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Qian C, Liu Y, Chen S, Zhang C, Chen X, Liu Y, Liu P. Electrospun core-sheath PCL nanofibers loaded with nHA and simvastatin and their potential bone regeneration applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1205252. [PMID: 37564996 PMCID: PMC10410860 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1205252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Drugs and biocompatible nanoparticles have raised significant potential in advancing the bone regeneration. Electrospinning technology enables the full realization of the value of drugs and nanoparticles. Methods: In this study, we have successfully fabricated core-sheath nanofibers solely composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer. Simvastatin (SIM) was confined to the core of the nanofibers while nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) was loaded on the nanofiber surface. Results: All the prepared nanofibers exhibited a cylindrical micromorphology, and the core-sheath structure was exploited using a Transmission Electron Microscope. X-ray pattern results indicated that SIM was in an amorphous state within nanofibers, while Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy showed excellent chemical compatibility among SIM, nHA, and PCL. The actual loading of nHA within the nanofiber was determined by a thermogravimetric test due to the high melting point of nHA. Core-sheath nanofibers could release SIM for 672 h, which was attributed to the core-sheath structure. Furthermore, nanofibers loaded with SIM or nHA had a positive impact on cell proliferation, with the core-sheath nanofibers displaying the most favorable cell proliferation behavior. Discussion: Such a synergistic facilitation strategy based on materials and nanostructure may encourage researchers to exploit new biomedical materials in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Qian
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Chen
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Medical Device Materials, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehua Liu
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Medical Device Materials, Shanghai, China
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Orduna L, Otaegi I, Aranburu N, Guerrica-Echevarría G. Effect of the Simultaneous Addition of Polycaprolactone and Carbon Nanotubes on the Mechanical, Electrical, and Adhesive Properties of Epoxy Resins Cured with Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071607. [PMID: 37050221 PMCID: PMC10097337 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrically-conductive epoxy nanocomposites (NCs) with improved mechanical and adhesive properties were achieved through the combined addition of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Three different ionic liquids (ILs) were used as dual role agents, i.e., as both curing and dispersing agents. Regardless of the IL used, the epoxy/PCL matrix of the NCs showed a single-phase behaviour and similar glass transition (Tg) and crosslinking density (νe) values to the unfilled epoxy/PCL/IL systems. Although the CNTs were more poorly dispersed in the epoxy/PCL/CNT/IL NCs than in the reference epoxy/CNT/IL NCs, which led to slightly lower electrical conductivity values, the epoxy/PCL/CNT/IL NCs were still semiconductive. Their low-strain mechanical properties (i.e., flexural modulus and flexural strength) were similar or better than those of the reference epoxy/IL systems and their high-strain mechanical properties (i.e., deformation at break and impact strength) were significantly better. In addition, the positive effects of the PCL and the CNTs on the adhesive properties of the epoxy/IL system were combined. The substitution of ILs for traditional amine-based curing agents and biodegradable PCL for part of the epoxy resin represents an important advance on the road towards greater sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Orduna
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Itziar Otaegi
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nora Aranburu
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Guerrica-Echevarría
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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Calderón-Villajos R, Fernández Sánchez-Romate X, Jiménez-Suárez A, Prolongo SG. An Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature and Crack Geometry on the Healing Efficiency of Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Epoxy Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020336. [PMID: 36679216 PMCID: PMC9862102 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-healing materials have attracted great interest in recent years. Particularly, the use of thermoset/thermoplastics blends has emerged as a good option with relatively low activation temperatures and potential infinite healing cycles. Nevertheless, a methodical study of healing conditions and evaluation is still required for further industrial development. The effect of activation temperature and crack morphology in polycaprolactone (PCL)/epoxy blends are explored. For this purpose, PCL content was varied (5, 10, and 15 wt %) with contents lower than critical composition. Therefore, the morphology of all studied blends is the epoxy matrix with a separated PCL phase. In this sense, an increase in PCL content leads to a reduction in the Tg, due to the partial PCL miscibility, and the presence of larger PCL domains. It was observed that a higher temperature (150 °C) and PCL content led to a more efficient self-healing process because of both the lower viscosity of the melted PCL at higher temperatures and the presence of larger PCL reservoirs when increasing the PCL content. Crack morphology influence was studied by inducing cracks with different tools: a custom crack machine with a cutting blade, a scalpel, and a pin. The results show that the recovery was better when the cracks were smaller and shallower, that is, with the pin. In addition, the healing efficiency by means of both parameters, crack volume and depth change, showed more similar results in slimmer cracks, due to a lower crack width-to-depth ratio.
