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Han Lyn F, Ismail-Fitry MR, Noranizan MA, Tan TB, Nur Hanani ZA. Recent advances in extruded polylactic acid-based composites for food packaging: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131340. [PMID: 38574927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in polylactic acid (PLA) extrusion, emphasizing its applications in food packaging. PLA has witnessed a significant rise in demand, particularly within the food packaging sector. A notable increase in research publications has been observed in recent years, exploring the extrusion of PLA and PLA-based composite films. In comparison to conventional techniques such as solvent casting, extrusion offers advantages in scalability and environmental sustainability, especially for industrial-scale production. The benefits of this method include faster drying times, enhanced flexibility, consistent film thickness, and less structural defects. Extensive research has focused on the effect of various PLA blends on film properties, including flexibility, elongation, and barrier properties against water vapour and gases. Furthermore, the incorporation of compounds such as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and natural pigments has enabled the development of active and intelligent PLA-based packaging. This article summarizes the types of additives employed to enhance the physicochemical properties of extruded PLA and film performance. Additionally, this article explores the diverse applications of extruded PLA in active and intelligent packaging for various food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Han Lyn
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - M R Ismail-Fitry
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - M A Noranizan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tai Boon Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Z A Nur Hanani
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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2
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Alexeeva O, Olkhov A, Konstantinova M, Podmasterev V, Tretyakov I, Petrova T, Koryagina O, Lomakin S, Siracusa V, Iordanskii AL. Improvement of the Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Polylactic Acid Films by Addition of Glycero-(9,10-trioxolane)-Trialeate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3478. [PMID: 36080553 PMCID: PMC9460106 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycero-(9,10-trioxolane)-trioleate (ozonide of oleic acid triglyceride, OTOA) was introduced into polylactic acid (PLA) films in amounts of 5, 10, 30, 50, and 70% w/w. The morphological, mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of PLA films after the OTOA addition were studied. The morphological analysis of the films showed that the addition of OTOA increased the diameter of PLA spherulites and, as a consequence, increased the proportion of amorphous regions in PLA films. A study of the thermodynamic properties of PLA films by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated a decrease in the glass transition temperature of the films with an increase in the OTOA content. According to DSC and XRD data, the degree of crystallinity of the PLA films showed a tendency to decrease with an increase in the OTOA content in the films, which could be accounted for the plasticizing effect of OTOA. The PLA film with 10% OTOA content was characterized by good smoothness, hydrophobicity, and optimal mechanical properties. Thus, while maintaining high tensile strength of 21 MPa, PLA film with 10% OTOA showed increased elasticity with 26% relative elongation at break, as compared to the 2.7% relative elongation for pristine PLA material. In addition, DMA method showed that PLA film with 10% OTOA exhibits increased strength characteristics in the dynamic load mode. The resulting film materials based on optimized PLA/OTOA compositions could be used in various packaging and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Alexeeva
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoliy Olkhov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Konstantinova
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Podmasterev
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Tretyakov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tuyara Petrova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Koryagina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Lomakin
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina Siracusa
- Department of Chemical Science (DSC), University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alexey L. Iordanskii
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Mordovina EA, Plastun VO, Abdurashitov AS, Proshin PI, Raikova SV, Bratashov DN, Inozemtseva OA, Goryacheva IY, Sukhorukov GB, Sindeeva OA. "Smart" Polylactic Acid Films with Ceftriaxone Loaded Microchamber Arrays for Personalized Antibiotic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010042. [PMID: 35056938 PMCID: PMC8781070 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a severe medical problem, especially in traumatology, orthopedics, and surgery. The local use of antibiotics-elution materials has made it possible to increase the effectiveness of acute infections treatment. However, the infection prevention problem remains unresolved. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of polylactic acid (PLA) “smart” films with microchamber arrays. These microchambers contain ceftriaxone as a payload in concentrations ranging from 12 ± 1 μg/cm2 to 38 ± 8 μg/cm2, depending on the patterned film thickness formed by the different PLA concentrations in chloroform. In addition, the release profile of the antibiotic can be prolonged up to 72 h in saline. At the same time, on the surface of agar plates, the antibiotic release time increases up to 96 h, which has been confirmed by the growth suppression of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The efficient loading and optimal release rate are obtained for patterned films formed by the 1.5 wt % PLA in chloroform. The films produced from 1.5 and 2 wt % PLA solutions (thickness—0.42 ± 0.12 and 0.68 ± 0.16 µm, respectively) show an accelerated ceftriaxone release upon the trigger of the therapeutic ultrasound, which impacted as an expansion of the bacterial growth inhibition zone around the samples. Combining prolonged drug elution with the on-demand release ability of large cargo amount opens up new approaches for personalized and custom-tunable antibacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Mordovina
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (V.O.P.); (D.N.B.); (O.A.I.); (I.Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.M.); (O.A.S.)
