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Di Lorenzo ML. Crystallization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate): A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1975. [PMID: 39065291 PMCID: PMC11280767 DOI: 10.3390/polym16141975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a thermoplastic polyester with excellent thermal and mechanical properties, widely used in a variety of industrial fields. It is a semicrystalline polymer, and most of the industrial success of PET derives from its easily tunable crystallization kinetics, which allow users to produce the polymer with a high crystal fraction for applications that demand high thermomechanical resistance and barrier properties, or a fully amorphous polymer when high transparency of the product is needed. The main properties of the polymer are presented and discussed in this contribution, together with the literature data on the crystal structure and morphology of PET. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of its crystallization kinetics, including both primary crystal nucleation and crystal growth, as well as secondary crystallization. The effect of molar mass, catalyst residues, chain composition, and thermo-mechanical treatments on the crystallization kinetics, structure, and morphology of PET are also reviewed in this contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- National Research Council, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, CNR-IPCB, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
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2
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Makri SP, Klonos PA, Marra G, Karathanasis AZ, Deligkiozi I, Valera MÁ, Mangas A, Nikolaidis N, Terzopoulou Z, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN. Structure-property relationships in renewable composites of poly(lactic acid) reinforced by low amounts of micro- and nano-kraft-lignin. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5014-5027. [PMID: 38885039 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00622d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the direct and indirect effects of micro- and nano-kraft lignin, kL and NkL, respectively, at a quite low amount of 0.5 wt%, in poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composites. These renewable composites were prepared via two routes, either simple melt compounding or in situ reactive extrusion. The materials are selected and prepared using targeted methods in order to vary two variables, i.e., the size of kL and the synthetic method, while maintaining constant polymer chain lengths, L-/D-lactide isomer ratio and filler amounts. The direct/indirect effects were respectively investigated in the amorphous/semicrystalline state, as crystallinity plays in general a dominant role in polymers. The investigation involves structural, thermal and molecular mobility aspects. Non-extensive polymer-lignin interactions were recorded here, whereas the presence of the fillers led to both enhancements and suppressions of properties, e.g., glass transition, crystallization, melting temperatures, etc. The local and segmental molecular dynamics map of the said systems was constructed and is shown here for the first time, demonstrating both expected and unexpected trends. An interesting discrepancy between the trends in the calorimetric measurement against the dielectric Tg is revealed, providing indications for 'dynamical heterogeneities' in the composites as compared to neat PLA. The reactive extrusion as compared to compounding-based systems was found to exhibit stronger effects on crystallizability and mobility, most, probably due to the severe enhancement of the chains' diffusion. In general, the effects are more pronounced when employing nano-lignin compared to micro-lignin, which is the expected beneficial behaviour of nanocomposites vs. conventional composites. Interestingly, the variety of these effects can be easily manipulated by the proper selection of the preparation method and/or the thermal treatment under relatively mild conditions. The latter capability is actually desirable for processing and targeted applications and is proved here, once again, as an advantage of biobased polyesters such as PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia P Makri
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Creative Nano PC, 43 Tatoiou, Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A Klonos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Dielectrics Group, Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Giacomo Marra
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Mechanochemistry & Reactive Extrusion, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel Ángel Valera
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Mechanochemistry & Reactive Extrusion, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Mangas
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Mechanochemistry & Reactive Extrusion, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nikolaos Nikolaidis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Dielectrics Group, Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Huo J, Li J, Jiang S. Transition of iPB-1 with low molecular weight crystallized from solutions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4663-4668. [PMID: 38832824 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The dimension or entanglement of polymer chains is crucial to chain dynamics, and the polymer chains can be diluted and disentangled in a solution by reducing the interaction with each other. This letter addresses the role of solution concentration in the crystal transition of isotactic polybutene-1 (iPB-1) with low molecular weight crystallized from solution. It turned out that the transition of iPB-1 obtained from the higher concentration of the solution is faster than that obtained from the lower one. In addition, the disparity in the transition between the early stage and later stage for samples prepared from solutions with and without stirring was characterized. DSC and X-ray experiments revealed that initial temperatures for the solution-crystallized iPB-1 to melt and crystallize into form II dominated the transition. The role of entropy in the transition was proposed as a primary factor influencing the iPB-1 transition. Increasing the concentration of the solution or stirring during crystallization increases the supersaturation for iPB-1 to crystalize from the solution and form less stable crystals. The less stable iPB-1 crystals cause the formation of form II at lower temperatures during heating. Therefore, the lower entropy in amorphous regions resulted in an enhanced propensity for the helical conformation with a lower entropy and consequently accelerated the crystal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Jingqing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Shichun Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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Benarbia A, Sobotka V, Boyard N, Roua C. Modelling the Melting Kinetics of Polyetheretherketone Depending on Thermal History: Application to Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1319. [PMID: 38794512 PMCID: PMC11125199 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent techniques for forming thermoplastics, such as welding, automated fibre placement or additive manufacturing, generate successive rapid heating and cooling cycles that cause the partial melting of crystals during the process. The melting of an interface is essential to guarantee a good molecular diffusion across the welded parts. Nevertheless, no model can correctly predict the melting kinetics and consequently the evolution of the crystalline degree during the layers' deposition process. The purpose of this paper was to define the melting kinetics depending on the crystallization conditions for polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Firstly, a non-isothermal crystallization model was proposed over a wide range of cooling rates from 0.1 K.s-1 to 150 K.s-1. Experimental results have highlighted a dual-mode behaviour of melting and demonstrated the dependence of melting temperatures on crystallization conditions. Based on these observations, a model was developed to predict the melting behaviour after non-isothermal crystallization. The melting model revealed that after high cooling rates, primary and secondary crystals melt separately at low temperatures, while after slow cooling rates, both structures melt simultaneously at higher temperatures. Finally, the melting model was applied to the FFF thermal cycle to illustrate the influence of process parameters on the melting kinetics during deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Benarbia
- Laboratoire de Thermique et Energie de Nantes (LTEN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nantes Université, UMR 6607, 44000 Nantes, France; (V.S.); (N.B.)
