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Capretti M, Giammaria V, Santulli C, Boria S, Del Bianco G. Use of Bio-Epoxies and Their Effect on the Performance of Polymer Composites: A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4733. [PMID: 38139984 PMCID: PMC10747679 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study comprehensively examines recent developments in bio-epoxy resins and their applications in composites. Despite the reliability of traditional epoxy systems, the increasing demand for sustainability has driven researchers and industries to explore new bio-based alternatives. Additionally, natural fibers have the potential to serve as environmentally friendly substitutes for synthetic ones, contributing to the production of lightweight and biodegradable composites. Enhancing the mechanical properties of these bio-composites also involves improving the compatibility between the matrix and fibers. The use of bio-epoxy resins facilitates better adhesion of natural composite constituents, addressing sustainability and environmental concerns. The principles and methods proposed for both available commercial and especially non-commercial bio-epoxy solutions are investigated, with a focus on promising renewable sources like wood, food waste, and vegetable oils. Bio-epoxy systems with a minimum bio-content of 20% are analyzed from a thermomechanical perspective. This review also discusses the effect of incorporating synthetic and natural fibers into bio-epoxy resins both on their own and in hybrid form. A comparative analysis is conducted against traditional epoxy-based references, with the aim of emphasizing viable alternatives. The focus is on addressing their benefits and challenges in applications fields such as aviation and the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Capretti
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Valentina Giammaria
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Carlo Santulli
- School of Science and Technology, Geology Division, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano 7, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Boria
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Giulia Del Bianco
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
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2
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Rodrigues JGP, Arias S, Pacheco JGA, Dias ML. Structure and thermal behavior of biobased vitrimer of lactic acid and epoxidized canola oil. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33613-33624. [PMID: 38019990 PMCID: PMC10652253 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06272d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biobased vitrimers were obtained from epoxidized canola oil (ECO) and lactic acid (LA) using zinc acetate (ZnAc) and ZnAl-layered double hydroxide (ZnAl) in the proportions of 1 and 2 wt% as transesterification catalysts. Reactions containing ECO and LA showed an average enthalpy of cure of approximately 85 mJ mg-1 and materials cured in the presence of the catalysts showed lower enthalpies of cure and decrease in the material gel content. ECO-LA reaction generated materials with rubber-like properties with Tg ranging from -15 °C to -23 °C, where the material without a catalyst showed the higher Tg value. The presence of catalysts gave the material vitrimer properties, with the softening point associated with transesterification reactions and topology freezing temperature transition at temperatures (Tv) between 195-235 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gabriel P Rodrigues
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Santiago Arias
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Lopes Dias
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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3
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Hadzich A, Flores S, Masucci AE, Gomez ED, Groß GA. NMR and GPC Analysis of Alkyd Resins: Influence of Synthesis Method, Vegetable Oil and Polyol Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15091993. [PMID: 37177141 PMCID: PMC10181308 DOI: 10.3390/polym15091993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyd resins are oil-based polymers that have been widely used for generations in the surface coating industry and beyond. Characterization of these resins is of high importance to understand the influence of its components on its behavior, compatibility with other resins, and final quality to ensure high durability. Here, NMR spectroscopy and GPC were used for characterizing differences in the chemical structure, molecular distribution, and dispersity between oil-based and fatty acid-based alkyd polymers made from sacha inchi and linseed oils. Sancha inchi (Plukentia volubilis L.) is a fruit-bearing plant native to South America and the Caribbean, and has a rich unsaturated fatty acid content. The effect of vegetable oil and polyol selection on the synthesis of alkyd resins for coating applications was analyzed. The influence of two different synthesis methods, monoglyceride and fatty acid processes, was also compared. Important structural differences were observed using NMR: one-dimensional spectra revealed the degree of unsaturated fatty acid chains along the polyester backbone, whereas, 2D NMR experiments facilitated chemical shift assignments of all signals. GPC analysis suggested that alkyd resins with homogeneous and high molecular weights can be obtained with the fatty acid process, and that resins containing pentaerythritol may have uniform chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Hadzich
- Instituto de Corrosión y Protección (ICP-PUCP), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Avenida Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru
| | - Santiago Flores
- Instituto de Corrosión y Protección (ICP-PUCP), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Avenida Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru
| | - Ashley E Masucci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - G Alexander Groß
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Microreaction Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnolgy, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Prof.-Schmidt-Str. 26, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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4
