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Movva S, Schirmeister CG, Hees T, Tavakoli D, Licht EH, Mülhaupt R, Garmestani H, Jacob KI. Crystallographic Texture Evolution in 3D Printed Polyethylene Reactor Blends. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21016-21034. [PMID: 38764669 PMCID: PMC11097177 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work, crystallographic texture evolution in 3D printed trimodal polyethylene (PE) blends and high-density PE (HDPE) benchmark material were investigated to quantify the resulting material anisotropy, and the results were compared to materials made from conventional injection molded (IM) samples. Trimodal PE reactor blends consisting of HDPE, ultrahigh molecular weight PE (UHMWPE), and HDPE_wax have been used for 3D printing and injection molding. Changes in the preferred orientation and distribution of crystallites, i.e., texture evolution, were quantified utilizing the wide angle X-ray diffraction through pole figures and orientation distribution functions (ODFs) for 3D printed and IM samples. Since the change in weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the blend was expected to significantly affect the resulting crystallinity and orientation, the overall Mw of the trimodal PE blend was varied while keeping the UHMWPE component weight fraction to 10% in the blend. The resulting texture was analyzed by varying the overall Mw of the trimodal blend and the process parameters in 3D printing and compared to the texture of conventional IM samples. The printing speed and orientation (defined with respect to the axis along the length of the samples) were used as the variable process parameters for 3D printing. The degree of anisotropy increases with an increase in the nonuniform distribution of intensities in pole figures and ODFs. All the highest intensity major texture components in IM and 3D printed samples (0° printing orientation) of reactor blends are observed to have crystals oriented in [001] or [001̅]. Overall, for the same throughput, 3D printed samples in the 0° orientation showed greater texture evolution and higher anisotropy compared to IM samples. Most notably, an increase in 3D printing speed increased the crystalline distribution closer to the 0° direction, increasing the anisotropy, while deviation from this printing orientation reduced crystalline distribution closer to the 0° direction, thus increasing isotropy. This demonstrates that tailoring material properties in specific directions can be achieved more effectively with 3D printing than with the injection molding process. Change in the overall Mw of the trimodal PE blend changed the preferential orientation distribution of the crystal planes to some degree. However, the degree of anisotropy remained the same in almost all cases, indicating that the effect of molecular weight distribution is not as significant as the printing speed and printing orientation in tailoring the resulting properties. The 3D printing process parameters (speed and orientation) were shown to have more influence on the texture than the material parameters associated with the blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahitya Movva
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Intel
Corporation, 2501 NE
Century Blvd, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Carl G. Schirmeister
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
- Basell
Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell
Industries, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt a.M. D-65926, Germany
| | - Timo Hees
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - David Tavakoli
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Erik H. Licht
- Basell
Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell
Industries, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt a.M. D-65926, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
- Sustainability
Center Freiburg, Ecker-Str.
4, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Hamid Garmestani
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Karl I. Jacob
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- G.W. Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Structural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Oriented Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Graphene Nanoplates/Polyaniline Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030758. [PMID: 36772060 PMCID: PMC9919961 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparing high-strength polymeric materials using an orientation drawing process is considered one of the most urgent topics in the modern world. Graphene nanoplates/polyaniline (GNP/PANI) were added to the commercial grade UHMWPE (GUR 4120) matrix as a filler with antifriction properties. The effect of GNP/PANI addition on the structure, the orientation process, the void formation (cavitation), the mechanical, and tribological properties was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The paper's findings indicated an increase in the cavitation effect of 120-320% after the addition of GNP/PANI to the UHMWPE polymer matrix. This increase, during the process of the oriented films' thermal orientation hardening, led, in turn, to a decrease in the tensile strength during the process of the oriented films' thermal orientation hardening. Furthermore, the decrease in the coefficient of friction in the best samples of oriented UHMWPE films was two times greater, and the increase in wear resistance was more than an order of magnitude. This process was part of the orientation hardening process for the UHMWPE films containing PE-wax as an intermolecular lubricant, as well as the presence of GNP/PANI in the material, which have a high resistance to abrasive wear.
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Kenyon P, Leung DWJ, Turner ZR, Buffet JC, O’Hare D. Tuning Polyethylene Molecular Weight Distributions Using Catalyst Support Composition. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kenyon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - D. W. Justin Leung
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Zoë R. Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dermot O’Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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Wu B, Cai Y, Zhao X, Ye L. Tailored Bonded Interfacial Intermolecular Entanglement of Polyethylene/Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Blends: Enhancing Miscibility, Reinforcement, and Friction Reduction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Buyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yudong Cai
- Synthetic Resin Laboratory, Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Vannucchi de Camargo F, da Silva Fernandes E, ten Caten CS, Alves AK, Bergmann CP, Minak G. In-Plane Shear Strength of Single-Lap Co-Cured Joints of Self-Reinforced Polyethylene Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061517. [PMID: 33808932 PMCID: PMC8003681 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study introduces the analysis of single-lap co-cured joints of thermoplastic self-reinforced composites made with reprocessed low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and reinforced by ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers, along with a micromechanical analysis of its constituents. A set of optimal processing conditions for manufacturing these joints by hot-press is proposed through a design of experiment using the response surface method to maximize their in-plane shear strength by carrying tensile tests on co-cured tapes. Optimal processing conditions were found at 1 bar, 115 °C, and 300 s, yielding joints with 6.88 MPa of shear strength. The shear failure is generally preceded by multiple debonding-induced longitudinal cracks both inside and outside the joint due to accumulated transversal stress. This composite demonstrated to be an interesting structural material to be more widely applied in industry, possessing extremely elevated specific mechanical properties, progressive damage of co-cured joints (thus avoiding unannounced catastrophic failures) and ultimate recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vannucchi de Camargo
- Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil; (A.K.A.); (C.P.B.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Fontanelle 40, 47121 Forlì, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduardo da Silva Fernandes
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil; (E.d.S.F.); (C.S.t.C.)