- Cogit Composites Company, 9117 Rue des Vignerons, 18390 Saint-Germain-du-Puy, France;
| | - Vincent Sobotka
- Laboratoire de Thermique et Energie de Nantes (LTEN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nantes Université, UMR 6607, 44000 Nantes, France; (V.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Boyard
- Laboratoire de Thermique et Energie de Nantes (LTEN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nantes Université, UMR 6607, 44000 Nantes, France; (V.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Christophe Roua
- Cogit Composites Company, 9117 Rue des Vignerons, 18390 Saint-Germain-du-Puy, France;
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Fu P, Huo J, Li J, De Rosa C, Jiang S. Form II to form I transition in solution-crystallized isotactic polybutene-1. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3191-3202. [PMID: 38529557 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00152d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Different polymer chains in a solution or melt have different conformations with corresponding entropy at each moment, which would be confined after crystallization. Equilibrium concept-based conformation or conformational entropy depends on chain dynamics, which is related to the effect of energy on conformational changes in polymer chains. Herein, an isotactic polybutene-1 (iPB-1) crystal was crystallized from solution by adding a precipitant at various temperatures. The solution-crystallized iPB-1 crystal was heated to 100 °C to obtain form II at different heat rates and the transition of form II was characterized. It was found that the form II to form I transition was not only related to the precipitation temperature but also to the heating rate of the solution-crystallized iPB-1. Thus, both precipitation temperature and heating rate determine the formation temperature of form II, i.e., form II that crystallized at lower temperature would transform faster. The results indicate that the conformation or conformational entropy of the amorphous region in iPB-1 is important to understand crystal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jiaxin Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jingqing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Shichun Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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de With G. Melting Is Well-Known, but Is It Also Well-Understood? Chem Rev 2023; 123:13713-13795. [PMID: 37963286 PMCID: PMC10722469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to continuous phase transitions, where renormalization group theory provides a general framework, for discontinuous phase transitions such a framework seems to be absent. Although the thermodynamics of the latter type of transitions is well-known and requires input from two phases, for melting a variety of one-phase theories and models based on solids has been proposed, as a generally accepted theory for liquids is (yet) missing. Each theory or model deals with a specific mechanism using typically one of the various defects (vacancies, interstitials, dislocations, interstitialcies) present in solids. Furthermore, recognizing that surfaces are often present, one distinguishes between mechanical or bulk melting and thermodynamic or surface-mediated melting. After providing the necessary preliminaries, we discuss both types of melting in relation to the various defects. Thereafter we deal with the effect of pressure on the melting process, followed by a discussion along the line of type of materials. Subsequently, some other aspects and approaches are dealt with. An attempt to put melting in perspective concludes this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Klonos PA, Bikiaris ND, Zamboulis A, Valera MÁ, Mangas A, Kyritsis A, Terzopoulou Z. Segmental mobility in sustainable copolymers based on poly(lactic acid) blocks built onto poly(butylene succinate) in situ. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7846-7858. [PMID: 37811662 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00980g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Two series of newly synthesized sustainable block copolymers based on poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu) and polylactide (PLA) were studied. The copolymers were synthesized by a ring-opening polymerization of PLA in the presence of two initial PBSu of low molar mass. We focused on the effects of the PBSu/PLA ratio (1/99 up to 15/85), chain length and initial PBSu length on the final thermal transitions in the copolymers with an emphasis on molecular mobility/dynamics and subsequently on crystallization. Both aspects are considered relevant to the final materials performance, as well as facilitation of polymer renewability. Calorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy were the main investigation tools. In the amorphous state (i.e., in which the direct effects of copolymer structure are assessable), the segmental mobility of neat PLA was significantly faster in the copolymers. Segmental mobility was monitored via the decrease in the calorimetric and dielectric (α relaxation) glass-transition temperatures, Tg and Tg,diel, respectively. The effect was systematic with an increase in the PBSu/PLA ratio, and was rationalized through the plasticizing role of PBSu (low-Tg component) and facilitated also by the simultaneous lowering of the chain length in the copolymers. Dielectric spectroscopy allowed evaluation of the dynamical fragility (cooperativity) of chains, which was strongly suppressed in the copolymers. This finding suggested an increase in free volume or a gradual increase of interchain distances. This phenomenon could favor the natural enzymatic degradation of the systems (compostability), which is limited in neat PLA. We recorded enhancement of nucleation and the crystalline fraction in the copolymers that was likely connected with faster chain diffusion. Further lowering of the Tg with the implementation of crystallization was noted (which seemed a controversial effect) but which indicated crystallization-induced phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis A Klonos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos D Bikiaris
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Zamboulis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Miguel Ángel Valera
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Mangas