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Derewonko A, Fabianowski W, Siczek J. Mechanical Testing of Epoxy Resin Modified with Eco-Additives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1854. [PMID: 36902970 PMCID: PMC10004115 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The future belongs to biodegradable epoxies. In order to improve epoxy biodegradability, it is crucial to select suitable organic additives. The additives should be selected so as to (maximally) accelerate the decomposition of crosslinked epoxies under normal environmental conditions. However, naturally, such rapid decomposition should not occur within the normal (expected) service life of a product. Consequently, it is desirable that the newly modified epoxy should exhibit at least some of the mechanical properties of the original material. Epoxies can be modified with different additives (such as inorganics with different water uptake, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and thermoplastics) that can increase their mechanical strength but does not lead to their biodegradability. In this work, we present several mixtures of epoxy resins together with organic additives based on cellulose derivatives and modified soya oil. These additives are environmentally friendly and should increase the epoxy's biodegradability on the one hand without deteriorating its mechanical properties on the other. This paper concentrates mainly on the question of the tensile strength of various mixtures. Herein, we present the results of uniaxial stretching tests for both modified and unmodified resin. Based on statistical analysis, two mixtures were selected for further studies, namely the investigation of durability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Derewonko
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Military University of Technology, Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fabianowski
- Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiation, gen. Antoniego Chruściela 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Siczek
- Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiation, gen. Antoniego Chruściela 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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A Critical Review of Sustainable Vanillin-modified Vitrimers: Synthesis, Challenge and Prospects. REACTIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 90% of thermosets are produced from petroleum resources, they have remarkable mechanical characteristics, are chemically durable, and dimensionally stable. However, they can contribute to global warming, depletion of petroleum reserves, and environmental contamination during manufacture, use, and disposal. Using renewable resources to form thermosetting materials is one of the most crucial aspects of addressing the aforementioned issues. Vanillin-based raw materials have been used in the industrial manufacturing of polymer materials because they are simple to modify structurally. Conversely, traditional thermosetting materials as a broad class of high-molecular-weight molecules are challenging to heal, decompose and recover owing to their permanent 3-D crosslinking network. Once the products are damaged, recycling issues could arise, causing resource loss and environmental impact. It could be solved by inserting dynamic covalent adaptable networks (DCANs) into the polymer chains, increasing product longevity, and minimizing waste. It also improves the attractiveness of these products in the prospective field. Moreover, it is essential to underline that increasing product lifespan and reducing waste is equivalent to reducing the expense of consuming resources. The detailed synthesis, reprocessing, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of partly and entirely biomass thermosetting polymers made from vanillin-modified monomers are covered in the current work. Finally, the review highlights the benefits, difficulties, and application of these emerging vanillin-modified vitrimers as a potential replacement for conventional non-recyclable thermosets.
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7
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On-demand and fast recyclable bio-epoxy. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Moser BR, Cermak SC, Doll KM, Kenar JA, Sharma BK. A review of fatty epoxide ring opening reactions: Chemistry, recent advances, and applications. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. Moser
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bio‐Oils Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - Steven C. Cermak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bio‐Oils Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - Kenneth M. Doll
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bio‐Oils Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - James A. Kenar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Functional Foods Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - Brajendra K. Sharma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sustainable Biofuels and Co‐Products Research Unit Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor Pennsylvania USA
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9
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Sivanesan D, Seo B, Lim C, Song J, Kim H. Synthesis of isoeugenol biobased epoxy polymer by forming
α‐hydroxyl
ester and degradation studies. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmalingam Sivanesan
- Advanced Industrial Chemistry Research Center, Advanced Convergent Chemistry Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Ulsan South Korea
| | - Bongkuk Seo
- Advanced Industrial Chemistry Research Center, Advanced Convergent Chemistry Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Ulsan South Korea
| | - Choong‐Sun Lim
- Advanced Industrial Chemistry Research Center, Advanced Convergent Chemistry Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Ulsan South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Song
- Advanced Industrial Chemistry Research Center, Advanced Convergent Chemistry Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Ulsan South Korea
| | - Hyeon‐Gook Kim
- Advanced Industrial Chemistry Research Center, Advanced Convergent Chemistry Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Ulsan South Korea
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10
