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Loughnan T, Mansell P, Playford M, Beggs D. Faecal egg counts in Australian pasture-based dairy herds. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 51:101028. [PMID: 38772650 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
In Australian pastoral dairy systems, a variety of 'routine' anthelmintic programs are used in lactating cows varying from nil anthelmintic use to bi-annual application. Anthelmintic resistance has been repeatedly diagnosed on dairy farms and studies have indicated variable milk production benefits from anthelmintics internationally. We aimed to identify the predominant gastrointestinal parasites in recently calved dairy cows in south-west Victoria and examined the relationship between individual faecal egg counts (FEC) and other cow and management factors such as body condition score, age, and historical anthelmintic use. This study included 18 pasture-based dairy farms in south-west Victoria. FECs were measured in recently calved primiparous and multiparous cows. Individual FEC tests with a minimum detectable FEC of 2.5 eggs per gram of faeces (epg) and group larval cultures were completed. Farm management data and cow information was recorded for data analysis with the Jamovi statistical package. Overall, 35% of all cows had FEC ≥ 2.5 epg (26% of multiparous and 45% of primiparous). Ostertagi ostertagi was the predominant gastrointestinal nematode in all cohorts. Cooperia pectinata or C. punctata were also present in mixed infestations alongside C. oncophora. Multiparous cows in low body condition score post calving (<4) were more likely to have a FEC of >5 epg. Faecal egg counts at a minimum detectable FEC of 2.5 epg are effective indicators of parasitism in recently calved primiparous and poorly conditioned multiparous dairy cows. Increasing the test sensitivity (minimum detectable count) of FECs from 10 epg to 2.5 epg resulted in increasing the overall positive FEC rate from 15% to 35%. Further investigation of sensitive FECs and their relevance to production along with the timing and value of anthelmintic use in dairy cattle is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Loughnan
- Dairy Residency Program, The University of Melbourne/Colac Veterinary Clinic, 38 Skene St, Colac, Victoria 3250, Australia.
| | - P Mansell
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 250 Princes Highway Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - M Playford
- Dawbuts Pty Ltd, 9 Mitchell St, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - D Beggs
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 250 Princes Highway Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
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2
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Opsal T, Toftaker I, Robertson L, Woolsey I, Hektoen L. Comparison of diagnostic methods for assessment of Ostertagia ostertagi exposure in Norwegian dairy herds. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:52. [PMID: 38031126 PMCID: PMC10687923 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) Ostertagia ostertagi can cause severe disease in first season grazers (FSG) and impaired performance due to subclinical infections in adult cows. Diagnostic methods to assess exposure include faecal egg count and detection of specific antibodies using antibody-ELISAs resulting in an optical density ratio (ODR). Using the ELISA test on bulk tank milk (BTM) allows for a herd level diagnosis. Appropriate use of diagnostic methods for evaluation of O. ostertagi exposure is required to optimize herd parasite surveillance and aid in a sustainable control regime. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between different diagnostic tests used to assess GIN exposure in Norwegian production systems. A cross-sectional field study was carried out in twenty herds in Norway in the fall of 2020. Serum and faecal samples were taken from 380 individuals, of which 181 were FSG and 199 were cows. In addition, milk was collected from every cow and one BTM sample was taken from each herd. Faecal egg counts were performed. The distribution of ODR values in individual samples within and between herds and the associations between BTM ODR and individual ODR values were described. The data were analysed using visual assessment of scatter plots, Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression. RESULTS A high variability of the within-herd individual ODR values in serum and milk in every herd was detected. The ODR in BTM explained a low degree of the variation in the individual serum and milk samples. When plotting the ODR results in milk or serum according to four BTM categories, the distribution of ODR values were notably different in the highest and lowest BTM categories. The correlation between individual milk and serum samples was moderate (r = 0.68), while the highest correlation (r = 0.81) was between the BTM ODR and the group average individual milk samples. CONCLUSIONS A poor predictive ability for BTM ODR to assess individual ODR values in both FSG and cows was demonstrated. However, the study indicates that the evaluation by ELISA test on BTM to assess exposure to GIN could be useful in herds with a very high or low BTM ODR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Opsal
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, Ås, 1433, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Toftaker
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Lucy Robertson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Ian Woolsey
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Hektoen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, Ås, 1433, Norway
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3
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Packianathan R, Hodge A, Wright J, Pearce M, DeRosa AA. Efficacy of a fixed-dose combination injectable (0.2 mg/kg doramectin + 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride) in Australian cattle against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323S:110025. [PMID: 37723000 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Australian producers have long used macrocyclic lactones (MLs) to successfully control cattle gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) and consequently improve production parameters. However, the trajectory of ML resistance development in cattle GINs is following that of small ruminant nematode populations, highlighting a need for novel treatment options to provide efficacy in the current environment and interrupt the long-term establishment of ML-resistant GIN populations in Australian cattle. Here, we describe three field studies conducted in Australia to evaluate the efficacy of a single administration of a novel fixed-dose combination injectable (FDCI) endectocide against naturally acquired infections of cattle GINs. The FDCI is administered subcutaneously to deliver 0.2 mg/kg doramectin and 6 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride (HCl). Study sites consisted of three farms in New South Wales (n = 2) and Victoria (n = 1). At each site, cattle were randomly allocated into one of three treatment groups: (1) untreated control (saline), (2) FDCI (0.2 mg/kg doramectin, 6 mg/kg levamisole HCl) or (3) positive control (0.2 mg/kg ivermectin). All treatments were administered on Day 0. Fecal samples were collected prior to treatment on Days -1 (Study 3) or 0 (Studies 1 and 2) and again on Day 14 (post-treatment) to evaluate efficacy via fecal egg count (FEC) and for coproculture. Adequacy of infection was confirmed at all three study sites, with Day 14 geometric mean (GM) FECs for saline-treated cattle ranging from 32.5 eggs per gram (EPG) to 623.7 EPG. FECs for FDCI-treated cattle were significantly reduced compared to saline-treated cattle (p ≤ 0.0001) on Day 14, with GM-based efficacy ≥ 99.7% at all three study sites. In contrast, ivermectin was 97.4% effective against cattle GINs in Study 1 but was only 47.2% and 39.8% effective at study site 2 and 3, respectively. Genus-specific efficacies suggest the presence of ivermectin-resistant Cooperia spp. (Study 1), Haemonchus spp. (Study 2) and Ostertagia spp. (Study 3) populations in the naturally infected cattle used in these studies. The post-treatment FEC and genus-specific efficacy estimations indicate the doramectin + levamisole HCl FDCI was highly efficacious against cattle GINs even in the face of ivermectin LOE at study sites 2 and 3. The efficacy of the new FDCI against both ML-susceptible and ML-resistant economically important cattle GINs in Australia affirms it is a valuable treatment option for producers operating in an environment of ML loss of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Packianathan
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Andrew Hodge
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Wright
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Michael Pearce
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| | - Andrew A DeRosa
