1,4-Diketo-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroles (DPPs) based insoluble polymer films with lactam hydrogens as renewable fluoride anion chemosensor

Conjugated Conductive Polymer Materials and its Applications: A Mini-Review

Since their discovery 50 years ago, conjugated conducting polymers have received increasing attention owing to their unique conductive properties and potential applications in energy storage, sensors, coatings, and electronic devices such as organic field-effect transistors, photovoltaic cells, and light-emitting devices. Recently, these materials have played a key role in providing a more comfortable environment for humans. Consequently, the development of novel, high-performance conjugated conductive materials is crucial. In this mini-review, the progress of conjugated conductive materials in various applications and the relationship between the chemical structures and their performances is reviewed. This can aid in the molecular design and development of novel high-performance conjugated polymer materials.

Efficient Colorimetric Fluoride Anion Sensor Based on π-Conjugated Carbazole Small Molecule

The ability to detect fluoride anions with high selectivity and sensitivity by using the naked eye is crucial yet challenging. In this study, a novel, simple conjugated organic dye, N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3,6-diiodocarbazole (CA-TBMDS) was developed and used for the first time as a colorimetric sensor for fluoride. CA-TBMDS was found to be a highly sensitive fluoride chemosensor, with a detection limit as low as 3 × 10⁻⁵ M. The reaction of CA-TBMDS with fluoride anions in a tetrahydrofuran solution resulted in a color change from colorless to yellow under ambient light, which can be discriminated by the naked eye. The sensor operated via intermolecular proton transfer between the amide units and the fluoride anion, as confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance titration. CA-TBMDS is not only highly sensitive to fluoride anions, but also exhibits high sensitivity in the presence of various ions. This work demonstrates that N-butyldimethylchlorosilane-based organic dyes have prospective utility as a type of fluoride anion chemosensor.

Hydrogen-Bonded Colorimetric and Fluorescence Chemosensor for Fluoride Anion With High Selectivity and Sensitivity: A Review

In recent years, the wide application of fluoride materials has grown rapidly, therefore excessive discharge in the surrounding environment, especially in drinking water and organic effluent, has become a potential hazard to humans, and has even resulted in fluorosis disease. The development of a highly effective and convenient method to recognize fluoride anions in surrounding environments seems necessary and urgent. Among which, the development of a colorimetric and fluorescence fluoride chemosensor with obvious color changing allowing for naked-eye detection with high sensitivity and selectivity is more interesting and challenging. In this minireview, current novel colorimetric and fluorescence chemosensors for fluoride anions by hydrogen-bond interaction are introduced, including obvious color changing by naked-eye detection, high sensitivity and selectivity, non-pollution and fluoride extraction ability, aqueous detection, and other additional functions. Finally, the perspective of the fluoride chemosensor design concept and potential evolution trends are pointed out.

IDTI Dyes for Fluoride Anion Chemosensors

Fluoride anions play a key role in human health and chemical engineering, such as in organic synthesis and biological processes. The development of high-sensitivity naked-eye detection sensors for fluoride anions in organic solutions is crucial and challenging. In this study, (3Z,3'Z)-3,3'-[4,4,9,9-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno(1,2-b:5,6-b')dithiophene]-2,7-diylbis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene) bis(6-bromo-indolin-2-one) (IDTI) was designed and used as a fluoride chemosensor for the first time. IDTI is a highly sensitive fluoride sensor with a detection limit of as low as 1 × 10^-7 M. In addition, upon the reaction of IDTI with fluoride anions in a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution, color changes from red to yellow under ambient light and from purple to green under UV light were detectable by the naked eye. These studies indicate that IDTI is a promising fluoride chemosensor.

Iterative Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-coupling/Bromo-desilylation Reaction Sequences for the Assembly of Chemically Well-defined, Acyclic Oligopyrrole/Benzenoid Hybrids Embodying Mixed Modes of Connectivity

Syntheses of a range of chemically well-defined oligopyrrole/benzenoid hybrids are described using tandem Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling/bromo-desilyation reaction sequences for linking borylated pyrroles, halogenated pyrroles and/or dibromobenzenes to one another. By such means, including iterative variants, a range of all α-linked, all β-linked oligopyrroles as well as certain combinations thereof have been assembled, some of them for the first time. The conductivities of iodine-treated thin films formed from certain such systems have been determined.

Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-Based Materials and Its Applications: A Review

Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and its derivatives have been widely studied in the past few years due to its intrinsic physical and chemical properties, such as strong electron-withdrawing, deep color, high charge carrier mobility, strong aggregation, good thermal-/photo-stability. In the 1970s, DPP was developed and used only in inks, paints, and plastics. Later, DPP containing materials were found to have potential other applications, typically in electronic devices, which attracted the attention of scientists. In this feature article, the synthesis pathway of DPP-based materials and their applications in organic field-effect transistors, photovoltaic devices, sensors, two photo-absorption materials, and others are reviewed, and possible future applications are discussed. The review outlines a theoretical scaffold for the development of conjugated DPP-based materials, which have multiple potential applications.

Preparation of multi-temperature responsive elastomers by generating ionic networks in 1,2-polybutadiene using an anionic melting method

The development of reversible networks in elastomers provided unique inspiration for the design of advanced polymers with excellent properties. In this paper, we adopted an anionic melting method to introduce carboxylate groups into 1,2-polybutadiene (1,2-PB), using maleic anhydride as a modifier, and sodium hydride (NaH), calcium hydride (CaH2), and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) as metallization reagents. Na-Based, Ca-based, and Li/Al-based ionic bond networks were constructed in the covalently crosslinked 1,2-PB. The effects of the electronegativity and valence of the metal ions on the strength and reversible temperature of the ionic network were studied. Payne effect was shown by rheological tests, demonstrating the interactions between the ionic networks and rubber chains. The reforming temperature for these ionic networks was studied by stress-relaxation analysis, and shape memory experiments were performed based on these temperatures. This concept provides novel inspiration for the design of high-performance and temperature-adaptive elastomers.

Synthesis of the diketopyrrolopyrrole/terpyridine substituted carbazole derivative based polythiophenes for photovoltaic cells

A series of conjugated polythiophenes (PTs) having low band gap energies (PDPP, PDPCz21, PDPCz11), with 2-ethylhexyl-functionalized 2,5-thienyl diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP) as the electron acceptor and terpyridine-substituted carbazole (TPCz) as the electron donor, have been synthesized and studied for their applicability in polymer-based photovoltaic cells (PVCs). The thermal stability and solvent solubility of PTs increased upon increasing the content of the TPCz derivative. PVCs were fabricated having the following architecture: indium tin oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate/PT:6,6-phenyl-C₇₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM)/Ca/Ag. The compatibility between the PT and PC₇₁BM improved upon increasing the TPCz content. The photovoltaic properties of the PDPCz21-based PVCs were superior to those of their PDPP- and PDPCz11-based counterparts.

A series of conjugated polythiophenes (PTs) having low band gap energies (PDPP, PDPCz21, PDPCz11) have been synthesized and studied for their applicability in polymer-based photovoltaic cells (PVCs).

A 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)phenol based on conjugated polymer: Highly selective colorimetric fluorescent chemosensor for F-depending on Si–O bond cleavage reaction

Design and synthesis of highly selective fluorine ion probes become particularly important owing to the specific role of fluorine ion in chemical and biomedical progresses. As a new-type of fluorescent material, conjugated polymers with unique photometric properties have been widely researched by scientists in the field of the fluorescence sensors. In this study, the polymer PBTPV-OSi containing benzothiazole moiety is synthesized via palladium-catalyzed Heck coupling reaction. This polymer not only exhibits good solubility in organic solvents but also shows high selectivity for fluorine ion detection in comparison to other anions. Upon addition of F− to PBTPV-OSi solution, Si–O cleavage of PBTPV-OSi leads to the fluorescence quenching of the polymer in tetrahydrofuran dramatically, and the detection limit is 8 × 10−6 mol/L. Moreover, besides detecting fluorine ion from organic phase, the probe can also effectively detect potassium fluoride from inorganic phase. More importantly, a naked-eye detectable chromogenic and fluorogenic dual response to fluorine ion (F−) can be visibly noted and the detection process of fluorine ion is relatively fast.

A novel hydroxyl-containing polyimide as a colorimetric and ratiometric chemosensor for the reversible detection of fluoride ions

A novel hydroxyl-containing polyimide film has been designed and fabricated as a chemosensor for the real-time visualization of F⁻ with high selectivity and sensitivity.