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Wang W, Li Y, Zhang H, Chen T, Sun G, Han Y, Li J. Double-Interpenetrating-Network Lignin-based Epoxy Resin Adhesives for Resistance to Extreme Environment. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:779-788. [PMID: 35238555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gradually depleting fossil resources and the biosafety of bisphenol A have always restricted the green development of the traditional epoxy resin field. In this Article, biomass macromolecule lignin sulfonates are selected as the raw material instead of traditional bisphenol A to prepare lignin-based epoxy resin adhesives. Lignin sulfonates are chemically modified and combined with a cross-linking agent to form lignin-based epoxy resin adhesives with double-interpenetrating-network structures. The resulting lignin-based epoxy adhesive exhibits a maximum tensile shear strength of 11.29 MPa, which is 213% higher than the strength before chemical modification. The tensile shear strength of the adhesive is still 10.13 MPa after 12 h of immersion in water (20 °C), and its tensile shear strength is 9.30 MPa after 12 h of immersion in boiling water (100 °C). The high-temperature and high-humidity environment has no significant effect on the properties of the resulting lignin-based epoxy adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishi Wang
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Yao Li
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Heying Zhang
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Ying Han
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Jigeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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11
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Thermal decomposition behavior and flame retardancy of bioepoxies, their blends and composites: A comprehensive review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Biobased epoxy nanocomposites composed of sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, biobased carboxylic acids and microfibrillated cellulose. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Guo Z, Xu Z, Dong Z, Zhang M, Chi Z, Li M, Shang L, Ao Y. High‐performance thermosets with tailored properties derived from
multi‐arm
stared vanillin and carbon fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Guo
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application Changchun University of Technology Changchun Jilin China
| | - Zice Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application Changchun University of Technology Changchun Jilin China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application Changchun University of Technology Changchun Jilin China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application Changchun University of Technology Changchun Jilin China
| | - Zhiyuan Chi
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application Changchun University of Technology Changchun Jilin China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application Changchun University of Technology Changchun Jilin China
| | - Lei Shang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application Changchun University of Technology Changchun Jilin China
| | - Yuhui Ao
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application Changchun University of Technology Changchun Jilin China
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14
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Liu J, Wang S, Peng Y, Zhu J, Zhao W, Liu X. Advances in sustainable thermosetting resins: From renewable feedstock to high performance and recyclability. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Development of spiropyran bonded bio-based waterborne polyurethanes for mechanical-responsive color-variable films. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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17
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Di Mauro C, Malburet S, Genua A, Graillot A, Mija A. Sustainable Series of New Epoxidized Vegetable Oil-Based Thermosets with Chemical Recycling Properties. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3923-3935. [PMID: 32790997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work reports for the first time the copolymerization studies of 11 newly synthesized epoxidized vegetable oils (EVOs) that reacted with a disulfide-based aromatic dicarboxylic acid (DCA) to produce thermoset materials with recyclability properties. These new EVOs' reactivity and properties were compared with those of the two commercial references: epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). The structure-reactivity correlation is proposed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, corroborating the epoxy content of EVO monomers, the initiator effect, the copolymerization reaction enthalpy, and the temperature range. The thermomechanical properties of the obtained thermosets were evaluated and discussed in correlation with the structure and reactivity of monomers by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile testing, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It has been found that the higher the EVO functionality, the higher is the reactivity, cross-linking density, and final performances, with tan δ values ranging from 34 to 111 °C. This study investigates the chemical recycling and the solvent resistance of these vitrimer-like materials that have a high bio-based carbon content, from 58 to 79%, with potential application in coating or composite materials in the automotive sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Mauro
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, Cedex 2, France
| | - Samuel Malburet
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, Zac Via Domitia, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Aratz Genua
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIDETEC, Paseo Miramón 196, Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Alain Graillot
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, Zac Via Domitia, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Alice Mija
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, Cedex 2, France
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18
