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Pawlak A, Krajenta J. Entanglements of Macromolecules and Their Influence on Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Polymers. Molecules 2024; 29:3410. [PMID: 39064989 PMCID: PMC11280004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible macromolecules easily become entangled with neighboring macromolecules. The resulting network determines many polymer properties, including rheological and mechanical properties. Therefore, a number of experimental and modeling studies were performed to describe the relationship between the degree of entanglement of macromolecules and polymer properties. The introduction presents general information about the entanglements of macromolecule chains, collected on the basis of studies of equilibrium entangled polymers. It is also shown how the density of entanglements can be reduced. The second chapter presents experiments and models leading to the description of the movement of a single macromolecule. The next part of the text discusses how the rheological properties change after partial disentangling of the polymer. The results on the influence of the degree of chain entanglement on mechanical properties are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
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Krajenta J, Pawlak A. Crystallization of the β-Form of Polypropylene from the Melt with Reduced Entanglement of Macromolecules. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1710. [PMID: 38932060 PMCID: PMC11207872 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The influence of decreasing the entanglement density of macromolecules on the crystallization of the β-form of polypropylene was investigated. Polypropylene with seven times less entanglement was obtained from a solution in xylene, and its properties were compared with those of fully entangled polypropylene. To obtain a high β-phase content, the polymer was nucleated using calcium pimelate. In non-isothermal crystallization studies, accelerated growth of β-crystals was found, increasing the crystallization temperature. Also, the isothermal crystallization was fastest in the nucleated, partially disentangled polypropylene. Increased growth rate of spherulites and enhanced nucleation activity in the presence of more mobile macromolecules were responsible for the high rate of melt conversion to crystals in the disentangled polypropylene. It was also observed that the equilibrium melting temperature of β-crystals is lower after disentangling macromolecules. Better conditions for crystal building after reduction of entanglements resulted in enhanced crystallization according to regime II.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrzej Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Science, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
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Hussain MA, Yamamoto T, Adil SF, Yao S. Coarse-Grained Simulations on Polyethylene Crystal Network Formation and Microstructure Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1007. [PMID: 38611266 PMCID: PMC11013834 DOI: 10.3390/polym16071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding and characterizing semi-crystalline models with crystalline and amorphous segments is crucial for industrial applications. A coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations study probed the crystal network formation in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) from melt, and shed light on tensile properties for microstructure analysis. Modified Paul-Yoon-Smith (PYS/R) forcefield parameters are used to compute the interatomic forces among the PE chains. The isothermal crystallization at 300 K and 1 atm predicts the multi-nucleus crystal growth; moreover, the lamellar crystal stems and amorphous region are alternatively oriented. A one-dimensional density distribution along the alternative lamellar stems further confirms the ordering of the lamellar-stack orientation. Using this plastic model preparation approach, the semi-crystalline model density (ρcr) of ca. 0.913 g·cm-3 and amorphous model density (ρam) of ca. 0.856 g·cm-3 are obtained. Furthermore, the ratio of ρcr/ρam ≈ 1.06 is in good agreement with computational (≈1.096) and experimental (≈1.14) data, ensuring the reliability of the simulations. The degree of crystallinity (χc) of the model is ca. 52% at 300 K. Nevertheless, there is a gradual increase in crystallinity over the specified time, indicating the alignment of the lamellar stems during crystallization. The characteristic stress-strain curve mimicking tensile tests along the z-axis orientation exhibits a reversible sharp elastic regime, tensile strength at yield ca. 100 MPa, and a non-reversible tensile strength at break of 350%. The cavitation mechanism embraces the alignment of lamellar stems along the deformation axis. The study highlights an explanatory model of crystal network formation for the PE model using a PYS/R forcefield, and it produces a microstructure with ordered lamellar and amorphous segments with robust mechanical properties, which aids in predicting the microstructure-mechanical property relationships in plastics under applied forces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Syed Farooq Adil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shigeru Yao
- Central Research Institute, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Poisson C, Colaers M, Van Puyvelde P, Goderis B. Memory Effects in the Quiescent Crystallization of Polyamide 12: Self-Seeding, Post-Condensation, Disentangling, and Self-Nucleation beyond the Equilibrium Melting Temperature. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Poisson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J box 2424, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Colaers
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F box 2404, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J box 2424, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Goderis
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F box 2404, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Effect of Rheological Properties of Polymer Solution on Polymer Flooding Characteristics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245555. [PMID: 36559922 PMCID: PMC9787871 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer flooding is an appropriate enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process that can increase macroscopic sweep efficiency. We examined two polymeric superpushers at different salinities (10,000 and 42,000 ppm of NaCl and 18,000 ppm of CaCl2) and temperatures (30 to 75 °C) as polymer-flooding agents for the EOR process. Rheological and thixotropic tests were attempted to find shear viscosity change when the polymer solutions were introduced under different salinity and temperatures, followed by describing the rheological behavior with the two most common rheological models used for polymer solutions, and then a quadratic model with Design-Expert to detect the effective parameters. Core flooding tests were conducted afterward to determine the final proposed fluid. An increase in the concentration of monovalent ions and the addition of divalent ions adversely affected both types of polymers used, which was similar to the effects of a temperature increase. The Flopaam 3630S at 1000 ppm has more stability under harsh conditions and enables 22% and 38% oil recovery in carbonate and sandstone core rocks, respectively. Consequently, Flopaam 3630S can be the perfect polymer agent for different chemical flooding procedures in high-salinity oil reservoirs.
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A new insight into the formation of β-crystals of isotactic polypropylene induced by zinc dicarboxylic acids. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Barangizi H, Pawlak A. Crystallization of partially disentangled polypropylene in nanocomposites with aluminum oxide. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gloger D, Mileva D, Albrecht A, Hubner G, Androsch R, Gahleitner M. Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene: Effects of Chain Architecture, Melt Structure, Shear Modification, and Solution Treatment on Melt Relaxation Dynamics. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06009 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Liu M, Chen J, Luo J, Min J, Fu Q, Zhang J. Investigating the disentanglement of long chain branched polypropylene under different shear fields. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jin Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jiaxu Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jie Min
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Luo J, Chen J, Liu M, Min J, Fu Q, Zhang J. Investigating the Influence of Incorporation of Boron Nitride on the Kinetics of Isotactic Polypropylene Entanglement Recovery. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mingjin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jie Min
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Delay of re-entanglement kinetics by shear-induced nucleation precursors in isotactic polypropylene melt. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cai J, Liu Z, Cao B, Guan X, Liu S, Zhao J. Simultaneous Improvement of the Processability and Mechanical Properties of Polyamide-6 by Chain Extension in Extrusion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Bo Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Guangdong High Property & Functional Polymer Materials, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Guangdong High Property & Functional Polymer Materials, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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