| | - Valentina O. Plastun
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (V.O.P.); (D.N.B.); (O.A.I.); (I.Y.G.)
| | - Arkady S. Abdurashitov
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Str., 143005 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.A.); (P.I.P.); (G.B.S.)
| | - Pavel I. Proshin
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Str., 143005 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.A.); (P.I.P.); (G.B.S.)
| | - Svetlana V. Raikova
- Saratov Hygiene Medical Research Center of the FBSI «FSC Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies», 1A Zarechnaya Str., 410022 Saratov, Russia;
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, Saratov State Medical University, 112 Bolshaya Kazachia Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Daniil N. Bratashov
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (V.O.P.); (D.N.B.); (O.A.I.); (I.Y.G.)
| | - Olga A. Inozemtseva
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (V.O.P.); (D.N.B.); (O.A.I.); (I.Y.G.)
| | - Irina Yu. Goryacheva
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (V.O.P.); (D.N.B.); (O.A.I.); (I.Y.G.)
| | - Gleb B. Sukhorukov
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Str., 143005 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.A.); (P.I.P.); (G.B.S.)
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Olga A. Sindeeva
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Str., 143005 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.A.); (P.I.P.); (G.B.S.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.M.); (O.A.S.)
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Jariyasakoolroj P, Leelaphiwat P, Harnkarnsujarit N. Advances in research and development of bioplastic for food packaging. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5032-5045. [PMID: 30450696 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The article reviews the recent developments in bioplastic food packaging. Several bioplastic materials (polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and starch) have been successfully converted into food packaging using conventional plastic conversion technologies including extrusion, injection molding, and compression molding. Recently, bioplastic packaging has been developed into active packaging which can either control the release of active ingredients or scavenge undesirable substances. This review emphasizes the advances in bioplastic packaging with regard to active packaging applications and applications requiring gas and water barrier. RESULTS The review shows that antioxidant and antimicrobial functions are major developments for the control-release application in bioplastic packaging. Factors affecting the release of active ingredients have been reviewed. The sorption of low molecular weight substances such as humidity, aromas, and gases, also affects the properties of packaging materials. Some patents are available for oxygen-scavenging bioplastic packaging. Moreover, improved high-barrier packaging technologies (modified polymer, coating, and lamination) have been developed to increase the shelf-life of food products. CONCLUSION The finding shows that the development of bioplastic into food packaging included control-release (desorption), scavenging (absorption) and permeation technologies. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyawanee Jariyasakoolroj
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattarin Leelaphiwat
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nathdanai Harnkarnsujarit
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Moliner C, Finocchio E, Arato E, Ramis G, Lagazzo A. Influence of the Degradation Medium on Water Uptake, Morphology, and Chemical Structure of Poly(Lactic Acid)-Sisal Bio-Composites. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13183974. [PMID: 32911756 PMCID: PMC7557377 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic acid)-based bio-composites (sisal PLA) were prepared and studied by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques as such and after immersion at room temperature in different degradation mediums (i.e., distilled and natural sea water and solutions at pH = 2, 6, and 8). In these conditions, some of their macroscopic and microscopic properties were monitored during a period of 30 days. Water absorption increased with the increasing fiber content regardless of the immersion medium. The maximum water absorption was achieved at pH = 8 (~16%), indicating a more severe action of the alkaline mediums on the samples. The diffusivity, D, of PLA decreased with the addition of fibers and acidic mediums showed higher D, indicating higher diffusivity of water through the specimens with respect to those submerged in moderate or alkaline mediums. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis evidenced a weak interaction between the PLA matrix and the sisal fibers. Very limited degradation phenomena occur in our conditions: Despite some changes in the microstructure, the PLA backbone seems to be largely resistant to hydrolysis, almost regardless of the pH value and even at the highest sisal content.