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
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Rehbein S, Hamel D, Lackerschmid J, Mayr S, Visser M. Multispecies helminth parasitism of grazing dairy cows in Germany and Austria, examined in the housing period. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY: REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2023; 40:100860. [PMID: 37068863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Helminth composition and burden data for dairy cows have not been reported for >40 years for Germany and even less information is available for Austria. In the context of two recent studies, helminth parasitism was studied in 32 cows (23 from six farms in Bavaria and Tyrol; 9 from one farm in Saxony) from pasture-based dairy farms necropsied during the housing period. Helminths were enumerated and identified based on morphological characters (all helminths but rumen flukes) or molecular techniques (rumen flukes). Thirteen species of gastrointestinal nematodes and two species each of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum) and rumen flukes (Calicophoron daubneyi, Paramphistomum leydeni) were recorded; no lungworms were recovered from any cow. Early fourth-stage (inhibited) larval Ostertagia species nematodes (210 to 140,600) were recovered from all cows, 31 each had adult Ostertagia ostertagi/Ostertagia lyrata (40 to 2020) and Trichostrongylus axei (10 to 53,400), 23 Oesophagostomum radiatum (1 to 242) and 20 Cooperia punctata (10 to 3330). Other nematodes present in descending order of prevalence were: Cooperia oncophora/Cooperia surnabada, Ostertagia leptospicularis/Ostertagia kolchida, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Chabertia ovina, Nematodirus helvetianus, Trichostrongylus longispicularis, Haemonchus contortus and Aonchotheca bilobata. The cows from Bavaria and Tyrol harbored more total gastrointestinal nematodes than that from Saxony (geometric mean adult plus inhibited larval nematodes, 6510 vs. 2051, respectively). However, in both cohorts of cows abomasal nematodes accounted for ∼97% of the total nematode burden with inhibited larval Ostertagia species nematodes contributing over 70% of the total gastrointestinal nematode burden and ∼ 96% of the Ostertagia species burden. Approximately 44%, 37% and 19% of the cows harbored <5000, 5000 to 10,000 or > 10,000 total gastrointestinal nematodes, respectively. Fecal nematode egg and coproculture nematode larval counts significantly correlated with the cows' total adult nematode burden (rs = 0.354, p < 0.05, and rs = 0.608, p < 0.001, respectively). Although the magnitude of nematode burden to exert production effects on dairy cows is not well defined and may vary relative to several factors including nutritional supplementation, the level of mixed parasitism found in this investigation supports consideration of grazing dairy cows in helminth control measures, especially at the time of housing in autumn.
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Mofid LS, Casapía M, Montresor A, Rahme E, Marquis GS, Vercruysse J, Allen LH, Blouin B, Razuri H, Pezo L, Gyorkos TW. Maternal postpartum deworming and infant milk intake: Secondary outcomes from a trial. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 17:e13183. [PMID: 33729674 PMCID: PMC8476434 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization recommends deworming to reduce soil-transmitted helminth (STH)-attributable morbidity in women of reproductive age, including pregnant and lactating women, to reduce blood loss, iron deficiency anaemia and nutrient malabsorption. This study assessed the impact of maternal postpartum deworming with albendazole approximately 1 day after delivery on infant milk intake among a subset of 216 randomly selected mother-infant pairs recruited into a large trial in Peru. Infant milk intake was measured using the deuterium-oxide method at 1- and 6-month postpartum. Maternal STH infection was measured at 6-month postpartum. At 1-month postpartum, mean intake was 756 ± 16 and 774 ± 18 mL day-1 in the albendazole and placebo groups, respectively (mean difference: -18 mL day-1 ; 95% CI: -65, 30). At 6-month postpartum, mean intake was 903 ± 16 and 908 ± 18 mL day-1 in the albendazole and placebo groups, respectively (mean difference: -5 mL day-1 ; 95% CI: -52, 43). There was no statistically significant difference in milk intake between groups at either time point. At 6-month postpartum, mothers infected with Trichuris trichiura had infants with higher milk intakes (adjusted mean difference: 70 mL day-1 ; 95% CI: 20, 120) compared with uninfected mothers. However, there was no statistically significant difference in infant milk intake between mothers who had moderate-and-heavy intensity infection compared with the comparison group (mothers with no and light intensity infection). A lower prevalence and intensity of infection, and inclusion of uninfected mothers in both arms of the trial, resulting in effect dilution, may explain the null findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla S. Mofid
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational HealthMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Parasite Epidemiology and ControlMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for Outcomes Research and EvaluationResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalQuébecCanada
| | | | - Antonio Montresor
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical DiseasesWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Elham Rahme
- Centre for Outcomes Research and EvaluationResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Grace S. Marquis
- School of Human NutritionMcGill UniversitySainte Anne‐de‐BellevueQuébecCanada
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Lindsay H. Allen
- USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brittany Blouin
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational HealthMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Parasite Epidemiology and ControlMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for Outcomes Research and EvaluationResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Hugo Razuri
- Centre for Outcomes Research and EvaluationResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalQuébecCanada
| | | | - Theresa W. Gyorkos
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational HealthMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Parasite Epidemiology and ControlMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for Outcomes Research and EvaluationResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontréalQuébecCanada
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6
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The influence of liver fluke infection on production in sheep and cattle: a meta-analysis. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:913-924. [PMID: 33901437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver flukes (Fasciola spp.) are important parasites of ruminant livestock worldwide, causing profound damage to animal health and productivity. Many reviews have discussed the results of decades of research on the impact of fluke on livestock traits such as weight gain and milk production, but there have been no known attempts to collate previous research in a quantitative manner or to determine the factors that vary between studies that find substantial effects of fluke and others concluding that effects of fluke are negligible. Here, we use meta-analysis to provide quantitative "global" estimates of the impact of liver fluke on animal performance, and to identify elements of study design ("moderators") that influence variation between studies in their outcome. A literature search provided 233 comparisons of performance in fluke-infected and uninfected animals. We standardised these data as log response ratios and calculated effect size variances to weight studies by the accuracy of their estimates. We performed multi-level meta-analysis to estimate effects of fluke infection on daily weight gain, live weight, carcass weight, total weight gain and milk production. There were statistically-supported negative effects of fluke infection on daily weight gain, live weight and carcass weight (9%, 6% and 0.6% reductions, respectively), but not on total weight gain or milk production. A mixed-effects meta-analysis revealed that studies of younger animals found more severe effects of fluke on weight gain and that effects on live weight increased with time since infection. Limitations to the data that could be analysed, including a lack of statistical reporting in older papers and variation in the outcome variables measured, may have explained the relatively limited influence of modifiers that we detected. Our results provide, to our knowledge, the first quantitative estimate of the impact of liver fluke on performance across studies and highlight some elements of study design that can influence conclusions.