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Yadav C, Chhajed M, Choudhury P, Sahu RP, Patel A, Chawla S, Goswami L, Goswami C, Li X, Agrawal AK, Saini A, Maji PK. Bio-extract amalgamated sodium alginate-cellulose nanofibres based 3D-sponges with interpenetrating BioPU coating as potential wound care scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111348. [PMID: 33254970 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, sodium alginate (SA) based "all-natural" composite bio-sponges were designed for potential application as wound care scaffold. The composite bio-sponges were developed from the aqueous amalgamation of SA and cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) in bio-extracts like Rice water (Rw) and Giloy extract (Ge). These sponges were modified by employing a simple coating strategy using vegetable oil-based bio-polyurethane (BioPU) to tailor their physicochemical and biological properties so as to match the specific requirements of a wound care scaffold. Bio-sponges with shared interpenetrating polymeric network structures were attained at optimized BioPU coating formulation. The interpenetration of BioPU chains within the sponge construct resulted in the formation of numerous micro-networks in the interconnected microporous structure of sponges (porosity ≥75%). The coated sponge showed a superior mechanical strength (compressive strength ~3.8 MPa, compressive modulus ~35 MPa) with appreciable flexibility and recoverability under repeated compressive loading-unloading cycles. A tunable degradation behaviour was achieved by varying BioPU coating concentrations owing to the different degree of polymer chain entanglement within the sponge construct. The physical entanglement of BioPU chains with core structural components of sponge improved their structural stability by suppressing their full fragmentation in water-based medium without affecting its swelling behaviour (swelling ratio > 1000%). The coated sponge surface has provided a suitable moist-adherent physical environment to support the adhesion and growth of skin cells (HaCaT cells). The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and hemolytic assay revealed the non-toxic and biocompatible nature of coated sponges in vitro. Moreover, no signs of skin erythema or edema were observed during in vivo dermal irritation and corrosion test performed on the skin of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Our initial observations revealed the credibility of these sponges as functional wound care scaffolds as well as its diverse potential as a suitable substrate for various tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandravati Yadav
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, U.P., India.
| | - Monika Chhajed
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, U.P., India
| | - Priyanka Choudhury
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Ram Prasad Sahu
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Khordha, Jatni, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Amit Patel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Saurabh Chawla
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Khordha, Jatni, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Luna Goswami
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Chandan Goswami
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Khordha, Jatni, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Xinping Li
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China
| | - Ashish K Agrawal
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Arun Saini
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, U.P., India.
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19
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Esposito Corcione C, Ferrari F, Striani R, Visconti P, Greco A. Recycling of organic fraction of municipal solid waste as an innovative precursor for the production of bio-based epoxy monomers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 109:212-221. [PMID: 32413725 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the preparation of newly synthesized bio-epoxy monomers, suitable for replacing petrochemical-derived epoxy resins. An original green method able to produce epoxy monomers starting from neat carbohydrates, waste flours, and even from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), was here proposed. Hence, for the first time, the epoxidation of carbohydrates was attained only through the exposition to UV and ozone radiation, without using any organic solvent to carry out the reaction. Besides the innovation in the epoxidation method, this work explored the possibility of valorizing waste materials, by recycling carbohydrate scraps; in particular, the exposition of waste flours and municipal solid waste to UV and ozone and their consequent epoxidation allowed obtaining green precursors for the production of a bio-based epoxy resin. Applicability and suitability of the synthesized compounds for epoxy monomers were investigated by curing experiments with a selected amount of a model cycloaliphatic amine-type hardener, i.e. isophorodiamine (IPDA).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Ferrari
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Striani
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Paolo Visconti
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
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Mechanical and Flame-Retardant Properties of Nanocomposite Based on Epoxy Resin Combined with Epoxidized Linseed Oil, Which Has the Presence of Nanoclay and MWCNTs. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/2353827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main disadvantages of epoxy resins is brittleness and flammability, which is one of the biggest threats and the reason for limiting advanced applications. In this study, Epikote 240 (EP) epoxy resin was plasticized with epoxidized flaxseed oil (ELO) at different concentrations (EP/ELO ratios 95/5; 90/10; 85/15; 80/20; 75/25). Then, nanoclay additives and MWCNTs are simultaneously dispersed into the EP/ELO blend by using ultrasonic vibration. The dispersion of ELO and nanoclay additives (nanoclay and MWCNTs) in epoxy resin is observed by using the scanning electron microscope in combination with the XRD method. The effect of ELO, nanoadditives on mechanical properties, and flame retardants is assessed by tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength, impact resistance, UL 94HB method, and limiting oxygen index. Experimental results have shown that the mixing ratio of 90/10 w/w is the ratio for good compatibility, high mechanical properties, and fire retardation compared with other ratios. When adding MWCNTs as well as nanoclay I.30E to Epikote 240 epoxy, the mechanical strength and fire resistance have changed greatly: tensile strength of 85.45 MPa, flexural strength of 116.32 MPa, compressive strength of 189.25 MPa, impact resistance Izod of 24.37 kJ/m2, and fire resistance reached at V1.
