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Saraiva NM, Alves A, Costa PC, Correia-da-Silva M. Click Chemistry in Polymersome Technology. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:747. [PMID: 38931414 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymersomes, self-assembled nanoparticles composed of amphiphilic block copolymers, have emerged as promising versatile nanovesicles with various applications, such as drug delivery, medical imaging, and diagnostics. The integration of click chemistry reactions, specifically the copper [I]-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), has greatly expanded the functionalisation and bioconjugation capabilities of polymersomes and new drugs, being this synergistic combination explored in this review. It also provides up-to-date examples of previous incorporations of click-compatible moieties (azide and alkyne functional groups) into polymer building blocks, enabling the "click" attachment of various functional groups and ligands, delving into the diverse range of click reactions that have been reported and employed for polymersome copolymer synthesis and the modification of polymersome surfaces, including ligand conjugation and surface modification. Overall, this review explores the current state-of-the-art of the combinatory usage, in recent years, of polymersomes with the click chemistry reaction, highlighting examples of studies of their synthesis and functionalisation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M Saraiva
- LQOF-Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal dos Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Alves
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo C Costa
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- LQOF-Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal dos Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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2
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Sternberg J, Pilla S. Thermoplastic Polymer from Lignin: Creating an Extended Polyamide Network through Reactive Kraft Lignin Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40110-40118. [PMID: 37929110 PMCID: PMC10620871 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polymers have many desirable properties for consumer applications and are complemented by efficient thermal processing techniques, reducing the cost of manufacturing. Lignin exists as an immense biobased carbon source but has largely been researched for its use in thermoset materials due to its own cross-linked, polyfunctional nature. In this study, a new reaction design is employed to create a thermoplastic polyamide network incorporating lignin that is tested to be 99% biobased carbon by radiocarbon analysis. Chemical analysis reveals the nature of lignin incorporation based on chain extension and cross-linking models. The thermal and rheological properties of the new polymers are thoroughly investigated to demonstrate the higher melt-strength capability of the lignin-based polymers facilitating their use in modern processing equipment. This analysis results in finding an optimal lignin loading ratio in the polymer composition reflected by improved tensile strength and stiffness. The results point to a promising polymer design for applying industrial kraft lignin in high-value thermoplastic polymer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sternberg
- Department
of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Srikanth Pilla
- Center
for Composite Materials, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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3
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Ruwoldt J, Blindheim FH, Chinga-Carrasco G. Functional surfaces, films, and coatings with lignin - a critical review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:12529-12553. [PMID: 37101953 PMCID: PMC10123495 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant polyaromatic biopolymer. Due to its rich and versatile chemistry, many applications have been proposed, which include the formulation of functional coatings and films. In addition to replacing fossil-based polymers, the lignin biopolymer can be part of new material solutions. Functionalities may be added, such as UV-blocking, oxygen scavenging, antimicrobial, and barrier properties, which draw on lignin's intrinsic and unique features. As a result, various applications have been proposed, including polymer coatings, adsorbents, paper-sizing additives, wood veneers, food packaging, biomaterials, fertilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and antifouling membranes. Today, technical lignin is produced in large volumes in the pulp and paper industry, whereas even more diverse products are prospected to be available from future biorefineries. Developing new applications for lignin is hence paramount - both from a technological and economic point of view. This review article is therefore summarizing and discussing the current research-state of functional surfaces, films, and coatings with lignin, where emphasis is put on the formulation and application of such solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Ruwoldt
- RISE PFI AS Høgskoleringen 6B Trondheim 7491 Norway
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4
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Hemicellulose: Structure, Chemical Modification, and Application. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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5
