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Scheiwiller SC, Mata JP, Pozzo LD. Morphology of poly-3-hexyl-thiophene blends with styrene-isoprene-styrene block-copolymer elastomers from X-ray and neutron scattering. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6247-6265. [PMID: 39052234 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The nano- and micron scale morphology of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene (PS-PI-PS) elastomeric blends is investigated through the use of ultra-small and small angle X-ray and neutron scattering (USAXS, SAXS, SANS). It is demonstrated that loading P3HT into elastomer matrices is possible with little distortion of the elastomeric structure up to a loading of ∼5 wt%. Increased loadings of conjugated polymer is found to significantly distort the matrix structure. Changes in processing conditions are also found to affect the blend morphology with especially strong dependence on processing temperature. Processing temperatures above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polystyrene and the melting temperature (Tm) of the conjugated polymer additive (P3HT) creates significantly more organized mesophase domains. P3HT blends with PS-PI-PS can also be flow-aligned through processing, which results in an anisotropic structure that could be useful for the generation of anisotropic properties (e.g. conductivity). Moreover, the extent of flow alignment is significantly affected by the P3HT loading in the PS-PI-PS matrix. The work adds insight to the morphological understanding of a complex P3HT and PS-PI-PS polymer blend as conjugated polymer is added to the system. We also provide studies isolating the effect of processing changes aiding in the understanding of the structural changes in this elastomeric conjugated polymer blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage C Scheiwiller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jitendra P Mata
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering (ACNS), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lilo D Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Ding X, Zhang Z, Kluka C, Asim S, Manuel J, Lee BP, Jiang J, Heiden PA, Heldt CL, Rizwan M. Pair of Functional Polyesters That Are Photo-Cross-Linkable and Electrospinnable to Engineer Elastomeric Scaffolds with Tunable Structure and Properties. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:863-878. [PMID: 38207114 PMCID: PMC10954299 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A pair of alkyne- and thiol-functionalized polyesters are designed to engineer elastomeric scaffolds with a wide range of tunable material properties (e.g., thermal, degradation, and mechanical properties) for different tissues, given their different host responses, mechanics, and regenerative capacities. The two prepolymers are quickly photo-cross-linkable through thiol-yne click chemistry to form robust elastomers with small permanent deformations. The elastic moduli can be easily tuned between 0.96 ± 0.18 and 7.5 ± 2.0 MPa, and in vitro degradation is mediated from hours up to days by adjusting the prepolymer weight ratios. These elastomers bear free hydroxyl and thiol groups with a water contact angle of less than 85.6 ± 3.58 degrees, indicating a hydrophilic nature. The elastomer is compatible with NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells with cell viability reaching 88 ± 8.7% relative to the TCPS control at 48 h incubation. Differing from prior soft elastomers, a mixture of the two prepolymers without a carrying polymer is electrospinnable and UV-cross-linkable to fabricate elastic fibrous scaffolds for soft tissues. The designed prepolymer pair can thus ease the fabrication of elastic fibrous conduits, leading to potential use as a resorbable synthetic graft. The elastomers could find use in other tissue engineering applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochu Ding
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 202E Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 609 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Zhongtian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Christopher Kluka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 609 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Saad Asim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - James Manuel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Bruce P. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Jingfeng Jiang
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 202E Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Patricia A. Heiden
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 609 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Caryn L. Heldt
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 202E Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 203 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
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Park JH, Hwang SH. A Polyolefin Elastomer Encapsulant Modified by an Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Terpolymer for Photovoltaic Applications. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:3858-3865. [PMID: 38284050 PMCID: PMC10809238 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a newly designed adhesion promoter, a modified ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (m-EPDM), was constructed via a simple thiol-ene click reaction between the ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) to employ polyolefin elastomer (POE) encapsulants in photovoltaic modules. The grafting reaction of MPTS on an EPDM backbone (thiol-ene click reaction) was verified using 1H NMR, 29Si NMR, and SEM/EDX. The thermal and mechanical characteristics of the POE compounds did not significantly change with an increasing m-EPDM content irrespective of the cross-linking state. Interestingly, the adhesion strength to the glass substrate increased linearly with an increasing m-EPDM content until 9 phr. Also, the POE compounds containing more than 12 phr m-EPDM showed cohesion failure of the encapsulant layer, remaining as a residue of the encapsulant layer on the glass surface after peel testing. The damp-heat test was conducted to evaluate the long-term durability of the photovoltaic module encapsulated with m-EPDM, and no significant power loss was found even after 1000 h under the test conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Park
- Materials Chemistry &
Engineering Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 16890, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hwang
- Materials Chemistry &
Engineering Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 16890, Korea