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Zhu L, Li J, Li H, Liu B, Chen J, Jiang S. Crystallization and melting of unentangled poly(ε-caprolactone) cycles containing pendants. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 37470097 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00591g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The Rouse model provides a basic framework to understand the chain dynamics of polymers, which is confirmed to be more suitable for exploring the linear dynamics of unentangled polymers. The crystalline morphology governed by chain dynamics and crystallization kinetics is expected to differ in linear and cyclic polymers. Cyclic poly(ε-caprolactone)s (c-PCLs) containing two bi-anthracenyl group pendants with molecular weights close to the critical molecular weight (Mc) were synthesized to investigate the chain dynamics based crystallization and melting behavior by DSC, POM, and in situ simultaneous small-angle X-ray scattering/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) investigations during heating of the isothermally crystallized samples. Double endothermic peaks were observed in the DSC curves with a low heating rate of c-PCLs without entanglement after isothermal crystallization, especially for c-PCLs with Mc. The structure evolution of the crystalline structures observed from the in situ investigations during the heating and double endothermic peaks in DSC heating curves of the c-PCLs indicate the role of pendants in the chain dynamics, which leads to the reorganization of the metastable structures. Banded spherulites of c-PCL without entanglement were observed for the first time, and the uneven growth of spherulites along the radial direction may be caused by the mismatch between chain dynamics and crystallization kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jingqing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Binyuan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Jizhong Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shichun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Pirela V, Elgoyhen J, Tomovska R, Martín J, Le CMQ, Chemtob A, Bessif B, Heck B, Reiter G, Müller AJ. Unraveling the Complex Polymorphic Crystallization Behavior of the Alternating Copolymer DMDS- alt-DVE. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:5260-5269. [PMID: 37469882 PMCID: PMC10353521 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A complex crystallization behavior was observed for the alternating copolymer DMDS-alt-DVE synthesized via thiol-ene step-growth polymerization. Understanding the underlying complex crystallization processes of such innovative polythioethers is critical for their application, for example, in polymer coating technologies. These alternating copolymers have polymorphic traits, resulting in different phases that may display distinct crystalline structures. The copolymer DMDS-alt-DVE was studied in an earlier work, where only two crystalline phases were reported: a low melting, L - Tm, and high melting, H - Tm phase. Remarkably, the H - Tm form was only achieved by the previous formation and melting of the L - Tm form. We applied calorimetric techniques encompassing seven orders of magnitude in scanning rates to further explore this complex polymorphic behavior. Most importantly, by rapidly quenching the sample to temperatures well below room temperature, we detected an additional polymorphic form (characterized by a very low melting phase, denoted VL - Tm). Moreover, through tailored thermal protocols, we successfully produced samples containing only one, two, or all three polymorphs, providing insights into their interrelationships. Understanding polymorphism, crystallization, and the resulting morphological differences can have significant implications and potential impact on mechanical resistance and barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pirela
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Justine Elgoyhen
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Esteiro, Universidade da Coruña, Ferrol 15403, Spain
| | - Cuong Minh Quoc Le
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR CNRS 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, Mulhouse, Cedex 68057, France
| | - Abraham Chemtob
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR CNRS 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, Mulhouse, Cedex 68057, France
| | - Brahim Bessif
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Barbara Heck
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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10
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Bonatti L, Brugman BL, Subramani T, Leinenweber KD, Navrotsky A. Heat capacity of microgram oxide samples by fast scanning calorimetry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2889795. [PMID: 37158701 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative scanning calorimetry on microgram-sized samples opens a broad, new range of opportunities for studying the thermodynamic properties of quantity-limited materials, including those produced under extreme conditions or found as rare accessory minerals in nature. We calibrated the Mettler Toledo Flash DSC 2+ calorimeter to obtain quantitative heat capacities in the range 200-350 °C, using samples weighing between 2 and 11.5 μg. Our technique is applied to a new set of oxide materials to which it has never been used before, without the need for melting, glass transitions, or phase transformations. Heat capacity data were obtained for silica in the high pressure stishovite (rutile) structure, dense post-stishovite glass, standard fused quartz, and for TiO2 rutile. These heat capacities agree within 5%-15% with the literature values reported for rutile, stishovite, and fused SiO2 glass. The heat capacity of post-stishovite glass, made by heating stishovite to 1000 °C, is a newly reported value. After accurate calibrations, measured heat capacities were then used to calculate masses for samples in the microgram range, a substantial improvement over measurement in conventional microbalances, which have uncertainties approaching 50%-100% for such small samples. Since the typical uncertainty of heat capacities measured on 10-100 mg samples in conventional differential scanning calorimetry is typically 7% (1%-5% with careful work), flash differential scanning calorimetry, using samples a factor of 1000 smaller, increases the uncertainty of heat capacity measurements by a factor of <3, opening the door for meaningful measurements on ultra-small, high-pressure samples and other quantity-limited materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bonatti
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - B L Brugman
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - T Subramani
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - K D Leinenweber
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - A Navrotsky
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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11
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Liu J, Li J, Liu B, Hamley IW, Jiang S. Mpemba effect in crystallization of polybutene-1. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3337-3347. [PMID: 37096363 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00309d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Mpemba effect and its inverse can be understood as a result of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In polymers, changes of state are generally non-equilibrium processes. However, the Mpemba effect has been rarely reported in the crystallization of polymers. In the melt, polybutene-1 (PB-1) has the lowest critical cooling rate in polyolefins and tends to maintain its original structure and properties with thermal history. A nascent PB-1 sample was prepared by using metallocene catalysis at low temperature, and the crystallization behavior and crystalline structure of the PB-1 were characterized by DSC and WAXS. Experimentally, a clear Mpemba effect is observed not only in the crystallization of the nascent PB-1 melt in form II but also in form I obtained from the nascent PB-1 at low melting temperature. It is proposed that this is due to the differences in the chain conformational entropy in the lattice which influence conformational relaxation times. The entropy and the relaxation time can be predicted using the Adam-Gibbs equations, whereas non-equilibrium thermodynamics is required to describe the crystallization with the Mpemba effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jingqing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Binyuan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Ian W Hamley