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Musto P, La Manna P, Cimino F, Mensitieri G, Russo P. Morphology, molecular interactions and H 2O diffusion in a poly(lactic-acid)/graphene composite: A vibrational spectroscopy study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 218:40-50. [PMID: 30959345 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A composite system made of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) was investigated by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. Two compositions were prepared and characterized in comparison to the pristine polymer: they contained, respectively, 0.25 and 0.75 wt% of the nanofiller. The study was focused on the morphological properties of the system, and, in particular, on the level of dispersion and the homogeneity obtainable with the adopted preparation protocol. Furthermore, the possible molecular interactions taking place between the nanofiller and the polymer matrix were considered. Both the above issues were investigated by confocal Raman spectroscopy, with the aid of first-principle calculations to strengthen the spectral interpretation. Finally, the effect of the nanofiller on water diffusion was investigated by time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy, which provided accurate equilibrium and kinetic data, as well as molecular level information on the penetrant-to-substrate interactions. It was found that, for a 0.25 wt% composition, the adopted preparation protocol allowed us to achieve a dispersion at the level of single nanoplatelets, while for a 0.75 wt% composition, the GNP's aggregate into a co-continuous phase. PLLA/GNP interactions were detected by Raman spectroscopy, producing a detectable perturbation of the PLLA conformational equilibrium. Both the diffusivities and the equilibrium water uptake were found to decrease significantly by increasing the filler content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pellegrino Musto
- Institute on Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy.
| | - Pietro La Manna
- Institute on Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Francesca Cimino
- Institute on Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mensitieri
- Institute on Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Russo
- Institute on Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
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de Macedo JRN, dos Santos DJ, dos Santos Rosa D. Poly(lactic acid)-thermoplastic starch-cotton composites: Starch-compatibilizing effects and composite biodegradability. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derval dos Santos Rosa
- Universidade Federal do ABC; Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André, 09210-971 São Paulo Brazil
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Mysiukiewicz O, Barczewski M. Utilization of linseed cake as a postagricultural functional filler for poly(lactic acid) green composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mysiukiewicz
- Polymer Processing Division, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management; Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology; Piotrowo 3 61-138 Poznan Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Polymer Processing Division, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management; Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology; Piotrowo 3 61-138 Poznan Poland
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Ramachandran K, Di Luccio T, Ailianou A, Kossuth MB, Oberhauser JP, Kornfield JA. Crimping-induced structural gradients explain the lasting strength of poly l-lactide bioresorbable vascular scaffolds during hydrolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10239-10244. [PMID: 30224483 PMCID: PMC6187115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807347115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers open the way to treatment of heart disease using transient implants (bioresorbable vascular scaffolds, BVSs) that overcome the most serious complication associated with permanent metal stents-late stent thrombosis. Here, we address the long-standing paradox that the clinically approved BVS maintains its radial strength even after 9 mo of hydrolysis, which induces a ∼40% decrease in the poly l-lactide molecular weight (Mn). X-ray microdiffraction evidence of nonuniform hydrolysis in the scaffold reveals that regions subjected to tensile stress during crimping develop a microstructure that provides strength and resists hydrolysis. These beneficial morphological changes occur where they are needed most-where stress is localized when a radial load is placed on the scaffold. We hypothesize that the observed decrease in Mn reflects the majority of the material, which is undeformed during crimping. Thus, the global measures of degradation may be decoupled from the localized, degradation-resistant regions that confer the ability to support the artery for the first several months after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ramachandran
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Tiziana Di Luccio
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Division of Sustainable Materials, ENEA Centro Ricerche Portici, I-80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Artemis Ailianou
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | | | | | - Julia A Kornfield
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
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Effect of nanoparticles on the hydrolytic degradation of PLA-nanocomposites by water-ethanol solutions. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Rocca-Smith J, Chau N, Champion D, Brachais CH, Marcuzzo E, Sensidoni A, Piasente F, Karbowiak T, Debeaufort F. Effect of the state of water and relative humidity on ageing of PLA films. Food Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Rodriguez E, Shahbikian S, Marcos B, Huneault MA. Hydrolytic stability of polylactide and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering; Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard de l'Université; Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Shant Shahbikian
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering; Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard de l'Université; Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Bernard Marcos
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering; Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard de l'Université; Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Michel A. Huneault
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering; Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard de l'Université; Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
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