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7
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Takeuchi-Storm N, Thamsborg SM, Enemark HL, Boes J, Williams D, Denwood MJ. Association between milk yield and milk anti-Fasciola hepatica antibody levels, and the utility of bulk tank milk samples for assessing within-herd prevalence on organic dairy farms. Vet Parasitol 2021; 291:109374. [PMID: 33662712 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is an important disease of livestock that is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. Estimates of the impact of infection on milk yield vary, likely reflecting different geographical locations, farm-level management, and diagnostic methods. Measuring anti-Fasciola antibodies on bulk tank milk (BTM) by ELISA provides a convenient herd-level diagnosis, but the utility of this test remains unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the utility of BTM ELISA test results in Danish organic dairy farms, including estimating the association between 305 day energy corrected milk yield (305d ECM) and F. hepatica infection both at individual and herd level. BTM samples from 218 organic farms were analysed using IDEXX ELISA and subsequently the farmers were interviewed during spring 2016 with the aim of characterising their management practices. The corresponding farm-level production data covering the period 2014-2017 were collected from the Danish national cattle registry. In the following year, 284 individual milk samples (4-7 per herd) along with BTM samples were collected from a subset of the same herds (n = 55). Linear mixed models were used to estimate the association between milk production and ELISA value at both individual and farm levels, and a generalised additive model was used to assess the relationship between within-herd prevalence and BTM ELISA. A dichotomised BTM result with positive outcome was associated with a reduction of 580.5 kg in average 305d ECM, and a positive outcome on individual-level ELISA was associated with a 919.5 kg reduction in milk yield for cows in their third or later lactations. A strong relationship between quantitative BTM ELISA sample to positive percentage (S/P%) and apparent within-herd prevalence based on dichotomised individual-level milk ELISA was also observed, although this relationship was non-linear in nature. We conclude that a useful indication of the within-herd prevalence of infection can be obtained from BTM ELISA following categorisation as negative, low, medium or high according to S/P% cut-offs of approximately 30, 80, and 150. This approach represents a cheap and useful diagnostic tool for monitoring the long-term success of control strategies for F. hepatica infections on a dairy farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Takeuchi-Storm
- Veterinary Parasitology, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Veterinary Parasitology, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jaap Boes
- JBO Consult, Torvegade 24A, DK-7800 Skive, Denmark.
| | - Diana Williams
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Matthew J Denwood
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Thapa Shrestha U, Adhikari N, Kafle S, Shrestha N, Banjara MR, Steneroden K, Bowen R, Rijal KR, Adhikari B, Ghimire P. Effect of deworming on milk production in dairy cattle and buffaloes infected with gastrointestinal parasites in the Kavrepalanchowk district of central Nepal. Vet Rec Open 2020; 7:e000380. [PMID: 32153784 PMCID: PMC7045067 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Nepal, knowledge of proper handling, management and causes of cattle diseases is still limited. The main objective of this study was to explore the impact of deworming on milk production and its effect on milk qualities. Methods A total of 200 faecal samples (100 buffaloes and 100 cows) were collected and analysed for parasitic burden. Half of the infected cattle (buffaloes, Bos bubalis; cow native, B indicus; European, B taurus) were then dewormed with Levamisole Hydrochloride-Oxyclozanide bolus, and the remaining 50 per cent were left untreated. The milk yield from both infected and dewormed cattle was recorded for 30 days and the qualities of milk were analysed. Results The prevalence of parasitic infection was found to be 22.0 per cent. Fasciola hepatica was the predominant parasite (81.8 per cent), followed by Toxocara vitulorum (34.1 per cent), Strongyloidespapillosus (6.8 per cent) and Bunostomum phlebotomum (4.5 per cent). The average milk yield (litre/day/cow) significantly increased, which was 1.22 litres per day for treated cows and 1.06 litres for treated buffaloes. The intervention effect of deworming among cows was 0.79 (14.06 per cent increment) and for buffaloes was 0.42 (8.32 per cent increment). After deworming the infected cattle, the protein percentage was significantly improved in cows (P=0.035), whereas the lactose percentage and solid percentage had increased significantly in buffaloes (P=0.002 and P=0.028). Conclusion Antiparasitic treatment in cattle had positive effects on milk qualities such as solid non-fat, lactose, solid percentage and total protein percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Thapa Shrestha
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal.,Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal.,Department of Microbiology, Kantipur College of Medical Science, Sitapaila, Nepal
| | - Nabaraj Adhikari
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal.,Department of Microbiology, Kantipur College of Medical Science, Sitapaila, Nepal
| | - Samarpan Kafle
- Department of Microbiology, Kantipur College of Medical Science, Sitapaila, Nepal
| | - Nabaraj Shrestha
- Regional Directorates of Livestock Services, Birendranagar, Nepal
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Katie Steneroden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Komal Raj Rijal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Bipin Adhikari
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prakash Ghimire
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
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9
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Imbahale SS, Montaña Lopez J, Brew J, Paaijmans K, Rist C, Chaccour C. Mapping the potential use of endectocide-treated cattle to reduce malaria transmission. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5826. [PMID: 30967606 PMCID: PMC6456610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating cattle with endectocide is a longstanding veterinary practice to reduce the load of endo and ectoparasites, but has the potential to be added to the malaria control and elimination toolbox, as it also kills malaria mosquitoes feeding on the animals. Here we used openly available data to map the areas of the African continent where high malaria prevalence in 2-10 year old children coincides with a high density of cattle and high density of the partly zoophilic malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. That is, mapping the areas where treating cattle with endectocide would potentially have the greatest impact on reducing malaria transmission. In regions of Africa that are not dominated by rainforest nor desert, the map shows a scatter of areas in several countries where this intervention shows potential, including central and eastern sub-Saharan Africa. The savanna region underneath the Sahel in West Africa appears as the climatic block that would benefit to the largest extent from this intervention, encompassing several countries. West Africa currently presents the highest under-10 malaria prevalence and elimination within the next twenty years cannot be contemplated there with currently available interventions alone, making the use of endectocide treated cattle as a complementary intervention highly appealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Imbahale
- Department of Applied and Technical Biology, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julia Montaña Lopez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Joe Brew
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Krijn Paaijmans
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Cassidy Rist
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Carlos Chaccour
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique. .,Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania. .,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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10