- School of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Shichun Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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12
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Yan F, Li H, Cui S, Sun J, Ye Q, Liu Y, Liu C, Wang Z. Effects of combined melt stretching and fast cooling fields on crystallization of high-density polyethylene. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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13
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Zhu L, Li J, Li H, Liu B, Chen J, Jiang S. Effects of end groups and entanglements on crystallization and melting behaviors of poly(ε-caprolactone). SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2275-2286. [PMID: 36919364 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00127j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The topology including end groups, entanglement loops, and tie molecules has a significant impact on the rheological and crystallization behavior and consequently on the functionality of a polymer. Unentangled, weakly entangled, and strongly entangled poly(ε-caprolactone)s (PCLs) with end groups and various molecular weights were synthesized. POM and DSC were used to observe spherulite growth and characterize thermal properties during crystallization and melting. The viscosity and structure of the samples were probed by rheology and X-ray analysis, respectively. The crossover of the scaling relationship of viscosity vs molecular weight demonstrates that the samples cover a wide range of entanglement density, and the bulky end groups cause deviations from the classical scaling laws. In situ simultaneous SAXS/WAXS investigations showed that the crystal structure of PCLs did not change with end groups and heating. The results of POM and DSC imply that the end groups and entanglements affect the crystallization rate and the spherulite morphology. The melting of PCLs containing end groups was found to be a multi-step process involving various nanoscale crystalline structures. The evolution of nanoscale crystalline structures of isothermally crystallized PCLs during heating was analyzed by fitting 1D SAXS profiles, and the continuous structural evolution was found to be a process influenced by end groups and entanglements. The results show that end groups and entanglements affect the chain dynamics and lead to constrained crystallization behavior and the formation of metastable structures, ultimately affecting the structure evolution during melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyong Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jingqing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Binyuan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Jizhong Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shichun Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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14
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Bourdet A, Fosse C, Garda MR, Thiyagarajan S, Delbreilh L, Esposito A, Dargent E. Microstructural consequences of isothermal crystallization in homo- and co-polyesters based on 2,5- and 2,4-furandicarboxylic acid. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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15
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Smith T, Gupta C, Siavoshani AY, Wang SQ. Building a phenomenological chain-level understanding of mechanics of semicrystalline polymers: 1. Experimental. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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16
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Poisson C, Colaers M, Van Puyvelde P, Goderis B. Memory Effects in the Quiescent Crystallization of Polyamide 12: Self-Seeding, Post-Condensation, Disentangling, and Self-Nucleation beyond the Equilibrium Melting Temperature. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Poisson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J box 2424, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Colaers
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F box 2404, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J box 2424, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Goderis
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F box 2404, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Li H, Ye Q, Sun J, Cui S, Zhang Z, Liu C, Shen C, Wang Z. A combined melt-stretching and quenching setup for experimental studies of polymer crystallization under complex flow-temperature environments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:015102. [PMID: 36725543 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A combined melt-stretching and quenching setup is designed and developed to allow experimental investigations of polymer crystallization under the complex flow-temperature environments comparable to those encountered in the actual industrial processing. The melt-stretching proceeds by two drums rotating in the opposite directions with simultaneous recording of a stress-strain curve, where the Hencky strain and strain rate (≤233 s-1) are adjustable over a large range. After stretching, liquid N2 is used as a cooling medium to quench the free-standing melt, which is sprayed directly to the deformed melt driven by an electric pump. To ensure a high cooling efficiency, a three-way solenoid valve is employed to execute a sequential control of the liquid N2 flow direction to reduce the boil-off of liquid N2 before entering the sample chamber. The melt cooling rate depends on the liquid N2 flow rate controlled by a flow valve, which is up to 221 °C/s when quenching the isotactic polypropylene (iPP) melt with a thickness of 0.28 mm at 150 °C. Two independent temperature control modules are designed to meet the requirements of different stages of melt-stretching and quenching. To verify the capability of the setup, we have performed the melt-stretching and quenching experiments on iPP samples. The setup is demonstrated to be a valuable new tool to study polymer crystallization under coupled flow-cooling fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiuyang Ye
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shanlin Cui
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Changyu Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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18
