal reactivity of the two isocyanate groups in an isophorone diisocyante (IPDI) monomer was exploited to yield modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with both urethane and isocyanate functionality. The chemical functionality of the modified CNCs was verified with ATR-FTIR analysis and elemental analysis. The selectivity for the secondary isocyanate group using dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBTDL) as the reaction catalyst was confirmed with (13)C NMR. The modified CNCs showed improvements in the onset of thermal degradation by 35 °C compared to the unmodified CNCs. Polyurethane composites based on IPDI and a trifunctional polyether alcohol were synthesized using unmodified (um-CNC) and modified CNCs (m-CNC). The degree of nanoparticle dispersion was qualitatively assessed with polarized optical microscopy. It was found that the modification step facilitated superior nanoparticle dispersion compared to the um-CNCs, which resulted in increases in the tensile strength and work of fracture of over 200% compared to the neat matrix without degradation of elongation at break.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanhong Xu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Gregory T Schueneman
- Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service , Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Processing and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals/Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite Films. MATERIALS 2015; 8:8106-8116. [PMID: 28793701 PMCID: PMC5458833 DOI: 10.3390/ma8125447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this study is to examine the effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on the properties of polylactic acid (PLA) films. The films are fabricated via melt compounding and melt fiber spinning followed by compression molding. Film fracture morphology, thermal properties, crystallization behavior, thermo-mechanical behavior, and mechanical behavior were determined as a function of CNC content using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile testing. Film crystallinity increases with increasing CNC content indicating CNC act as nucleating agents, promoting crystallization. Furthermore, the addition of CNC increased the film storage modulus and slightly broadened the glass transition region.
Collapse
|