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As V, Kumar G, Dey N, Karunakaran R, K A, Patel AK, S T, Andaluri G, Lin YC, Santhana Raj D, Ponnusamy VK. Valorization of nano-based lignocellulosic derivatives to procure commercially significant value-added products for biomedical applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114400. [PMID: 36265604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biowaste, produced from nature, is preferred to be a good source of carbon and ligninolytic machinery for many microorganisms. They are complex biopolymers composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose traces. This biomass can be depolymerized to its nano-dimensions to gain exceptional properties useful in the field of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, high-strength materials, etc. Nano-sized biomass derivatives overcome the inherent drawbacks of the parent material and offer promises as a potential material for a wide range of applications with their unique traits such as low-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and environmentally friendly nature with versatility. This review focuses on the production of value-added products feasible from nanocellulose, nano lignin, and xylan nanoparticles which is quite a novel study of its kind. Dawn of nanotechnology has converted bio waste by-products (hemicellulose and lignin) into useful precursors for many commercial products. Nano-cellulose has been employed in the fields of electronics, cosmetics, drug delivery, scaffolds, fillers, packaging, and engineering structures. Xylan nanoparticles and nano lignin have numerous applications as stabilizers, additives, textiles, adhesives, emulsifiers, and prodrugs for many polyphenols with an encapsulation efficiency of 50%. This study will support the potential development of composites for emerging applications in all aspects of interest and open up novel paths for multifunctional biomaterials in nano-dimensions for cosmetic, drug carrier, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickram As
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nibedita Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Rohini Karunakaran
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Excellence in Biomaterials Engineering (CoEBE), AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia; Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Anbarasu K
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Thanigaivel S
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gangadhar Andaluri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung city, 804, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Deena Santhana Raj
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, 804, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
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6
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Dey N, Kumar G, Vickram AS, Mohan M, Singhania RR, Patel AK, Dong CD, Anbarasu K, Thanigaivel S, Ponnusamy VK. Nanotechnology-assisted production of value-added biopotent energy-yielding products from lignocellulosic biomass refinery - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126171. [PMID: 34695586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The need to develop sustainable alternatives for pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is a massive concern in the industrial sector today. Breaking down of LCB yields sugars and fuel in the bulk scale. If explored under nanotechnology, LCB can be refined to yield high-performance fuel sources. The toxicity and cost of conventional methods can be reduced by applying nanoparticles (NPs) in refining LCB. Immobilization of enzymes onto NPs or used in conjugation with nanomaterials would instill specific and eco-friendly options for hydrolyzing LCB. Nanomaterials increase the proficiency, reusability, and stability of enzymes. Notably, magnetic NPs have bagged their place in the downstream processing of LCB effluents due to their efficient separation and cost-effectiveness. The current review highlights the role of nanotechnology and its particles in refining LCB into various commercial precursors and value-added products. The relationship between nanotechnology and LCB refinery is portrayed effectively in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibedita Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai City, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - A S Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai City, India
| | - Monisha Mohan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai City, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Program of Aquatic Science and Technology, & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Program of Aquatic Science and Technology, & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Program of Aquatic Science and Technology, & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan
| | - K Anbarasu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai City, India
| | - S Thanigaivel
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai City, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Program of Aquatic Science and Technology, & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry. & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan.