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Bouyahya C, Bikiaris ND, Zamboulis A, Kyritsis A, Majdoub M, Klonos PA. Crystallization and molecular mobility in renewable semicrystalline copolymers based on polycaprolactone and polyisosorbide. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:9216-9230. [PMID: 36426754 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel block copolymers based on two biodegradable polymers, poly(ε-caprolactone), PCL, and poly(isosorbide), PIS, with PIS fractions 5, 10, and 25 wt%, are studied herein. The aim is to assess the effects of the amorphous PIS phase on the properties of the semicrystalline PCL (majority), in addition to the synthesis strategy. The latter involved the polymerization of caprolactone onto initial PIS of low molar mass, resulting, thus, in gradually shorter PCL blocks when the starting amount of PIS is increased. The structure-property relationship investigation, with an emphasis on molecular mobility and crystallization, involves the following sum of complementary techniques: differential scanning calorimetry, dielectric spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The molecular mobility map for these PCL/PIS and initial PIS is drawn here for the first time. Despite the high glass transition temperature of PIS (Tg ∼ 51 °C) compared to that of PCL (-66 °C), the Tg of the copolymers barely changes, as it is mainly ruled by crystallinity. The latter seems to be facilitated in the copolymers, in both the amount and the rate. The local molecular mobility of PCL and PCL/PIS consists of faster γPCL relaxation which is unaffected in the copolymers, whereas the slower βPCL process arising from the backbone ester group rotation exhibits a systematic deceleration in the presence of PIS. A connection between such local motions and the corresponding segmental α relaxation, observed previously in other polyesters, is also found to be true here. Apart from that, the dielectric Tg as well as the cooperativity of the polymer chains drop moderately, which indicates spatial confinement between the PCL crystals, whereas correlations with the looser lamellar chain packing within the spherulites are gained. The relaxations of initial PIS, i.e., γPIS, βPIS and αPIS, could not be resolved within the copolymers. Along with other properties, such as ionic conductivity, we conclude to the homogeneity of our systems, with sufficient PCL/PIS distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Bouyahya
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et Matériaux Avancés, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Nikolaos D Bikiaris
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Zamboulis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Mustapha Majdoub
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et Matériaux Avancés, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Panagiotis A Klonos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
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19
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Makri SP, Xanthopoulou E, Klonos PA, Grigoropoulos A, Kyritsis A, Tsachouridis K, Anastasiou A, Deligkiozi I, Nikolaidis N, Bikiaris DN. Effect of Micro- and Nano-Lignin on the Thermal, Mechanical, and Antioxidant Properties of Biobased PLA-Lignin Composite Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235274. [PMID: 36501671 PMCID: PMC9737150 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite films were produced using unmodified soda micro- or nano-lignin as a green filler at four different contents, between 0.5 wt% and 5 wt%. The PLA-lignin composite polymers were synthesized by solvent casting to prepare a masterbatch, followed by melt mixing. The composites were then converted into films, to evaluate the effect of lignin content and size on their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), supported by polarized light microscopy (PLM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to investigate the PLA crystallization and the interactions with Lignin (L) and Nanolignin (NL). The presence of both fillers (L and NL) had a negligible effect on the glass transition temperature (chain diffusion). However, it resulted in suppression of the corresponding change in heat capacity. This was indicative of a partial immobilization of the PLA chains on the lignin entities, due to interfacial interactions, which was slightly stronger in the case of NL. Lignin was also found to facilitate crystallization, in terms of nucleation; whereas, this was not clear in the crystalline fraction. The addition of L and NL led to systematically larger crystallites compared with neat PLA, which, combined with the higher melting temperature, provided indications of a denser crystal structure in the composites. The mechanical, optical, antioxidant, and surface properties of the composite films were also investigated. The tensile strength and Young's modulus were improved by the addition of L and especially NL. The UV-blocking and antioxidant properties of the composite films were also enhanced, especially at higher filler contents. Importantly, the PLA-NL composite films constantly outperformed their PLA-L counterparts, due to the finer dispersion of NL in the PLA matrix, as verified by the TEM micrographs. These results suggest that bio-based and biodegradable PLA films filled with L, and particularly NL, can be employed as competitive and green alternatives in the food packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia P. Makri
- Creative Nano PC, 43 Tatoiou, Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Xanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A. Klonos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsachouridis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3AL, UK
| | - Antonios Anastasiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3AL, UK
| | | | - Nikolaos Nikolaidis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (N.N.); (D.N.B.)
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (N.N.); (D.N.B.)
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20
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Revisiting Non-Conventional Crystallinity-Induced Effects on Molecular Mobility in Sustainable Diblock Copolymers of Poly(propylene adipate) and Polylactide. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217449. [PMID: 36364274 PMCID: PMC9655265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This work deals with molecular mobility in renewable block copolymers based on polylactide (PLA) and poly(propylene adipate) (PPAd). In particular, we assess non-trivial effects on the mobility arising from the implementation of crystallization. Differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy and broadband dielectric spectroscopy were employed in combination for this study. The materials were subjected to various thermal treatments aiming at the manipulation of crystallization, namely, fast and slow cooling, isothermal melt- and cold-crystallization. Subsequently, we evaluated the changes recorded in the overall thermal behavior, semicrystalline morphology and molecular mobility (segmental and local). The molecular dynamics map for neat PPAd is presented here for the first time. Unexpectedly, the glass transition temperature, Tg, in the amorphous state drops upon crystallization by 8–50 K. The drop becomes stronger with the increase in the PPAd fraction. Compared to the amorphous state, crystallization leads to significantly faster segmental dynamics with severely suppressed cooperativity. For the PLA/PPAd copolymers, the effects are systematically stronger in the cold- as compared to the melt-crystallization, whereas the opposite happens for neat PLA. The local βPLA relaxation of PLA was, interestingly, recorded to almost vanish upon crystallization. This suggests that the corresponding molecular groups (carbonyl) are strongly involved and immobilized within the semicrystalline regions. The overall results suggest the involvement of either spatial nanoconfinement imposed on the mobile chains within the inter-crystal amorphous areas and/or a crystallization-driven effect of nanophase separation. The latter phase separation seems to be at the origins of the significant discrepancy recorded between the calorimetric and dielectric recordings on Tg in the copolymers. Once again, compared to more conventional techniques such as calorimetry, dielectric spectroscopy was proved a powerful and quite sensitive tool in recording such effects as well as in providing indirect indications for the polymer chains’ topology.
