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Hwang S, Han Y, Gardner DJ. Characterization of CNC Nanoparticles Prepared via Ultrasonic-Assisted Spray Drying and Their Application in Composite Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2928. [PMID: 37999282 PMCID: PMC10674555 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasonic-assisted spray dryer, also known as a nano spray dryer and predominantly used on a lab scale in the pharmaceutical and food industries, enables the production of nanometer-sized particles. In this study, the nano spray dryer was applied to cellulosic materials, such as cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). CNC suspensions were successfully dried, while the CNF suspensions could not be dried, attributable to their longer fibril lengths. The nano spray drying process was performed under different drying conditions, including nebulizer hole sizes, solid concentrations, and gas flow rates. It was confirmed that the individual particle size of nano spray-dried CNCs (nano SDCNCs) decreased as the nebulizer hole sizes and solid contents of the suspensions decreased. The production rate of the nano spray dryer increased with higher solid contents and lower gas flow rates. The resulting nano SDCNCs were added to a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix as a reinforcing material to evaluate their reinforcement behavior in a plastic matrix using solvent casting. After incorporating the 20 wt.% nano SDCNCs into the PVA matrix, the tensile strength and tensile modulus elasticity of the neat PVA nanocomposite film increased by 22% and 32%, respectively, while preserving the transparency of the films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjun Hwang
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469-5793, USA;
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5755, USA
| | - Yousoo Han
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469-5793, USA;
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5755, USA
| | - Douglas J. Gardner
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469-5793, USA;
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5755, USA
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2
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Gayitri HM, Al-Gunaid MQA, AL-Ostoot FH, Al-Zaqri N, Boshaala A, Gnanaprakash AP. Investigation on opto-electrical, structural and electro-chemical performance of PVA/ZnBi2MoO7 hybrid nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-04056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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3
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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4
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Clarkson CM, El Awad Azrak SM, Forti ES, Schueneman GT, Moon RJ, Youngblood JP. Recent Developments in Cellulose Nanomaterial Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000718. [PMID: 32696496 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) are a class of materials that have recently garnered attention in fields as varied as structural materials, biomaterials, rheology modifiers, construction, paper enhancement, and others. As the principal structural reinforcement of biomass giving wood its mechanical properties, CNM is strong and stiff, but also nontoxic, biodegradable, and sustainable with a very large (Gton yr-1 ) source. Unfortunately, due to the relatively young nature of the field and inherent incompatibility of CNM with most man-made materials in use today, research has tended to be more basic-science oriented rather than commercially applicable, so there are few CNM-enabled products on the market today. Herein, efforts are presented for preparing and forming cellulose nanomaterial nanocomposites. The focus is on recent efforts attempting to mitigate common impediments to practical commercialization but is also placed in context with traditional efforts. The work is presented in terms of the progress made, and still to be made, on solving the most pressing challenges-getting properties that are competitive with currently used materials, removing organic solvent, solving the inherent incompatibility between CNM and polymers of interest, and incorporation into commonly used industrial processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M Clarkson
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Sami M El Awad Azrak
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Endrina S Forti
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Gregory T Schueneman
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Robert J Moon
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
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Nuruddin M, Chowdhury RA, Szeto R, Howarter JA, Erk KA, Szczepanski CR, Youngblood JP. Structure-Property Relationship of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Polyvinyl Alcohol Thin Films for High Barrier Coating Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12472-12482. [PMID: 33656333 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CO2 and O2 gas permeability are paramount concerns in food packaging. Here, the permeability of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coatings was explored as it relates to varied CNC content. Specifically, this work focuses on the role of PVA in rheology and barrier performance of the CNC films. Results show that shear-casted CNC films are transparent and have a high-order parameter, which is attributed to the shear-thinning behavior of the CNCs. The barrier performance of the CNC films improved because of the synergistic effect of having both alignment of CNCs and a lower free volume. The CNC-PVA films exhibited excellent barrier performance as compared to traditional engineered polymers, even much higher than high barrier ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer films. Furthermore, the moisture sensitivity of the films was greatly diminished with the addition of PVA. Overall, the results show applicability of CNC-PVA coating formulations for high barrier packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nuruddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Reaz A Chowdhury
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ryan Szeto
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kendra A Erk
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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6
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Li C, Li Y, Gong C, Ruan K, Zhong X, Pan P, Liu C, Gu J, Shi X. High thermal conductivity of liquid crystalline monomer‐poly (vinyl alcohol) dispersion films containing microscopic‐ordered structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenggong Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Changdan Gong
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Kunpeng Ruan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Pan Pan
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Junwei Gu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
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7