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21
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Santiago D, Guzmán D, Ferrando F, Serra À, De la Flor S. Bio-Based Epoxy Shape-Memory Thermosets from Triglycidyl Phloroglucinol. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030542. [PMID: 32131508 PMCID: PMC7182903 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of bio-based epoxy shape-memory thermosetting polymers were synthesized starting from a triglycidyl phloroglucinol (3EPOPh) and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TPTE) as epoxy monomers and a polyetheramine (JEF) as crosslinking agent. The evolution of the curing process was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the materials obtained were characterized by means of DSC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), stress-strain tests, and microindentation. Shape-memory properties were evaluated under free and totally constrained conditions. All results were compared with an industrial epoxy thermoset prepared from standard diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA). Results revealed that materials prepared from 3EPOPh were more reactive and showed a tighter network with higher crosslinking density and glass transition temperatures than the prepared from DGEBA. The partial substitution of 3EPOPh by TPTE as epoxy comonomer caused an increase in the molecular mobility of the materials but without worsening the thermal stability. The shape-memory polymers (SMPs) prepared from 3EPOPh showed good mechanical properties as well as an excellent shape-memory performance. They showed almost complete shape-recovery and shape-fixation, fast shape-recovery rates, and recovery stress up to 7 MPa. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the triglycidyl phloroglucinol derivative of eugenol is a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to DGEBA for preparing thermosetting shape-memory polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Santiago
- Eurecat—Chemical Technologies Unit, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (F.F.); (S.D.l.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dailyn Guzmán
- Eurecat—Chemical Technologies Unit, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Francesc Ferrando
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (F.F.); (S.D.l.F.)
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (F.F.); (S.D.l.F.)
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New Epoxy Thermosets Derived from Clove Oil Prepared by Epoxy-Amine Curing. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:polym12010044. [PMID: 31892151 PMCID: PMC7023560 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
New thermosets from a triglycidyl eugenol derivative (3EPOEU) as a renewable epoxy monomer were obtained by an epoxy-amine curing process. A commercially-available Jeffamine® and isophorone diamine, both obtained from renewable resources, were used as crosslinking agents, and the materials obtained were compared with those obtained from a standard diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The evolution of the curing process was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and the materials obtained were characterized by means of calorimetry, thermogravimetry, thermodynamomechanical analysis, stress–strain tests and microindentation. 3EPOEU formulations were slightly less reactive, and the thermosets obtained showed higher Tgs than those prepared from DGEBA, since they had higher crosslinking density than formulations with DGEBA because of the more compact structure and higher functionality of the eugenol derivative. 3EPOEU thermosets showed good thermal stability and mechanical properties. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the triglycidyl derivative of eugenol, 3EPOEU, is a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to DGEBA.
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23
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Epoxidation of Karanja (Millettia pinnata) Oil Methyl Esters in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide over a Simple Niobium-Containing Catalyst. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9040344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of a conceptually simple, novel NbOx-SiO2 catalyst are here described. The niobium(V)-silica catalyst was prepared starting from cheap and viable reactants, by alkaline deposition of NH4Nb(C2O4)2·H2O in the presence of fructose as a stabilizer and subsequent calcination. The NbOx-SiO2 solid (0.95 Nb wt.%) was tested in the liquid-phase epoxidation with aqueous hydrogen peroxide of methyl oleate, as a model substrate. It was then tested in the epoxidation of a mixture of methyl esters (FAMEs) obtained by transesterification with methanol and purification of karanja oil, extracted from the autochthonous Indian variety of Millettia pinnata tree. The catalyst showed a promising performance in terms of methyl oleate conversion (up to 75%) and selectivity to epoxide (up to 82%). It was then tested on the FAME mixture from karanja oil, where interesting conversion values were attained (up to 70%), although with lower selectivities and yields to the mixture of desired epoxidized FAMEs. The solid withstood four catalytic cycles overall, during which a non-negligible surface reorganization of the Nb(V) sites was observed. However, this restructuring did not negatively affect the performance of the catalysts in terms of conversion or selectivity.