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21
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Zhang X, Buzinkai J, Quinn E, Rhoades A. Key Insights into the Differences between Bimodal Crystallization Kinetics of Polyamide 66 and Polyamide 6. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Zhang
- School of Engineering, Penn State Behrend, Erie, Pennsylvania16563, United States
| | | | - Evan Quinn
- School of Engineering, Penn State Behrend, Erie, Pennsylvania16563, United States
| | - Alicyn Rhoades
- School of Engineering, Penn State Behrend, Erie, Pennsylvania16563, United States
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22
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Klonos PA, Lazaridou M, Samiotaki C, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN. Dielectric and calorimetric study in renewable polymer blends based on poly(ethylene adipate) and poly(lactic acid) with microphase separation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Umeda M, Wakabayashi T, Kamiyama T, Suzuki H. Thermodynamic investigation on melting and recrystallization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) rubbers under strain. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Glassy structure affected cold-crystallization behavior and structure of poly(lactic acid). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Yamamoto T. Chiral selecting crystallization of helical polymers: A molecular dynamics simulation for the POM-like bare helix. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:014901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0097112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer crystallization has long been a fascinating problem and is still attracting many researchers. Most of the previous simulations are concentrated on clarifying the universal aspects of polymer crystallization using model linear polymers such as polyethylene. We are recently focusing on a nearly untouched but very interesting problem of chiral selecting crystallization in helical polymers. We previously proposed a stepwise approach using two kinds of helical polymers, simple "bare" helical polymers made of backbone atoms only such as polyoxymethylene (POM) and "general" helical polymers containing complicated side groups such as isotactic polypropylene (iPP). We have already reported on the crystallization in oligomeric POM-like helix but have observed only weak chiral selectivity during crystallization. In the present paper, we investigate the crystallization of sufficiently long POM-like polymer both from the isotropic melt and from the highly stretched melt. We find in both cases that the polymer shows a clear chiral selecting crystallization. Especially the observation of a single crystal growing from the isotropic melt is very illuminating. It shows that the crystal thickness and the crystal chirality is closely correlated; thicker crystals show definite chirality while thinner ones are mostly mixtures of the R- and the L- handed stems. The single crystal is found to have a marked lenticular shape, where the thinner growth front, since being made of the mixture, shows no chiral selectivity. Final chiral crystal is found to be completed through helix reversal processes within thicker regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Physics and Informatics, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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26
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He Y, Liu D, Xie K, Xu W, Pan P, Hu W. Glassy Alfa-Relaxation Promotes Surprising Homo-Crystal Nucleation in the Low-Molar-Mass Enantiomeric Poly(lactic acid) Blend. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kefeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenbing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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27
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Enthalpy relaxation of unconstrained and constrained amorphous phase for low isotacticity polypropylene. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Klonos PA, Terzopoulou Z, Zamboulis A, Valera MÁ, Mangas A, Kyritsis A, Pissis P, Bikiaris DN. Direct and indirect effects on molecular mobility in renewable polylactide-poly(propylene adipate) block copolymers as studied via dielectric spectroscopy and calorimetry. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3725-3737. [PMID: 35503564 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00261b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study a series of sustainable block copolymers based on polylactide, PLA, and poly(propylene adipate), PPAd, both polymers being prepared from renewable resources. Envisaging a wide range of future applications in the frame of a green and circular economy, e.g., packaging materials replacing conventional petrochemicals, the employment of PPAd aims at lowering the glass transition and melting temperatures of PLA and, finally, facilitation of the enzymatic degradation and compostability. The copolymers have been synthesized via ring opening polymerization of lactides in the presence of propylene adipate oligomers (5, 15 and 25%). The direct effects on the molecular mobility by the structure/composition are assessed in the amorphous state employing broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and calorimetry. BDS allowed the recording of local PLA and PPAd dynamics in all cases. The effects on local relaxations suggest favoring of interchain interactions, both PLA-PPAd and PPAd-PPAd. Regarding the more important segmental dynamics, the presence of PPAd leads to faster polymer chain diffusion, as monitored by the significant lowering of the dielectric and calorimetric glass transition temperature, Tg. This suggests the plasticizing role of PPAd on PLA (majority) in combination with the lowering of the average molar mass, Mn, in the copolymers from ∼75 to ∼30 kg mol-1, which is the actual scope for the synthesis of these materials. Interestingly, a strong suppression in fragility (chain cooperativity) is additionally recorded. In contrast to calorimetry and due to the high resolving power of BDS, for the higher PPAd fraction, the weak segmental relaxation of PPAd was additionally recorded. Overall, the recordings suggest a strong increase in free volume and two individual dynamic states, one for 0 and 5% PPAd and another for 15 and 25% PPAd. Within the latter, we gained indications for partial phase nano-separation of PPAd. Regarding indirect effects, these were followed via crystallization. Independent of the method of crystallization, namely, melt or cold, the presence of PPAd led to the systematic lowering of crystallization and melting temperatures and enthalpies. The effects reflect the decrease of crystalline nuclei, which is confirmed by optical microscopy as in the copolymers fewer although larger crystals are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis A Klonos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Zamboulis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Miguel Ángel Valera
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Mangas
- AIMPLAS, Asociación de Investigación de Materiales Plásticos Y Conexas, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel, 4, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Polycarpos Pissis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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29
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Marxsen SF, Song D, Zhang X, Flores I, Fernández J, Sarasua JR, Müller AJ, Alamo RG. Crystallization Rate Minima of Poly(ethylene brassylate) at Temperatures Transitioning between Quantized Crystal Thicknesses. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F. Marxsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St., Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Daokun Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St., Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Xiaoshi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St., Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Irma Flores
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jorge Fernández
- POLIMERBIO SL, Paseo Miramón 170, Planta 3, Lab. B05, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - José Ramón Sarasua
- Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, POLYMAT, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St., Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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An experimentally validated model for quiescent multiphase primary and secondary crystallization phenomena in PP with low content of ethylene comonomer. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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He Y, Liu D, Wang J, Pan P, Hu W. Tammann Analysis of the Molecular Weight Selection of Polymorphic Crystal Nucleation in Symmetric Racemic Poly(lactic acid) Blends. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenbing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordinate Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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32
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Zhu L, Li J, Li H, Liu B, Chen J, Jiang S. End groups affected crystallization behavior of unentangled poly(ε-caprolactone)s. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Zhang R, Jariyavidyanont K, Zhuravlev E, Schick C, Androsch R. Zero-Entropy-Production Melting Temperature of Crystals of Poly(butylene succinate) Formed at High Supercooling of the Melt. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Evgeny Zhuravlev
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
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34
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Molecular mobility, crystallization and melt-memory investigation of molar mass effects on linear and hydroxyl-terminated Poly(ε-caprolactone). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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35
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Zhang R, Jariyavidyanont K, Du M, Zhuravlev E, Schick C, Androsch R. Nucleation and crystallization kinetics of polyamide 12 investigated by fast scanning calorimetry. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Mengxue Du
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Evgeny Zhuravlev
- Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR University of Rostock Rostock Germany
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR University of Rostock Rostock Germany
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer‐oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
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36
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Zhang X, Tang F, Lv W, Wu H, He X, Zhao S. Effect of an active β-nucleating agent on the crystallization behavior of polypropylene random copolymer. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Mukhametzyanov T, Schmelzer JW, Yarko E, Abdullin A, Ziganshin M, Sedov I, Schick C. Crystal Nucleation and Growth in Cross-Linked Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213617. [PMID: 34771173 PMCID: PMC8588086 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal nucleation and overall crystallization kinetics of cross-linked poly(ε-caprolactone) was studied experimentally by fast scanning calorimetry in a wide temperature range. With an increasing degree of cross-linking, both the nucleation and crystallization half-times increase. Concurrently, the glass transition range shifts to higher temperatures. In contrast, the temperatures of the maximum nucleation and the overall crystallization rates remain the same, independent of the degree of cross-linking. The cold crystallization peak temperature generally increases as a function of heating rate, reaching an asymptotic value near the temperature of the maximum growth rate. A theoretical interpretation of these results is given in terms of classical nucleation theory. In addition, it is shown that the average distance between the nearest cross-links is smaller than the estimated lamellae thickness, which indicates the inclusion of cross-links in the crystalline phase of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Mukhametzyanov
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (C.S.); Tel.: +7-903-343-9026 (T.M.); +49-381-498-6880 (C.S.)
| | - Jürn W.P. Schmelzer
- Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Egor Yarko
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Albert Abdullin
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Marat Ziganshin
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Igor Sedov
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Christoph Schick
- A. M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (E.Y.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (I.S.)
- Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (C.S.); Tel.: +7-903-343-9026 (T.M.); +49-381-498-6880 (C.S.)
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38
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Xanthopoulou E, Klonos PA, Zamboulis A, Terzopoulou Z, Kyritsis A, Pissis P, Bikiaris DN, Papageorgiou GZ. Molecular mobility investigation of the biobased Poly(ethylene vanillate) and Poly(propylene vanillate). POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Govinna ND, Sadeghi I, Schick C, Asatekin A, Cebe P. Crystallization kinetics, polymorphism fine tuning, and rigid amorphous fraction of poly(vinylidene fluoride) blends. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelaka Dilshan Govinna
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nanoscopic Physics Tufts University Medford Massachusetts USA
| | - Ilin Sadeghi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Science and Technology Center Medford Massachusetts USA
| | - Christoph Schick
- University of Rostock Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR° Rostock Germany
- Kazan Federal University Institute of Chemistry Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Ayse Asatekin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Science and Technology Center Medford Massachusetts USA
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Nanoscopic Physics Tufts University Medford Massachusetts USA
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40
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Toda A, Androsch R, Schick C. Melting Kinetics of Superheated Polymer Crystals Examined by Isothermal and Nonisothermal Fast Scanning Calorimetry. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Toda
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale 06099, Germany
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR, University of Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
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41
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On the crystal stabilization during two-step isothermal crystallization of poly(butylene terephthalate) examined by fast scanning calorimetry. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Toda A. Temperature-modulated fast scanning calorimetry of isothermal crystallization of Poly(butylene terephthalate). POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Kourtidou D, Klonos PA, Papadopoulos L, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN, Chrissafis K. Molecular mobility and crystallization of renewable poly(ethylene furanoate) in situ filled with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5815-5828. [PMID: 34037062 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00592h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the thermal transitions and molecular mobility in new nanocomposites of biobased poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF), by calorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy, supplemented by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and polarized light microscopy. The emphasis is placed on the facilitation of the crystallization of PEF, which is in general low and slow due to structural limitations that result in poor nucleation. Tuning of the crystalline fraction (CF) and semicrystalline morphology are important for optimization of the mechanical performance and manipulation of the permeation of small molecules (e.g., in packaging applications). The nucleation and CF are successfully improved here by the in situ filling of PEF with 0.5-2.5 wt% of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The improvements are discussed in connection with weak or absent interfacial polymer-filler interactions. CNTs were found to be more effective in facilitating crystallization, as compared with GNPs, possibly due to their larger aspect ratio. The segmental dynamics of PEF are both accelerated and decelerated by the addition of GNP and CNT, respectively, with complex phenomena contributing to the effects, namely, nucleation, changes in molar mass and changes in the free volume. The molecular mobility of PEF is moderately affected 'directly' by the particles, whereas stronger effects are induced by crystallization (an indirect effect) and, furthermore, by the increase in the length of alkylene sequences on the chain. Local dynamics exhibit time scale disturbances when the temperature approaches that of the glass transition, which is proposed here to be a common characteristic in the case of mobilities originating from the polymer backbone for these as well as different polyesters. Despite the weak effects on molecular mobility, the role of the fillers as nucleating agents seems to be further exploitable in the frame of envisaged applications, as the use of such fillers in combination with thermal treatment offer possibilities for manipulating the semicrystalline morphology, ion transport and, subsequently, permeation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kourtidou