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7
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Nassar MMA, Alzebdeh KI, Pervez T, Al‐Hinai N, Munam A. Progress and challenges in sustainability, compatibility, and production of
eco‐composites
: A
state‐of‐art
review. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. A. Nassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
| | - Khalid I. Alzebdeh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
| | - Tasneem Pervez
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
| | - Nasr Al‐Hinai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
| | - Abdul Munam
- Department of Chemistry Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
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8
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Belgodere J, Son D, Jeon B, Choe J, Guidry AC, Bao AX, Zamin SA, Parikh UM, Balaji S, Kim M, Jung JP. Attenuating Fibrotic Markers of Patient-Derived Dermal Fibroblasts by Thiolated Lignin Composites. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2212-2218. [PMID: 33938742 PMCID: PMC8290399 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of phenolic functional groups of lignosulfonate to impart antioxidant properties and the cell binding domains of gelatin to enhance cell adhesion for poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based scaffolds. Chemoselective thiol-ene chemistry was utilized to form composites with thiolated lignosulfonate (TLS) and methacrylated fish gelatin (fGelMA). Antioxidant properties of TLS were not altered after thiolation and the levels of antioxidation were comparable to those of L-ascorbic acid. PEG-fGelMA-TLS composites significantly reduced the difference in COL1A1, ACTA2, TGFB1, and HIF1A genes between high-scarring and low-scarring hdFBs, providing the potential utility of TLS to attenuate fibrotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge
A. Belgodere
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Dongwan Son
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha
University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyoung Jeon
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha
University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwon Choe
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha
University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna C. Guidry
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Adam X. Bao
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Syed A. Zamin
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Umang M. Parikh
- Department
of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children’s
Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Swathi Balaji
- Department
of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children’s
Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha
University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwook P. Jung
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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9
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Sternberg J, Sequerth O, Pilla S. Green chemistry design in polymers derived from lignin: review and perspective. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Abstract
This review examines recent strategies, challenges, and future opportunities in preparing high-performance polymeric materials from lignin and its derivable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett F. Bass
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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11
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Zhou Y, Han Y, Li G, Xiong F, Chu F. Lignin-based fluorescence hollow nanoparticles: Their preparation, characterization, and encapsulation properties for doxorubicin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2136-2142. [PMID: 33091475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lignin shows strong adsorption, biodegradability and non-toxicity, and has opened a research hotspot in the design and manufacture of controllable nanomaterials for drug delivery. However, lignin-based materials, with both diagnostic and therapeutic functions, have yet to be developed. In this work, enzymatically hydrolysable lignin (EHL) was used to prepare blue fluorescent lignin copolymer by grafting 1-Pyrenebutyric acid onto lignin via amidation reaction and then formed self-assembled nanoparticles. The results show that such lignin-based hollow nanoparticles exhibit characteristics of fluorescent functions, size controlled and stable structure within 15 days. For anticancer drug Doxorubicin, the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading reached, respectively, 50% and 10%. This encapsulation had no cytotoxicity, and sustained-release effect on the drug. The aim of this study was to develop the multifunctional bio-nanomaterials for medical applications, through simple, environmentally friendly, low-cost methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100089, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jianjun East Road, Yancheng 224051, China; Jiangsu Province Biomass Energy and Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Longpan Road, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yanming Han
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Fuquan Xiong
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100089, China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100089, China.
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12
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Parit M, Jiang Z. Towards lignin derived thermoplastic polymers. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:3180-3197. [PMID: 33065157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant biobased material found on earth. It is produced mainly as a byproduct of pulp and paper industry and biorefineries. Despite its abundance, lignin valorization is not achieved on a large scale. Recently, there has been a growing demand for using the renewable and biodegradable raw materials in the commodity polymers. Potential use of lignin as a component in thermoplastic polymers is a promising approach for its value-added utilization. Given the vast applications of thermoplastic materials, there is lack of comprehensive review on lignin based thermoplastic polymers in literature. This review focuses on the utilization of lignin as functional and structural component of the thermoplastic polymers which requires structural modifications of lignin pertaining to the polymeric system. First, various lignin modifications were discussed in view of controlling the homogeneity, reactivity, processability and compatibility of lignin for successful thermoplastic copolymer synthesis and blend processing. Then, various copolymerization methodologies of lignin applicable for thermoplastic monomers are reviewed. Lastly, the lignin based thermoplastic blends are discussed which covers the lignin blends with various thermoplastic polymers and the chemical modifications required to improve its compatibility in polymer matrix. Some of the promising potential applications and future perspectives to achieve the goal of lignin-based commercial thermoplastics polymers are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Parit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Alabama Center for Paper & Bioresource Engineering, Auburn University, 356 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Alabama Center for Paper & Bioresource Engineering, Auburn University, 356 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America.