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Li Y, Pan P, Liu C, Zhou W, Li C, Gong C, Li H, Zhang L, Song H. Influence of chain interaction and ordered structures in polymer dispersed liquid crystalline membranes on thermal conductivity. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polymer dispersed liquid crystalline (PDLC) membrane with intrinsic thermal conductivity was prepared by dispersing liquid crystalline polysiloxane containing crosslinked structure (liquid crystalline polysiloxane elastomer (LCPE)) into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Chemical structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and 1H-NMR, and microscopic structures were analyzed by polarizing optical microscope (POM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal conductivity of PDLC membrane was characterized by hot disk thermal constants analyzer, and the tensile properties were measured by tensile testing machine. Thermal properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results show that LCPE was dispersed in PVA uniformly, and the mesogenic monomer of LCPE formed microscopic ordered structures in PDLC membrane. Meanwhile, hydrogen-bond interaction was formed between LCPE and PVA chain. Both microscopic-ordered structure and the hydrogen-bond interaction improved the phonon transmission path, and the thermal conductivity of PDLC membrane was up to 0.74 W/m⋅K, which was 6 times higher than that of pure PVA film. PDLC membrane possessed proper tensile strength and elongation at break, respectively 5.18 MPa and 338%. As a result, PDLC membrane can be used as thermal conductive membrane in electronic packaging and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Xi’an University of Science and Technology , Xi’an , 710054, Shaan Xi , China
| | - Pan Pan
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Xi’an University of Science and Technology , Xi’an , 710054, Shaan Xi , China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Xi’an University of Science and Technology , Xi’an , 710054, Shaan Xi , China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xi’an University of Science and Technology , Xi’an , 710054, China
| | - Chenggong Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Xi’an University of Science and Technology , Xi’an , 710054, Shaan Xi , China
| | - Changdan Gong
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Xi’an University of Science and Technology , Xi’an , 710054, Shaan Xi , China
| | - Huilu Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Xi’an University of Science and Technology , Xi’an , 710054, Shaan Xi , China
| | - Liang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital , Xi’an Jiaotong University , Xi’an , 710061, Shaan Xi , China
| | - Hui Song
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Xi’an University of Science and Technology , Xi’an , 710054, Shaan Xi , China
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8
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Nuruddin M, Chowdhury RA, Lopez-Perez N, Montes FJ, Youngblood JP, Howarter JA. Influence of Free Volume Determined by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) on Gas Permeability of Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24380-24389. [PMID: 32352751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are of increasing interest for packaging applications because of their biodegradability, low cost, high crystallinity, and high aspect ratio. The objective of this study was to use positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) to investigate the free volume of CNC films with different structural arrangements (chiral nematic vs shear-oriented CNC films) and relate this information to gas barrier performance. It was found that sheared CNC films with higher CNC alignment have lower free volume and hence have more tortuosity than chiral nematic self-assembled films, which lowers gas diffusion throughout the films. The overall barrier performance of the aligned CNC film obtained in this study has a higher barrier performance than high barrier polymer films like PVOH and EVOH. Furthermore, a modified model was developed for single-component CNC films to predict the gas permeability with variation of CNC alignment with validation by the data taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Reaz A Chowdhury
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nelyan Lopez-Perez
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Francisco J Montes
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, México
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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Sato K, Tominaga Y, Imai Y. Nanocelluloses and Related Materials Applicable in Thermal Management of Electronic Devices: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E448. [PMID: 32131448 PMCID: PMC7152987 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Owing to formidable advances in the electronics industry, efficient heat removal in electronic devices has been an urgent issue. For thermal management, electrically insulating materials that have higher thermal conductivities are desired. Recently, nanocelluloses (NCs) and related materials have been intensely studied because they possess outstanding properties and can be produced from renewable resources. This article gives an overview of NCs and related materials potentially applicable in thermal management. Thermal conduction in dielectric materials arises from phonons propagation. We discuss the behavior of phonons in NCs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyasu Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Anagahora 2266-98, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan; (Y.T.); (Y.I.)
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Wang X, Yu Z, Jiao L, Bian H, Yang W, Wu W, Xiao H, Dai H. Aerogel Perfusion-Prepared h-BN/CNF Composite Film with Multiple Thermally Conductive Pathways and High Thermal Conductivity. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9071051. [PMID: 31340451 PMCID: PMC6669481 DOI: 10.3390/nano9071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)-based heat-spreading materials have drawn considerable attention in electronic diaphragm and packaging fields because of their high thermal conductivity and desired electrical insulation properties. However, the traditional approach to fabricate thermally conductive composites usually suffers from low thermal conductivity, and cannot meet the requirement of thermal management. In this work, novel h-BN/cellulose-nano fiber (CNF) composite films with excellent thermal conductivity in through plane and electrical insulation properties are fabricated via an innovative process, i.e., the perfusion of h-BN into porous three dimensional (3D) CNF aerogel skeleton to form the h-BN thermally conductive pathways by filling the CNF aerogel voids. When at an h-BN loading of 9.51 vol %, the thermal conductivity of h-BN/CNF aerogel perfusion composite film is 1.488 W·m−1·K−1 at through plane, an increase by 260.3%. The volume resistivity is 3.83 × 1014 Ω·cm, superior to that of synthetic polymer materials (about 109~1013 Ω·cm). Therefore, the resulting h-BN/CNF film is very promising to replace the traditional synthetic polymer materials for a broad spectrum of applications, including the field of electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Zhihuai Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Liang Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huiyang Bian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weisheng Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weibing Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Hongqi Dai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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