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Vande Velde F, Charlier J, Claerebout E. Farmer Behavior and Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Ruminant Livestock-Uptake of Sustainable Control Approaches. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:255. [PMID: 30386785 PMCID: PMC6198092 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are a common constraint in pasture-based herds and cause a decrease in animal health, productivity and farm profitability. Current control practices to prevent production losses of GIN infections in livestock depend largely on the use of anthelmintic drugs. However, due to the continued use of these drugs over more than three decades, the industry is now increasingly confronted with nematode populations resistant to the available anthelmintics. This emerging anthelmintic resistance (AR) in cattle nematodes emphasizes the need for a change toward more sustainable control approaches that limit, prevent or reverse the development of AR. The uptake of diagnostic methods for sustainable control could enable more informed treatment decisions and reduce excessive anthelmintic use. Different diagnostic and targeted or targeted selective anthelmintic control approaches that slow down the selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance have been developed and evaluated recently. Now it is time to transform these insights into guidelines for sustainable control and communicate them across the farmer community. This article reviews the current uptake of such sustainable practices with a focus on farmer's socio-psychological factors affecting this uptake. We investigate communication as a possible tool to change current behavior and successfully implement more sustainable anthelmintic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Vande Velde
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Communication Studies, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Maina F, Mburu J, Gitau G, VanLeeuwen J, Negusse Y. Economic efficiency of milk production among small-scale dairy farmers in Mukurweini, Nyeri County, kenya. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5897/jdae2017.0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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Bellet C, Green M, Bradley A, Kaler J. Short- and long-term association between individual levels of milk antibody against Ostertagia ostertagi and first-lactation heifer’s production performances. Vet Parasitol 2018; 256:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lawrence KE, Tulley WJ, Scott I, Pomroy WE. The effect of mid-lactation treatment with topically applied eprinomectin on milk production in nine New Zealand dairy farms. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 10:95-101. [PMID: 31014608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The New Zealand dairy industry has shown little interest in exploring the impact of gastrointestinal parasitism on productivity in adult dairy cattle and as a consequence there has been little research completed. A randomised clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of mid-lactation anthelmintic treatment on milk production under the extensive New Zealand pastoral dairying system. A random sample of cows from nine commercial dairy herds in the Manawatu region of New Zealand was treated once with pour-on eprinomectin at the dose rate of 0.5mg/kg during the afternoon milking in the period 6 Jan 2013 to 24 Jan 2013. The treatment cows (n=540) were matched to control cows (n=540) within their respective herds and the change in milk production, recorded at the first two herd tests after treatment, was analysed using a linear mixed effects model. The study found a small but significant increase in energy corrected milk production of 0.35kg/day (95% CI 0.05-0.64) at the first and second herd tests after treatment. There were no significant interactions found between treatment and age or between treatment and the bulk tank Ostertagia antibody ELISA ODR indicating that the beneficial response to eprinomectin treatment appeared independent of age of animal or ODR result. A concurrent North Island drought may have affected the response to treatment. Even so, the small effect of eprinomectin treatment on milk production found in this trial is, we believe, not sufficient to advocate whole herd treatment of dairy cows in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lawrence
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - W J Tulley
- The Evidence Based Veterinary Consultancy, Redhills, Penrith, United Kingdom.
| | - I Scott
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - W E Pomroy
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Ali MS, Saeed K, Rashid I, Ijaz M, Akbar H, Rashid M, Ashraf K. Anthelmintic Drugs: Their Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness in Different Parity Cattle. J Parasitol 2017; 104:79-85. [PMID: 28976239 DOI: 10.1645/17-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are responsible for economic losses in bovines and are characterized by reduced milk production, decreased working efficiency, and even death. In our study, the effect of different anthelmintic treatments on nematode control in different parity cattle (Friesian crossbreds) at calving and their effect on milk yield were evaluated. The economics of anthelmintics and farm benefits in terms of increased milk production after deworming was also calculated. We screened cattle of first and second parity for nematodes. Animals were randomly selected in each group. In first parity animals, there were 23 positive cattle found, which were divided into 3 different groups, while in second parity animals there were 20 positive cattle which were also divided into 3 groups. For treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes, we used albendazole (velbazine) at 10 mg/kg body weight and levamisole (Nilverm®) at 7.5 mg/kg. In this study, both drugs were found effective in controlling nematode infections in cattle. Percentage reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) by albendazole was 48.20, 85.34, and 93.90% and 51.54, 81.43, 91.74% on day 7, 14, and 21 in first and second parity animals, respectively. Percentage reduction of EPG by levamisole was 44.45, 76.92, and 88.03% and 46.60, 73.78, 85.43% on day 7, 14, and 21 in first and second parity animals, respectively. The average increase in milk production in albendazole-treated groups was 0.39 and 0.92 L per day while increases in levamisole treated groups were 0.27 and 0.55 L per day in first and second parity cattle, respectively. After treatment, albendazole increased the milk fat by 0.07 and 0.1% while levamisole decreased by 0.02 and 0.05% in first and second parity cattle, respectively. It is concluded that anthelmintic treatments of recently calved cattle have a significant effect on milk production due to the nematode control. Milk production increased significantly in second parity cattle following anthelmintic treatment as compared to first parity animals. Levamisole had a negative effect on fat concentration in cattle while albendazole-treated cattle showed a positive effect. Albendazole has been found more efficient in reducing EPG of helminths in both parity animals as compared to levamisole-treated animals while the cost-benefit ratio of levamisole was greater than albendazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqib Ali
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Saeed
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Akbar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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A multi-country study to assess the effect of a treatment with moxidectin pour-on during the dry period on milk production in dairy cows. Vet Parasitol 2017; 237:104-109. [PMID: 28259556 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A randomized clinical study was conducted in a total of 45 commercial dairy farms in France (14 farms), Germany (28 farms) and the UK (3 farms) to evaluate the effect of an anthelmintic treatment on milk yield in the subsequent lactation. A total of 1287 animals with suspected exposure to Ostertagia ostertagi were included in the study. Animals were treated during the dry period (7-77days before parturition) with moxidectin pour-on (Cydectin® 0.5% Pour-On, Zoetis; 638 animals) or left untreated (649 animals) according to a randomized block design. Animals were either heifers (n=296) or multiparous cows (n=991). The milk production was monitored at regular intervals after treatment up to 335days after lactation, and analysed using a general linear mixed model with the milk production as outcome variable and several random effects. The effect on milk yield after anthelmintic treatment over the whole subsequent lactation varied from no effect (-0.43kg/day; P=0.35) to an increase of milk yield with 2.35kg/day (P=0.01), depending on the study region and parity of the cows. Lactation curve analysis suggested that the treatment effect was mainly caused by a slower decay of the milk production in the treated animals compared to untreated animals. The present study highlights the beneficial effect of a topical treatment with moxidectin before parturition on milk yield in the subsequent lactation, as well as the importance of a careful evaluation of nematode exposure risk based on local grazing management practices to guide and target production-based anthelmintic treatment decisions.