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Sánchez-Romate XF, del Bosque A, Crespo A, Alonso R, Sánchez M, Ureña A. Fe 3O 4-Nanoparticle-Doped Epoxy Resin as a Detachable Adhesive by Electromagnetic Heating for GFRP Single-Lap Joints. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3913. [PMID: 36364689 PMCID: PMC9658479 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An adhesive based on a Fe3O4-nanoparticle (MNP)-doped epoxy resin was proposed for the development of detachable adhesive joints with GFRP substrates. The analysis of cryofractures showed that the increasing MNP content promotes a higher presence of larger aggregates and a lower sedimentation of nanoparticles due to the higher viscosity of the mixture. In this regard, the inclusion of expandable microspheres (MS) induces a more uniform dispersion of MNPs, reducing their sedimentation. The capability of the proposed adhesives for electromagnetic (EM) heating was also evaluated, with increases in temperature of around 100 °C at 750 A, enough to reach the Tg of the polymer required to facilitate the adhesive detachment, which is around 80 °C. Finally, the lap shear strength (LSS) of 14 and 20 wt.% MNP samples was evaluated in a single-lap shear joint with simultaneous EM heating. The LSS values were reduced by 60-80% at 750 A, thus promoting successful adhesive joint detachment under EM heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xoan F. Sánchez-Romate
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Antonio del Bosque
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Anabel Crespo
- AIMPLAS Instituto Tecnológico del Plástico, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rafael Alonso
- AIMPLAS Instituto Tecnológico del Plástico, Carrer de Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - María Sánchez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ureña
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
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Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Epoxy Blends for Superior Mechanical and Self-Sensing Performance in Multiscale Glass Fiber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183159. [PMID: 34578059 PMCID: PMC8471913 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a novel carbon nanotube (CNT) polycaprolactone (PCL), epoxy, and glass fiber (GF) composite is reported. Here, the nanoreinforced composites show a flexural strength increase of around 30%, whereas the interlaminar shear strength increases by 10-15% in comparison to unenhanced samples. This occurs because the addition of the CNTs induces a better PCL/epoxy/GF interaction. Furthermore, the nanoparticles also give novel functionalities to the multiscale composite, such as strain and damage monitoring. Here, the electrical response of the tensile- and compressive-subjected faces was simultaneously measured during flexural tests as well as the transverse conductivity in interlaminar tests, showing an exceptional capability for damage detection. Moreover, it was observed that the electrical sensitivity increases with PCL content due to a higher efficiency of the dispersion process that promotes the creation of a more uniform electrical network.
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Nurazzi NM, Sabaruddin FA, Harussani MM, Kamarudin SH, Rayung M, Asyraf MRM, Aisyah HA, Norrrahim MNF, Ilyas RA, Abdullah N, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Khalina A. Mechanical Performance and Applications of CNTs Reinforced Polymer Composites-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2186. [PMID: 34578502 PMCID: PMC8472375 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Developments in the synthesis and scalable manufacturing of carbon nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used in the polymer material industry over the last few decades, resulting in a series of fascinating multifunctional composites used in fields ranging from portable electronic devices, entertainment and sports to the military, aerospace, and automotive sectors. CNTs offer good thermal and electrical properties, as well as a low density and a high Young's modulus, making them suitable nanofillers for polymer composites. As mechanical reinforcements for structural applications CNTs are unique due to their nano-dimensions and size, as well as their incredible strength. Although a large number of studies have been conducted on these novel materials, there have only been a few reviews published on their mechanical performance in polymer composites. As a result, in this review we have covered some of the key application factors as well as the mechanical properties of CNTs-reinforced polymer composites. Finally, the potential uses of CNTs hybridised with polymer composites reinforced with natural fibres such as kenaf fibre, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre, bamboo fibre, and sugar palm fibre have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - F. A. Sabaruddin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. H. Kamarudin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rayung
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
| | - N. Abdullah
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - A. Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
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Yao SS, Ma CL, Jin FL, Park SJ. Fracture toughness enhancement of epoxy resin reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zhang P, Zhao Y, Yu R, Liao J. Confined crystallization and degradation of six-arm star PCL with core of cyclotriphosphazene in epoxy thermosets. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jiménez-Suárez A, Del Rosario G, Sánchez-Romate XX, Prolongo SG. Influence of Morphology on the Healing Mechanism of PCL/Epoxy Blends. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13081941. [PMID: 32326035 PMCID: PMC7215671 DOI: 10.3390/ma13081941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL) is being researched as a self-healing agent blended with epoxy resins by several reasons: low melting point, differential expansive bleeding (DBE) of PCL, and reaction induced phase separation (RIPS) of PCL/epoxy blends. In this work, PCL/epoxy blends were prepared with different PCL ratios and two different epoxy networks, cured with aliphatic and aromatic amine hardeners. The curing kinetic affects to the blend morphology, varying its critical composition. The self-healing behavior is strongly affected by the blend morphology, reaching the maximum efficiency for co-continuous phases. Blends with dispersed PCL phase into epoxy matrix can also show high self-healing efficiency because of the low PCL domains that act as reservoir of self-healing agent. In this last case, it was confirmed that the most efficient self-healable blends are one whose area occupied by PCL phase is the largest. These blends remain the good thermal and mechanical behavior of epoxy matrix, in contrast to the worsened properties of blends with bicontinuous morphology. In this work, the self-healing mechanism of blends is studied in depth by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the influence of the geometry of the initial surface damage is also evaluated, affecting to the measurement of self-healing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jiménez-Suárez
- Area of Materials Science and Engineering, ESCET-University Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (A.J.-S.); (X.X.S.-R.)
| | - Gilberto Del Rosario
- Technological Center Support, University Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Xoan Xosé Sánchez-Romate
- Area of Materials Science and Engineering, ESCET-University Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (A.J.-S.); (X.X.S.-R.)
| | - Silvia González Prolongo
- Area of Materials Science and Engineering, ESCET-University Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (A.J.-S.); (X.X.S.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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