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Mustapha R, Rahmat AR, Abdul Majid R, Mustapha SNH. Vegetable oil-based epoxy resins and their composites with bio-based hardener: a short review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2018.1563119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohani Mustapha
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Razak Rahmat
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Rohah Abdul Majid
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
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Thermal and Flammability Characteristics of Blended Jatropha Bio-Epoxy as Matrix in Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymer. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This purpose of this paper was to reveal characteristics of a composite structure containing carbon fiber as a reinforcement and blended synthetic epoxy/bio-epoxy derived from crude jatropha oil as resin and compared with fully synthetic epoxy. The composite structure was prepared by the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding technique and was left to cure for 24 h at room temperature. Both were characterized for their thermal, chemical, and flammable characteristics. The incorporation of jatropha bio-epoxy into the matrix significantly improved the thermal stability between 288–365 °C as obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) curves showed slight diminution of performances and Tg from DMA tests confirmed well with the trend of Tg obtain by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves. On the other hand, the flammability property was rated horizontal burning (HB) which was the same as the fully synthetic composite, but the duration to self-extinguish was halved for the composite with jatropha bio-epoxy. Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/ATR) was conducted to determine the difference of functional groups’ spectrum due to bonding type existing on both specimens. Overall, the composite specimen with blended bio-epoxy exhibited better thermal stability, comparable flammability characteristics, and performances. The aim of this paper was to introduce bio-based epoxy as a potential alternative epoxy and to compete with synthetic epoxy so as to minimize the footprint of non-renewable composite.
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26
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Li R, Li W, Zheng F, Zhang Y, Hu J. Versatile bio-based epoxy resin: From banana waste to applied materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruisong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education; Hainan University; Haikou 570228 China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education; Hainan University; Haikou 570228 China
| | - Fengyi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education; Hainan University; Haikou 570228 China
| | - Yucang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education; Hainan University; Haikou 570228 China
| | - Jiadan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education; Hainan University; Haikou 570228 China
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27
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A Review of Recent Research on Bio-Based Epoxy Systems for Engineering Applications and Potentialities in the Aviation Sector. AEROSPACE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/aerospace5040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resins are one of the most widely used thermosets in different engineering fields, due to their chemical resistance and thermo-mechanical properties. Recently, bio-based thermoset resin systems have attracted significant attention given their environmental benefits related to the wide variety of available natural resources, as well as the resulting reduction in the use of petroleum feedstocks. During the last two decades, considerable improvement on the properties of bio-sourced resins has been achieved to obtain performances comparable to petroleum-based systems. This paper reviews recent advances on new bio-based epoxy resins, derived from natural oils, natural polyphenols, saccharides, natural rubber and rosin. Particular focus has been given to novel chemical formulations and resulting mechanical properties of natural derived- epoxies, curing agents or entire systems, constituting an interesting alternative for a large variety of engineering applications, including the aviation sector. The present work is within the scope of the ECO-COMPASS project, where new bio-sourced epoxy matrixes for green composites are under investigation.
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28
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Patil DM, Phalak GA, Mhaske ST. Design and synthesis of bio-based epoxidized alkyd resin for anti-corrosive coating application. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-018-0646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Yue L, Maiorana A, Khelifa F, Patel A, Raquez JM, Bonnaud L, Gross R, Dubois P, Manas-Zloczower I. Surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals for biobased epoxy nanocomposites. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Baroncini EA, Kumar Yadav S, Palmese GR, Stanzione JF. Recent advances in bio-based epoxy resins and bio-based epoxy curing agents. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elyse A Baroncini
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Rowan University; New Jersey 08028
| | - Santosh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Drexel University; Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Giuseppe R Palmese
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering; Drexel University; Pennsylvania 19104
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