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Design and evaluation of multi-indicator profiles for targeted-selective treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes at housing in adult dairy cows. Vet Parasitol 2017; 237:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Picinin L, Toaldo I, Hoff R, Souza F, Leite M, Fonseca L, Diniz S, Silva M, Haddad J, Cerqueira M, Bordignon-Luiz M. Climate conditions associated with the occurrence of antimicrobial and macrocyclic lactone residues in bulk tank milk. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to identify the climate condition parameters that are associated with the occurrence of antimicrobial and macrocyclic lactone residues in bulk tank milk using a multivariate principal components analysis (PCA). A total of 132 raw milk samples were collected at dairy farms in Minas Gerais State in Brazil and analyzed for 35 analytes, comprising macrocyclic lactones and antibacterials, using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem mode spectrometry. Of the 132 samples, 34 (25.76%) bulk tank milk samples were positive for at least one analyte. PCA showed that antimicrobial residues in bulk tank milk occurred less frequently on days with a higher average temperature, maximum temperature and temperature-humidity index. In contrast, relative humidity was inversely associated with antimicrobial residues in raw milk. The PCA showed that daily milk production was also related to macrocyclic lactone residues, while rainfall showed an inverse association. Thus, some climate conditions, such as average temperature, maximum temperature and temperature-humidity index, can predict the moments with lower risk of occurrence of antimicrobial residues in bulk tank milk, in contrast to relative humidity. Furthermore, the risk of macrocyclic lactone residues in bulk tank milk was higher in months with less rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.C.A. Picinin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - I.M. Toaldo
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - R.B. Hoff
- Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Brazil
| | - F.N. Souza
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M.O. Leite
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - S.A. Diniz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M.X. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Bullen SL, Beggs DS, Mansell PD, Runciman DJ, Malmo J, Playford MC, Pyman MF. Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of dairy cattle in the Macalister Irrigation District of Victoria. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:35-41. [PMID: 26814160 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematode parasites of cattle on commercial dairy farms in the Macalister Irrigation District of Gippsland, Victoria. METHODS Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs) were used to assess anthelmintic resistance on 20 Macalister Irrigation District dairy farms between May 2013 and June 2014. All three currently available anthelmintic classes for cattle nematodes in Australia were tested. Faecal samples were collected 10-14 days post-treatment for individual faecal egg counts (FEC) and larval differentiation. The arithmetic mean FEC for each treatment group was compared with an untreated control post-treatment. Resistance was defined as <95% reduction in FEC, with a lower 95% confidence interval <90% when the mean FEC of the control group, differentiated by genus, was greater than 25 eggs/g. RESULTS Anthelmintic resistance was present on all 20 dairy farms involved in this study. Resistance to doramectin in at least one species was detected on 15/20 (70%) farms, fenbendazole on 16/20 (80%) farms and levamisole on 5/20 (25%) farms. On three farms, resistance by Ostertagia ostertagi to all three anthelmintic classes was detected. CONCLUSION This is the first report of anthelmintic-resistant O. ostertagi on Australian dairy farms. Resistance to all three available anthelmintic classes is of concern, given the high pathogenicity of this species. The study highlights the need for veterinarians and dairy farmers to be aware of the risks posed by anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Bullen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia. .,Maffra Veterinary Centre, Maffra, Victoria, Australia.
| | - D S Beggs
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - P D Mansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - D J Runciman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.,Maffra Veterinary Centre, Maffra, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Malmo
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.,Maffra Veterinary Centre, Maffra, Victoria, Australia
| | - M C Playford
- Dawbuts Pty Ltd, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M F Pyman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of continuous housing systems for dairy cows, with various reasons put forward to advocate such systems. However, the welfare of dairy cows is typically perceived to be better within pasture-based systems, although such judgements are often not scientifically based. The aim of this review was to interrogate the existing scientific literature to compare the welfare, including health, of dairy cows in continuously housed and pasture-based systems. Although summarising existing work, knowledge gaps and directions for future research are also identified. The scope of the review is broad, examining relevant topics under three main headings; health, behaviour and physiology. Regarding health, cows on pasture-based systems had lower levels of lameness, hoof pathologies, hock lesions, mastitis, uterine disease and mortality compared with cows on continuously housed systems. Pasture access also had benefits for dairy cow behaviour, in terms of grazing, improved lying/resting times and lower levels of aggression. Moreover, when given the choice between pasture and indoor housing, cows showed an overall preference for pasture, particularly at night. However, the review highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of cow preference and behaviour. Potential areas for concern within pasture-based systems included physiological indicators of more severe negative energy balance, and in some situations, the potential for compromised welfare with exposure to unpredictable weather conditions. In summary, the results from this review highlight that there remain considerable animal welfare benefits from incorporating pasture access into dairy production systems.