| | - Carla Schwengber ten Caten
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil; (E.d.S.F.); (C.S.t.C.)
| | - Annelise Kopp Alves
- Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil; (A.K.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Carlos Pérez Bergmann
- Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil; (A.K.A.); (C.P.B.)
| | - Giangiacomo Minak
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Fontanelle 40, 47121 Forlì, Italy;
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Yang Z, Shi J, Pan X, Liu B, He X. Effects of different ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene contents on the formation and evolution of hierarchical crystal structure of high‐density polyethylene/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene blend fibers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaixing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Material Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jiaji Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Material Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xuefeng Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Material Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Boping Liu
- College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Xuelian He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Material Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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Dayyoub T, Olifirov LK, Chukov DI, Kaloshkin SD, Kolesnikov E, Nematulloev S. The Structural and Mechanical Properties of the UHMWPE Films Mixed with the PE-Wax. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13153422. [PMID: 32756415 PMCID: PMC7435843 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Since obtaining a highly oriented structure based on a large-scale commercial ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is considered very difficult due to its high molecular weight and melting index, modifying the structure of these cheap commercial UHMWPE brands into a supra-molecular structure with fiber-forming properties by adding a small amount of polyethylene wax (PE-wax) will provide the possibility to obtain highly oriented UHMWPE products with enhanced mechanical and tribological properties. In this work, highly oriented UHMWPE/PE-wax films were prepared. The PE-wax affected the UHMWPE as an intermolecular lubricant. The obtained lamellar structure of the UHMWPE/PE-wax composites had a better processability. The UHMWPE and UHMWPE/PE-wax structures for the xerogels and the films were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The PE-wax presence enhanced the mechanical properties of the UHMWPE/PE-wax films to a high degree. The highest average value of the tensile strength was 1320 MPa (an increase of 78%) obtained by adding a PE-wax content of 1.0 wt.%, and the highest average value of the Young’s modulus was 56.8 GPa (an increase of 71%) obtained by adding a PE-wax content of 2.0 wt.%. The addition of the PE-wax increased the work of fracture values of the UHMWPE/PE-wax films up to 233%. The formation of the cavities was observed in the virgin UHMWPE films more than in the UHMWPE/PE-wax films, and the whitening of the oriented films was related to the crystallization process more than to the cavitation phenomenon. The coefficient of friction of the oriented UHMWPE/PE-wax films improved by 33% in comparison with the isotropic UHMWPE, and by 7% in comparison with the oriented virgin UHMWPE films.
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Zhong F, Thomann R, Thomann Y, Burk L, Mülhaupt R. Melt-Processable Nacre-Mimetic Hydrocarbon Composites via Polymer 1D Nanostructure Formation. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhong
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Ralf Thomann
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Yi Thomann
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Laura Burk
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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9
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Zhong F, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R. Tailoring Mono-, Bi-, and Trimodal Molar Mass Distributions and All-Hydrocarbon Composites by Ethylene Polymerization on Bis(imino)pyridine Chromium(III) Supported on Ultrathin Gibbsite Single Crystal Nanoplatelets. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhong
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Ralf Thomann
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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10
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Hees T, Zhong F, Stürzel M, Mülhaupt R. Tailoring Hydrocarbon Polymers and All-Hydrocarbon Composites for Circular Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800608. [PMID: 30417498 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The world population will rapidly grow from 7 to 9 billion by 2050 and this will parallel a surging annual plastics consumption from today's 350 million tons to well beyond 1 billion tons. The switch from a linear economy with its throwaway culture to a circular economy with efficient reuse of waste plastics is therefore mandatory. Hydrocarbon polymers, accounting for more than half the world's plastics production, enable closed-loop recycling and effective product-stewardship systems. High-molar-mass hydrocarbons serve as highly versatile, cost-, resource-, eco- and energy-efficient, durable lightweight materials produced by solvent-free, environmentally benign catalytic olefin polymerization. Nanophase separation and alignment of unentangled hydrocarbon polymers afford 100% recyclable self-reinforcing all-hydrocarbon composites without requiring the addition of either alien fibers or hazardous nanoparticles. Recycling of durable hydrocarbons is far superior to biodegradation. The facile thermal degradation enables liquefaction and quantitative recovery of low molar mass hydrocarbon oil and gas. Teamed up with biomass-to-liquid and carbon dioxide-to-fuel conversions, powered by renewable energy, waste hydrocarbons serve as renewable hydrocarbon feedstocks for the synthesis of high molar mass hydrocarbon materials. Herein, an overview is given on how innovations in catalyst and process technology enable tailoring of advanced recyclable hydrocarbon materials meeting the needs of sustainable development and a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Hees
- Freiburg Materials Research Center of the Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Straße 21, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fan Zhong
- Freiburg Materials Research Center of the Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Straße 21, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Stürzel
- Freiburg Materials Research Center of the Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Straße 21, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center of the Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Straße 21, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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