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13
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Abstract
A shift towards an economically viable biomass biorefinery concept requires the use of all biomass fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) for the production of high added-value products. As lignin is often underutilized, the establishment of lignin valorization routes is highly important. In-house produced organosolv as well as commercial Kraft lignin were used in this study. The aim of the current work was to make a comparative study of thermoplastic biomaterials from two different types of lignins. Native lignins were alkylate with two different alkyl iodides to produce ether-functionalized lignins. Successful etherification was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy, changes in the molecular weight of lignin, as well as 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The thermal stability of etherified lignin samples was considerably improved with the T2% of organosolv to increase from 143 °C to up to 213 °C and of Kraft lignin from 133 °C to up to 168 °C, and glass transition temperature was observed. The present study shows that etherification of both organosolv and Kraft lignin with alkyl halides can produce lignin thermoplastic biomaterials with low glass transition temperature. The length of the alkyl chain affects thermal stability as well as other thermal properties.
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14
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An electrochemical study of cobalt-salen (N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediaminocobalt(II) in the oxidation of syringyl alcohol in acetonitrile. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-020-01459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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15
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Bertella S, Luterbacher JS. Lignin Functionalization for the Production of Novel Materials. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Wang Z, Ganewatta MS, Tang C. Sustainable polymers from biomass: Bridging chemistry with materials and processing. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Carvalho LT, Moraes RM, Alves GM, Lacerda TM, Santos JC, Santos AM, Medeiros SF. Synthesis of amphiphilic pullulan-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone) via click chemistry. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:701-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Liu H, Mohsin N, Kim S, Chung H. Lignin, a biomass crosslinker, in a shape memory polycaprolactone network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringFlorida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Building A, Suite A131 Tallahassee Florida 32310
| | - Nuverah Mohsin
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringFlorida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Building A, Suite A131 Tallahassee Florida 32310
| | - Sundol Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringFlorida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Building A, Suite A131 Tallahassee Florida 32310
| | - Hoyong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringFlorida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Building A, Suite A131 Tallahassee Florida 32310
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Ganewatta MS, Lokupitiya HN, Tang C. Lignin Biopolymers in the Age of Controlled Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1176. [PMID: 31336845 PMCID: PMC6680560 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers made from natural biomass are gaining interest due to the rising environmental concerns and depletion of petrochemical resources. Lignin isolated from lignocellulosic biomass is the second most abundant natural polymer next to cellulose. The paper pulp process produces industrial lignin as a byproduct that is mostly used for energy and has less significant utility in materials applications. High abundance, rich chemical functionalities, CO2 neutrality, reinforcing properties, antioxidant and UV blocking abilities, as well as environmental friendliness, make lignin an interesting substrate for materials and chemical development. However, poor processability, low reactivity, and intrinsic structural heterogeneity limit lignins' polymeric applications in high-performance advanced materials. With the advent of controlled polymerization methods such as ATRP, RAFT, and ADMET, there has been a great interest in academia and industry to make value-added polymeric materials from lignin. This review focuses on recent investigations that utilize controlled polymerization methods to generate novel lignin-based polymeric materials. Polymers developed from lignin-based monomers, various polymer grafting technologies, copolymer properties, and their applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra S Ganewatta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
- Ingevity Corporation, 5255 Virginia Avenue, North Charleston, SC 29406, USA.