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Elevated temperatures and long drought periods have a negative impact on survival and fitness of strongylid third stage larvae. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:229-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ravinet N, Chartier C, Bareille N, Lehebel A, Ponnau A, Brisseau N, Chauvin A. Unexpected Decrease in Milk Production after Fenbendazole Treatment of Dairy Cows during Early Grazing Season. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147835. [PMID: 26808824 PMCID: PMC4725748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infection can impair milk production (MP) in dairy cows. To investigate whether MP would be optimized by spring targeted-selective anthelmintic treatment in grazing cows, we assessed (1) the effect on MP of an anthelmintic treatment applied 1.5 to 2 months after turn-out, and (2) herd and individual indicators associated with the post-treatment MP response. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 13 dairy farms (578 cows) in western France in spring 2012. In each herd, lactating cows of the treatment group received fenbendazole orally, control cows remained untreated. Daily cow MP was recorded from 2 weeks before until 15 weeks after treatment. Individual serum pepsinogen and anti-Ostertagia antibody levels (expressed as ODR), faecal egg count and bulk tank milk (BTM) Ostertagia ODR were measured at treatment time. Anthelmintic treatment applied during the previous housing period was recorded for each cow. In each herd, information regarding heifers’ grazing and anthelmintic treatment history was collected to assess the Time of Effective Contact (TEC, in months) with GIN infective larvae before the first calving. The effect of treatment on weekly MP averages and its relationships with herd and individual indicators were studied using linear mixed models with two nested random effects (cow within herd). Unexpectedly, spring treatment had a significant detrimental effect on MP (-0.92 kg/cow/day on average). This negative MP response was particularly marked in high producing cows, in cows not treated during the previous housing period or with high pepsinogen levels, and in cows from herds with a high TEC or a high BTM ODR. This post-treatment decrease in MP may be associated with immuno-inflammatory mechanisms. Until further studies can assess whether this unexpected result can be generalized, non-persistent treatment of immunized adult dairy cows against GIN should not be recommended in early grazing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ravinet
- IDELE, French Livestock Institute, UMT Cattle Herd Health Management, Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christophe Chartier
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Bareille
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Lehebel
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
| | - Adeline Ponnau
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
| | - Nadine Brisseau
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
| | - Alain Chauvin
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
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Mavrot F, Hertzberg H, Torgerson P. Effect of gastro-intestinal nematode infection on sheep performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:557. [PMID: 26496893 PMCID: PMC4619485 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are common in domestic sheep and impact directly and indirectly on the health of infected animals as well as on the associated economic production. In this study, we aim at summarizing the current knowledge on the influence of GIN infections on sheep production by conducting a systematic review. A subsequent meta-analysis of relevant studies was performed to provide an estimate of the effect of GIN infections on weight gain, wool production and milk yield. Methods A literature search was performed on the CAB, Pubmed and Web of Science database for the period 1960–2012. Inclusion criteria were: 1) Measurement of at least one production parameter. 2) Comparison between groups of sheep with different nematode burdens. 3) Same conditions regarding all aspects except parasite burden between groups. 4) Quantitative measurements of one or more production traits. Results Altogether, 88 studies describing 218 trials were included in this review. The majority of studies (86 %) reported that GIN infections had a negative effect on production but this was reported to be statistically significant in only 43 % of the studies. Meta-analysis indicated that performances of sheep infected with nematodes was 85, 90 and 78 % of the performance in uninfected individuals for weight gain, wool production and milk yield respectively. Our results suggest a possible reporting bias or small study effect for the estimation of the impact of GIN infections on weight gain. Finally, a general linear model provided an estimate for the decrease in weight gain in relation to the increase in faecal egg count of nematodes. Conclusion This study underlines the importance of GIN infections for sheep production and highlights the need to improve parasite management in sheep, in particular in face of challenges such as anthelmintic resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1164-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Mavrot
- Section for Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Paul Torgerson
- Section for Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Karanikola SN, Krücken J, Ramünke S, de Waal T, Höglund J, Charlier J, Weber C, Müller E, Kowalczyk SJ, Kaba J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Demeler J. Development of a multiplex fluorescence immunological assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against Cooperia oncophora, Dictyocaulus viviparus and Fasciola hepatica in cattle. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:335. [PMID: 26084663 PMCID: PMC4492007 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major constraint for the effective control and management of helminth parasites is the lack of rapid, high-throughput, routine diagnostic tests to assess the health status of individual animals and herds and to identify the parasite species responsible for these helminthoses. The capability of a multiplex platform for the simultaneous detection of three pasture associated parasite species was evaluated and compared to existing ELISAs. Methods The recombinant antigens 14.2 kDa ES protein for Cooperia oncophora, major sperm protein for Dictyocaulus viviparus and Cathepsin L1 for Fasciola hepatica were recombinantly expressed either in Escherichia coli or Pichia pastoris. Antigens were covalently coupled onto magnetic beads. Optimal concentrations for coupling were determined following the examination of serum samples collected from experimentally mono-infected animals, before and after their infection with the target species. Absence of cross-reactivity was further determined with sera from calves mono-infected with Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Examination of negative serum samples was characterised by low median fluorescence intensity (MFI). Results Establishment of the optimal serum dilution of 1:200 was achieved for all three bead sets. Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses were performed to obtain cut-off MFI values for each parasite separately. Sensitivity and specificity at the chosen cut-off values were close to, or 100 % for all bead sets. Examination of serum samples collected on different days post infection from different animals showed a high reproducibility of the assays. Serum samples were additionally examined with two already established ELISAs, an in-house ELISA using the recombinant MSP as an antigen and a DRG ELISA using Cathepsin L1 for liver fluke. The results between the assays were compared and kappa tests revealed an overall good agreement. Conclusions A versatile bead-based assay using fluorescence detection (xMAP® technology) was developed to simultaneously detect antibodies against C. oncophora, D. viviparus and F. hepatica in cattle serum samples. This platform provides rapid, high-throughput results and is highly sensitive and specific in comparison to existing serological as well as coproscopical diagnostic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia N Karanikola
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ramünke
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Theo de Waal
- UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology (SWEPAR), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Johannes Charlier
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Slawomir J Kowalczyk
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Science, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jaroslaw Kaba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Science, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Janina Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Knapp-Lawitzke F, Krücken J, Ramünke S, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Demeler J. Rapid selection for β-tubulin alleles in codon 200 conferring benzimidazole resistance in an Ostertagia ostertagi isolate on pasture. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Richards S, VanLeeuwen J, Shepelo G, Gitau GK, Kamunde C, Uehlinger F, Wichtel J. Associations of farm management practices with annual milk sales on smallholder dairy farms in Kenya. Vet World 2015; 8:88-96. [PMID: 27047003 PMCID: PMC4777818 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.88-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Cows on smallholder dairy farms (SDF) in developing countries such as Kenya typically produce volumes of milk that are well below their genetic potential. An epidemiological study was conducted to determine reasons for this low milk production, including limited use of best management practices, such as suboptimal nutritional management. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study of 111 SDF was performed in Nyeri County, Kenya in June of 2013 determining the effect of cow factors, farmer demographics and farm management practices on the volume of milk sold per cow per year (kg milk sold/cow). In particular, the effect of feeding high protein fodder trees and other nutritional management practices were examined. Results: Approximatly 38% of farmers fed fodder trees, but such feeding was not associated with volume of milk sold per cow, likely due to the low number of fodder trees per farm. Volume of milk sold per cow was positively associated with feeding dairy meal during the month prior to calving, feeding purchased hay during the past year, deworming cows every 4 or more months (as opposed to more regularly), and having dairy farming as the main source of family income. Volume of milk sold per cow was negatively associated with a household size of >5 people and feeding Napier grass at >2 meters in height during the dry season. An interaction between gender of the principal farmer and feed shortages was noted; volume of milk sold per cow was lower when female farmers experienced feed shortages whereas milk sold per cow was unaffected when male farmers experienced feed shortages. Conclusions: These demographic and management risk factors should be considered by smallholder dairy farmers and their advisors when developing strategies to improve income from milk sales and animal-source food availability for the farming families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna Richards
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown PEI Canada, C1A 4P3
| | - John VanLeeuwen
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown PEI Canada, C1A 4P3
| | - Getrude Shepelo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Karuoya Gitau
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins Kamunde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown PEI Canada, C1A 4P3
| | - Fabienne Uehlinger
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK Canada, S7N 5B4
| | - Jeff Wichtel
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown PEI Canada, C1A 4P3
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Sutherland IA, Bullen SL. Parasite control in pasture-grazed dairy cattle: are we at the edge of a precipice? ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites are one of the most production-limiting infections of pasture-based dairy cattle in Australasia. Intensification of dairy production systems in both countries has meant that farmers have come to rely heavily on anthelmintic drenches to control GIN parasitism. However, anthelmintic resistance is now widespread in New Zealand, particularly to the market-leading macrocyclic-lactones. Less work has been conducted on anthelmintic resistance in Australia but preliminary results of a study currently underway suggests that there are high levels of resistance on Victorian dairy farms. The identification and mitigation of risk factors for the development of resistance is crucial for long-term sustainability of control. These include the use of drenches with variable efficacy – particularly pour-on and injectable formulations. New Zealand studies suggest that this may be as a result of active not reaching parasites within the gut lumen as effectively as oral formulations. Also, the raising of young stock as monocultures is a risk factor for the development of resistance as it significantly reduces the numbers of unselected (and presumably susceptible) parasites on pasture. These risks can be mitigated: using effective drenches removes more resistant parasites. This often means the use of combination products containing more than one anthelmintic class. Combination products are more effective in the face of existing resistance, and can slow the development of resistance. Also, ensuring an adequate level of unselected parasites on pasture for ingestion by young stock will delay the development of resistance. While there are differences between dairying systems, both countries are likely to benefit from more active and collaborative research efforts to improving parasite control practices on dairy farms in their respective countries.