- School of Physics, Advanced Material and Devices Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis A Klonos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece. and Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Lazaros Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Chrissafis
- School of Physics, Advanced Material and Devices Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Ren Q, Wu M, Weng Z, Wang L, Zheng W, Hikima Y, Ohshima M. Lightweight and strong gelling agent-reinforced injection-molded polypropylene composite foams fabricated using low-pressure CO2 as the foaming agent. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Schick C, Toda A, Androsch R. The Narrow Thickness Distribution of Lamellae of Poly(butylene succinate) Formed at Low Melt Supercooling. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Akihiko Toda
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
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46
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Lv T, Li J, Huang S, Wen H, Li H, Chen J, Jiang S. Synergistic effects of chain dynamics and enantiomeric interaction on the crystallization in PDLA/PLLA mixtures. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Nucleation plays a vital role in polymer crystallization, in which chain connectivity and thus the multiple length and time scales make crystal nucleation of polymer chains an interesting but complex subject. Though the topic has been intensively studied in the past decades, there are still many open questions to answer. The final properties of semicrystalline polymer materials are affected by all of the following: the starting melt, paths of nucleation, organization of lamellar crystals and evolution of the final crystalline structures. In this viewpoint, we attempt to discuss some of the remaining open questions and corresponding concepts: non-equilibrated polymers, self-induced nucleation, microscopic kinetics of different processes, metastability of polymer lamellar crystals, hierarchical order and cooperativity involved in nucleation, etc. Addressing these open questions through a combination of novel concepts, new theories and advanced approaches provides a deeper understanding of the multifaceted process of crystal nucleation of polymers.
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48
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Fast-Scanning Chip-Calorimetry Measurement of Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(Glycolic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060891. [PMID: 33799374 PMCID: PMC8001460 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report fast-scanning chip-calorimetry measurement of isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) in a broad temperature range. We observed that PGA crystallization could be suppressed by cooling rates beyond -100 K s-1 and, after fast cooling, by heating rates beyond 50 K s-1. In addition, the parabolic curve of crystallization half-time versus crystallization temperature shows that PGA crystallizes the fastest at 130 °C with the minimum crystallization half-time of 4.28 s. We compared our results to those of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) with nearby molecular weights previously reported by Androsch et al. We found that PGA crystallizes generally more quickly than PLLA. In comparison to PLLA, PGA has a much smaller hydrogen side group than the methyl side group in PLLA; therefore, crystal nucleation is favored by the higher molecular mobility of PGA in the low temperature region as well as by the denser molecular packing of PGA in the high temperature region, and the two factors together decide the higher crystallization rates of PGA in the whole temperature range.
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49
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Karava V, Siamidi A, Vlachou M, Christodoulou E, Zamboulis A, Bikiaris DN, Kyritsis A, Klonos PA. Block copolymers based on poly(butylene adipate) and poly(L-lactic acid) for biomedical applications: synthesis, structure and thermodynamical studies. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2439-2453. [PMID: 33491719 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis of poly(butylene adipate) (PBAd), by melt polycondensation, poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA), by ring opening polymerization, and the new block copolymer PLLA/PBAd in ratios 90/10, 95/5, 75/25 and 50/50. Due to the biocompatibility and low toxicity of neat PBAd and PLLA, these copolymers are suitable to be used in biomedical applications. The 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques were employed for structural characterization. The thermal transitions, with an emphasis on crystallization, were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry, supplemented by X-ray diffraction and polarized optical microscopy. Molecular mobility studies were conducted using two advanced techniques, broadband dielectric spectroscopy and thermally stimulated depolarization currents. The results from the structural techniques, in combination with each other, provided proof of the presence of PLLA and PBAd blocks and, moreover, the successful copolymer synthesis. The overall data showed that the different co-polymer compositions result directly in severe changes in the polymer crystal distribution and, indirectly, the formation of PBAd micro/nano domains surrounded by PLLA. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that both the continuity of the two polymers throughout the copolymer volume and the semicrystalline morphology can be tuned to a wide extent. The latter makes these systems quite promising envisaging biomedical applications, including the encapsulation of small molecules, e.g. drug solutions. The molecular mobility map was constructed for these systems for the first time, revealing the local (short scale) and segmental (larger nm scale) mobility of PBAd and PLLA, as well as intermediate behaviors of the copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Karava
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15784, Athens, Greece.
| | - Aggeliki Siamidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15784, Athens, Greece.
| | - Marilena Vlachou
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15784, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evi Christodoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Zamboulis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis A Klonos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece and Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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50
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Papadopoulos L, Klonos PA, Terzopoulou Z, Psochia E, Sanusi OM, Hocine NA, Benelfellah A, Giliopoulos D, Triantafyllidis K, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN. Comparative study of crystallization, semicrystalline morphology, and molecular mobility in nanocomposites based on polylactide and various inclusions at low filler loadings. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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