| | - Hasala N Lokupitiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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20
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López Serna D, Elizondo Martínez P, Reyes González MÁ, Zaldívar Cadena AA, Zaragoza Contreras EA, Sánchez Anguiano MG. Synthesis and Characterization of a Lignin-Styrene-Butyl Acrylate Based Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1080. [PMID: 31242593 PMCID: PMC6631112 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the pursuit of new polymer materials based on renewable raw materials has been intensified with the aim of reusing waste materials in sustainable processes. The synthesis of a lignin, styrene, and butyl acrylate based composite was carried out by a mass polymerization process. A series of four composites were prepared by varying the amount of lignin in 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% keeping the content of butyl acrylate constant (14 wt.%). FTIR and SEM revealed that the -OH functional groups of lignin reacted with styrene, which was observed by the incorporation of lignin in the copolymer. Additionally, DSC analysis showed that the increment in lignin loading in the composite had a positive influence on thermal stability. Likewise, Shore D hardness assays exhibited an increase from 25 to 69 when 5 and 20 wt.% lignin was used respectively. In this same sense, the contact angle (water) measurement showed that the LEBA15 and LEBA20 composites presented hydrophobic properties (whit contact angle above 90°) despite having the highest amount of lignin, demonstrating that the interaction of the polymer chains with the -OH groups of lignin was the main mechanism in the composites interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López Serna
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L, México.
| | - Perla Elizondo Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L, México.
| | - Miguel Ángel Reyes González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L, México.
| | - Antonio Alberto Zaldívar Cadena
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L, México.
| | - Erasto Armando Zaragoza Contreras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, 31136, Chihuahua, Chih. México.
| | - María Guadalupe Sánchez Anguiano
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L, México.
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21
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Lancefield CS, Constant S, de Peinder P, Bruijnincx PCA. Linkage Abundance and Molecular Weight Characteristics of Technical Lignins by Attenuated Total Reflection-FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1139-1146. [PMID: 30641616 PMCID: PMC6563701 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an attractive material for the production of renewable chemicals, materials and energy. However, utilization is hampered by its highly complex and variable chemical structure, which requires an extensive suite of analytical instruments to characterize. Here, we demonstrate that straightforward attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR analysis combined with principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) modelling can provide remarkable insight into the structure of technical lignins, giving quantitative results that are comparable to standard gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR methods. First, a calibration set of 54 different technical (fractionated) lignin samples, covering kraft, soda and organosolv processes, were prepared and analyzed using traditional GPC and NMR methods, as well as by readily accessible ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. PLS models correlating the ATR-FTIR spectra of the broad set of lignins with GPC and NMR measurements were found to have excellent coefficients of determination (R2 Cal.>0.85) for molecular weight (Mn , Mw ) and inter-unit abundances (β-O-4, β-5 and β-β), with low relative errors (6.2-14 %) as estimated from cross-validation results. PLS analysis of a second set of 28 samples containing exclusively (fractionated) kraft lignins showed further improved prediction ability, with relative errors of 3.8-13 %, and the resulting model could predict the structural characteristics of an independent validation set of lignins with good accuracy. The results highlight the potential utility of this methodology for streamlining and expediting the often complex and time consuming technical lignin characterization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Lancefield
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Constant
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Organic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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22
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Buono P, Duval A, Avérous L, Habibi Y. Clicking Biobased Polyphenols: A Sustainable Platform for Aromatic Polymeric Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:2472-2491. [PMID: 29862669 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, tannins, and cashew nut shell liquid are considered the main sources of aromatic-based macromolecules. They represent an abundant alternative feedstock for the elaboration of aromatic chemicals and polymers, with a view to replacing some fossil-based fractions. Located in different tissues of plants, these compounds, with a large diversity and structural complexity, have, to date, been considered as byproducts derived from fractionation-separation industrial processes with low added value. In the last decade, the use of click chemistry as a tool for the synthesis of controlled macromolecular architectures has seen much development in fundamental and applied research for a wide range of applications. It could represent a valid solution to overcome the main limitations encountered in the chemical modification of natural sources of chemicals, with an environmentally friendly approach to create new substrates for the development of innovative polymers and materials. After a brief description of the main aromatic biopolymers, including the main extraction techniques, along with their structure and their properties, this Review describes chemical modifications that have mainly been focused on natural polyphenols, with the aim of introducing clickable groups, and their further use for the synthesis of biobased materials and additives. Special emphasis is given to several as-yet unexplored chemical features that could contribute to further fundamental and applied materials science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Buono
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Antoine Duval
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67087, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67087, France