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Collins Rice CG, Morris LJ, Buffet JC, Turner ZR, O'Hare D. Fully tuneable ethylene-propylene elastomers using a supported permethylindenyl-phenoxy (PHENI*) catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12128-12131. [PMID: 37740304 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Using a highly active supported permethylindenyl-phenoxy (PHENI*) titanium catalyst, high molecular weight ethylene-propylene (EPM) and ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) elastomers are prepared using slurry-phase catalysis. Final copolymer composition was found to reflect the monomer feed ratio in a linear fashion, to access a continuum of material properties with a single catalyst. Post-polymerisation crosslinking of EPDM was also demonstrated in a model sulfur vulcanisation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement G Collins Rice
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Louis J Morris
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Zoë R Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Dermot O'Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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Tang L, Lei Z, Wu Y, Chen J, Jiao W. SIS-Based Electrostatic Spinning High-Safety Lithium-Ion Battery Separators. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13459-13465. [PMID: 37705208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
As an important component, the properties of separators directly affect the capacity, life, and safety performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The high thermal stability and safety application value of the thermoplastic elastomer poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) block copolymer (SIS) with different block ratios were explored to enhance the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the cross-linked polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes by vulcanization cross-linking and heat treatment. Among these membranes, the sample named the S/PAN/SIS-4019 separator was confirmed to be a self-closing separator that can cope with the thermal runaway, attributing to the continued fusion of the SIS soft and hard segments in the cross-linked structure under high-temperature heat treatment. Moreover, the tensile strength of S/PAN/SIS-4019 separator increased to 17.49 MPa, which was better than that of Celgard 2400, PAN, and other inlay separators. Using S/PAN/SIS-4019 as a battery separator, lithium-ion batteries showed a superior electrochemical performance compared to the usage of Celgard 2400. Owing to the stable pore structure and thermally protected self-shutdown mechanism, the overall properties of the obtained cross-linked separator were improved in terms of higher thermal stability, high ionic conductivity, and electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of Material, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of Material, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yankang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of Material, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of Material, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of Material, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000 Zigong, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Tang L, Wu Y, He D, Lei Z, Liu N, He Y, De Guzman MR, Chen J. Electrospun PAN Membranes Toughened and Strengthened by TPU/SHNT for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Boronic ester-based vitrimeric methylvinyl silicone elastomer with “solid-liquid” feature and rate-dependent mechanical performance. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Feng Z, Xu D, Shao Z, Zhu P, Qiu J, Zhu L. Rice straw cellulose microfiber reinforcing PVA composite film of ultraviolet blocking through pre-cross-linking. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Park JH, Hwang SH. Construction and Characterization of Polyolefin Elastomer Blends with Chemically Modified Hydrocarbon Resin as a Photovoltaic Module Encapsulant. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4620. [PMID: 36365618 PMCID: PMC9658822 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, polyolefin elastomer (POE) was blended with a chemically modified hydrocarbon resin (m-HCR), which was modified through a simple radical grafting reaction using γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (MTS) as an adhesion promotor to the glass surface, to design an adhesion-enhanced polyolefin encapsulant material for photovoltaic modules. Its chemical modification was confirmed by 1H and 29Si NMR and FT-IR. Interestingly, the POE blends with the m-HCR showed that the melting peak temperature (Tm) was not changed. However, Tm shifted to lower values with increasing m-HCR content after crosslinking. Additionally, the mechanical properties did not significantly differ with increasing m-HCR content. Meanwhile, with increasing m-HCR content in the POE blend, the peel strength increased linearly without sacrificing their transmittance. The test photovoltaic modules comprising the crosslinked POE blend encapsulants showed little difference in the electrical performance after manufacturing. After 1000 h of damp-heat exposure, no significant power loss was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seok-Ho Hwang
- Materials Chemistry and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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The Dynamic Properties at Elevated Temperature of the Thermoplastic Polystyrene Matrix Modified with Nano-Alumina Powder and Thermoplastic Elastomer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163319. [PMID: 36015576 PMCID: PMC9413512 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance improvement of advanced electronic packaging material is an important topic to meet the stringent demands of modern semiconductor devices. This paper studies the incorporation of nano-alumina powder and thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) into thermoplastic polystyrene matrix to tune the thermal and mechanical properties after injection molding process. In the sample preparation, acetone was employed as a solvent to avoid the powder escape into surrounding during the mechanical mixing in a twin-screw mixer. The pressure and shear force were able to mix the composite with good uniformity in compositions. The samples with different compositions were fabricated using injection molding. The measured results showed that adding 5 wt.% of TPE into the simple polystyrene was able to raise the melt flow index from 12.3 to 13.4 g/10 min while the thermal decomposition temperature remained nearly unchanged. Moreover, the addition of small amount of nano-alumina powder could quickly improve the mechanical property by raising its storage modulus. For example, the addition of 3 wt.% of nano-alumina powder had an increase of 7.3% in storage modulus. Over doping of nano-alumina powder in the composite, such as 10 wt.%, on the other hand, lowered the storage modulus from 2404 MPa to 2069 MPa. The experimental study demonstrated that the tuning in the polystyrene’s thermal and mechanical properties is feasible by composition modification with nano-alumina powder and TPE. The better concentration of the additives should be determined according to the specific applications.
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