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Charlier J, van der Voort M, Kenyon F, Skuce P, Vercruysse J. Chasing helminths and their economic impact on farmed ruminants. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:361-7. [PMID: 24888669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Global agriculture will be required to intensify production from a shrinking natural resource base. Helminth infections of ruminants are a major constraint on efficient livestock production. The current challenge is to develop diagnostic methods that detect the production impact of helminth infections on farms in order to target control measures and contribute to the global challenge of preserving food security. We review here our understanding of the effects of helminth infections and control practices on productivity and the diagnostic tools that can inform on this. By combining advances in helminth laboratory diagnostics and animal health economics, sustainable management of helminth infections can be integrated into the whole-farm economic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Charlier
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mariska van der Voort
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Social Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 115, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bio-Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Fiona Kenyon
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Philip Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Ravinet N, Bareille N, Lehebel A, Ponnau A, Chartier C, Chauvin A. Change in milk production after treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes according to grazing history, parasitological and production-based indicators in adult dairy cows. Vet Parasitol 2014; 201:95-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Predicting the effect of anthelmintic treatment on milk production of dairy cattle in Canada using an Ostertagia ostertagi ELISA from individual milk samples. Prev Vet Med 2013; 111:63-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Delafosse A. The association between Ostertagia ostertagi antibodies in bulk tank milk samples and parameters linked to cattle reproduction and mortality. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:212-20. [PMID: 23806747 PMCID: PMC7131757 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Western Europe, gastrointestinal nematodes are widespread in dairy cattle. This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between optical density ratio (ODR) measured on bulk tank milk with an indirect Ostertagia ostertagi ELISA and reproduction/mortality parameters. Data were collected between 2008 and 2010 from monitoring carried out on 1643 dairy herds (Normandy, Western France). ODR values of 3 samples from each farm taken from November 2008 to 2010 were averaged and then transformed into a categorical variable. Reproductive and mortality data were obtained from 1444 herds using cow records from government databases. Statistical analysis was carried out using ordinary logistic regression (OLR). The outcome variables were the case–control status of a herd for reproductive factors, age at first calving and inter-calving intervals, and mortality ratios of various age classes. The effect of the categorical ODR variable was studied and several potential confounder herd factors were used to improve the model fit. A significant relationship was found between high Ostertagia ODR levels and a late age at the first calving (>34.5 months) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.94, p < 0.001). No significant relationship was observed with OLR for inter-calving intervals although bivariate analysis showed that herds with high ODR levels had longer inter-calving intervals than herds with low ODR level (first inter-calving interval in herds with low vs. high ODR levels = 412 days vs. 422 days, p < 0.001; other inter-calving intervals = 408 days vs. 413 days, p < 0.01). A high ODR level was also associated with high mortality of calves between 0 and 30 days of life (mortality ratio > 6%) (OR = 1.43, p < 0.05) and between 91 and 365 days (ratio > 3%) (OR = 1.72, p < 0.01). No significant relationship was observed with multivariate approach for mortalities in other classes by age, but bivariate analysis showed that herds with high ODR level had higher mortalities than herds with low ODR levels (mortality between 31 and 90 days in herds with low vs. high ODR levels = 1.89% vs. 2.91%, p < 0.001; mortality after 365 days = 1.67% vs. 2.93%, p < 0.001). In conclusion, our results confirm the usefulness of ELISA as an indicator for production losses in dairy herds. This inexpensive tool could be advantageous, used to aid farmers and veterinarians to carry out appropriate control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delafosse
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de l'Orne, 61004 Alençon, France.