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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23
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24
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Renewable eugenol-based functional polymers with self-healing and high temperature resistance properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Pomarico SK, Lye DS, Elacqua E, Weck M. Synthesis of sheet-coil-helix and coil-sheet-helix triblock copolymers by combining ROMP with palladium-mediated isocyanide polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01361f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new methodology towards architecturally well-defined covalent triblock copolymers is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K. Pomarico
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute
- New York University
- New York
- USA
| | - Diane S. Lye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute
- New York University
- New York
- USA
| | - Elizabeth Elacqua
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute
- New York University
- New York
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Marcus Weck
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute
- New York University
- New York
- USA
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26
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Buono P, Duval A, Averous L, Habibi Y. Thermally healable and remendable lignin-based materials through Diels – Alder click polymerization. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida 32310
| | - Hoyong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida 32310
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28
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Wang S, Bassett AW, Wieber GV, Stanzione JF, Epps TH. Effect of Methoxy Substituent Position on Thermal Properties and Solvent Resistance of Lignin-Inspired Poly(dimethoxyphenyl methacrylate)s. ACS Macro Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander W. Bassett
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Joseph F. Stanzione
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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29
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Buono P, Duval A, Averous L, Habibi Y. Lignin-Based Materials Through Thiol-Maleimide "Click" Polymerization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:984-992. [PMID: 28042912 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present report an environmentally friendly approach to transforming renewable feedstocks into value-added materials is proposed. This transformation pathway was conducted under green conditions, without the use of solvents or catalyst. First, controlled modification of lignin, a major biopolymer present in wood and plants, was achieved by esterification with 11-maleimidoundecylenic acid (11-MUA), a derivative from castor oil that contains maleimide groups, following its transformation into 11-maleimidoundecanoyl chloride (11-MUC). Different degrees of substitution were achieved by using various amounts of the 11-MUC, leading to an efficient conversion of lignin hydroxy groups, as demonstrated by 1 H and 31 P NMR analyses. These fully biobased maleimide-lignin derivatives were subjected to an extremely fast (ca. 1 min) thiol-ene "click" polymerization with thiol-containing linkers. Aliphatic and aromatic thiol linkers bearing two to four thiol groups were used to tune the reactivity and crosslink density. The properties of the resulting materials were evaluated by swelling tests and thermal and mechanical analyses, which showed that varying the degree of functionality of the linker and the linker structure allowed accurate tailoring of the thermal and mechanical properties of the final materials, thus providing interesting perspectives for lignin in functional aromatic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Buono
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, MRT, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, LIST, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Antoine Duval
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67087, France
| | - Luc Averous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67087, France
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, MRT, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, LIST, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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30
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Nanotechnology Applications on Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOENERGY AND BIOFUEL PRODUCTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45459-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Lee KS, Park SY, Moon HC, Kim JK. Thermal stability of ester linkage in the presence of 1,2,3-Triazole moiety generated by click reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Seong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Kyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeong Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Kyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Kyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
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32
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Liu H, Chung H. Self-Healing Properties of Lignin-Containing Nanocomposite: Synthesis of Lignin-graft-poly(5-acetylaminopentyl acrylate) via RAFT and Click Chemistry. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Department of Chemical and
Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Hoyong Chung
- Department of Chemical and
Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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33
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Zhao H, Wang Q, Deng Y, Shi Q, Qian Y, Wang B, Lü L, Qiu X. Preparation of renewable lignin-derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanospheres as anodes for lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17793j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After diazotization, the lignin-based azo colloidal spheres favour thermal stability and can keep an intact spherical structure during the pyrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Qiujun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
- Shenzhen Capchem Technology Co., LTD
| | - Yonghong Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Qiao Shi
- Shenzhen Capchem Technology Co., LTD
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yong Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Lei Lü
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
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