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31
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Rabiee AR, Breinhild K, Scott W, Golder HM, Block E, Lean IJ. Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and components: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3225-47. [PMID: 22612958 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to critically review randomized controlled trials, and quantify, using meta-analysis and meta-regression, the effects of supplementation with fats on milk production and components by dairy cows. We reviewed 59 papers, of which 38 (containing 86 comparisons) met eligibility criteria. Five groups of fats were evaluated: tallows, calcium salts of palm fat (Megalac, Church and Dwight Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ), oilseeds, prilled fat, and other calcium salts. Milk production responses to fats were significant, and the estimated mean difference was 1.05 kg/cow per day, but results were heterogeneous. Milk yield increased with increased difference in dry matter intake (DMI) between treatment and control groups, decreased with predicted metabolizable energy (ME) balance between these groups, and decreased with increased difference in soluble protein percentage of the diet between groups. Decreases in DMI were significant for Megalac, oilseeds, and other Ca salts, and approached significance for tallow. Feeding fat for a longer period increased DMI, as did greater differences in the amount of soluble protein percentage of the diet between control and treatment diets. Tallow, oilseeds, and other Ca salts reduced, whereas Megalac increased, milk fat percentage. Milk fat percentage effects were heterogeneous for fat source. Differences between treatment and control groups in duodenal concentrations of C18:2 and C 18:0 fatty acids and Mg percentage reduced the milk fat percentage standardized mean difference. Milk fat yield responses to fat treatments were very variable. The other Ca salts substantially decrease, and the Megalac and oilseeds increased, fat yield. Fat yield increased with increased DMI difference between groups and was lower with an increased estimated ME balance between treatment and control groups, indicating increased partitioning of fat to body tissue reserves. Feeding fats decreased milk protein percentage, but results were heterogeneous. An increased number of milkings increased the milk protein percentage, whereas the difference between the treatment and control groups in duodenal concentrations of 18:2 fatty acids and dietary Mg concentration reduced the milk protein percentage. None of the fat treatments influenced milk protein production. The range of responses to different fats fed approached or exceeded 5 standard deviations from the mean and differed in point direction for all variables studied, indicating the varied and profound biological effects of fats. Responses to fat feeding were highly heterogeneous for all variables studied and heterogeneity was present within responses to individual fat groups. The lower DMI combined with higher milk and milk fat production showed that fats could improve the efficiency of milk production. More studies are required to more completely characterize sources of variation in responses to fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rabiee
- SBScibus, PO Box 660, Camden 2570, New South Wales, Australia
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32
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The effect of repeated, four-weekly eprinomectin treatment on milk production in pasture-based, seasonally-calving dairy cattle. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:250-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Poppy G, Rabiee A, Lean I, Sanchez W, Dorton K, Morley P. A meta-analysis of the effects of feeding yeast culture produced by anaerobic fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on milk production of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6027-41. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Cruz-Rojo MA, Martínez-Valladares M, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Teladorsagia circumcincta antibodies in serum and milk samples in experimentally infected lactating ewes. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:386-90. [PMID: 22551720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the IgG activity in serum and milk samples of experimentally infected lactating ewes with the nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta as well as its relationship to the degree of infection. In a previous study 28 pregnant ewes were divided into two homogeneous groups, with high (H) and low (L) level of parasitism, respectively. Blood and milk samples were taken weekly after lambing until the end of the lactation, 126 days post-partum (pp). IgG against T. circumcincta were measured by means of an indirect ELISA. The kinetic of the immunoglubulins in serum samples showed a very low activity at the beginning but gradually increased throughout the lactation; H group showed higher values most of the sampled days than L group. Contrary, IgG in milk samples remained high during the first month pp, then decreased around 38% and by the end of the study rose again. Antibodies in both samples were correlated and especially during the second month of lactation (r=0.3; p<0.001). With the aim to correlate the immune response and the degree of infection we found an inverse relationship (r=-0.2; p<0.05) during the second month of lactation between eggs and IgG in serum. However the correlation with immunoglobulins in milk was positive, mainly, on the last third of lactation (r=0.2; p<0.01). As a conclusion, the individual detection of total IgG antibodies against T. circumcincta in lactating ewes is highly dependent on the stage of lactation. Therefore, these associations should be confirmed under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cruz-Rojo
- Universidad de León, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
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35
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Li RW, Choudhary RK, Capuco AV, Urban JF. Exploring the host transcriptome for mechanisms underlying protective immunity and resistance to nematode infections in ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:1-11. [PMID: 22819588 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nematode infections in ruminants are a major impediment to the profitable production of meat and dairy products, especially for small farms. Gastrointestinal parasitism not only negatively impacts weight gain and milk yield, but is also a major cause of mortality in small ruminants. The current parasite control strategy involves heavy use of anthelmintics that has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains. This, in addition to increasing consumer demand for animal products that are free of drug residues has stimulated development of alternative strategies, including selective breeding of parasite resistant ruminants. The development of protective immunity and manifestations of resistance to nematode infections relies upon the precise expression of the host genome that is often confounded by mechanisms simultaneously required to control multiple nematode species as well as ecto- and protozoan parasites, and microbial and viral pathogens. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes represents a key step toward development of effective new parasite control strategies. Recent progress in characterizing the transcriptome of both hosts and parasites, utilizing high-throughput microarrays and RNA-seq technology, has led to the recognition of unique interactions and the identification of genes and biological pathways involved in the response to parasitism. Innovative use of the knowledge gained by these technologies should provide a basis for enhancing innate immunity while limiting the polarization of acquired immunity can negatively affect optimal responses to co-infection. Strategies for parasite control that use diet and vaccine/adjuvant combination could be evaluated by monitoring the host transcriptome for induction of appropriate mechanisms for imparting parasite resistance. Knowledge of different mechanisms of host immunity and the critical regulation of parasite development, physiology, and virulence can also selectively identify targets for parasite control. Comparative transcriptome analysis, in concert with genome-wide association (GWS) studies to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting host resistance, represents a promising molecular technology to evaluate integrated control strategies that involve breed and environmental factors that contribute to parasite resistance and improved performance. Tailoring these factors to control parasitism without severely affecting production qualities, management efficiencies, and responses to pathogenic co-infection will remain a challenge. This review summarizes recent progress and limitations of understanding regulatory genetic networks and biological pathways that affect host resistance and susceptibility to nematode infection in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Li
- USDA-ARS, Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Charlier J, Levecke B, Devleesschauwer B, Vercruysse J, Hogeveen H. The economic effects of whole-herd versus selective anthelmintic treatment strategies in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2977-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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37
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Effect of infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta on milk production and composition in Assaf dairy sheep. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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A systematic review-meta-analysis of primary research investigating the effect of selected alternative treatments on gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep under field conditions. Prev Vet Med 2012; 104:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Overview of Meta-Analysis of Monensin in Dairy Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2012; 28:107-19, ix. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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40
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Charlier J, Van der Voort M, Hogeveen H, Vercruysse J. ParaCalc®—A novel tool to evaluate the economic importance of worm infections on the dairy farm. Vet Parasitol 2012; 184:204-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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41
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Reist M, Forbes AB, Bonfanti M, Beretta W, Pfister K. Effect of eprinomectin treatment on milk yield and quality in dairy cows in South Tyrol, Italy. Vet Rec 2011; 168:484. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Reist
- Institute of Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Leopoldstrasse 5 80802 Munich Germany
| | - A. B. Forbes
- Merial; 29 Avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - M. Bonfanti
- Merial Italia, Milanofiori; Strada 6 Palazzo E/5 20090 Assago MI Italy
| | - W. Beretta
- Via Panider 16 39020 Castelrotto BZ Italy
| | - K. Pfister
- Institute of Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Leopoldstrasse 5 80802 Munich Germany
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42
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Lean I, Rabiee A. Effect of feeding biotin on milk production and hoof health in lactating dairy cows: A quantitative assessment. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:1465-76. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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43
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Rabiee AR, Lean IJ, Stevenson MA, Socha MT. Effects of feeding organic trace minerals on milk production and reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows: a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:4239-51. [PMID: 20723697 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this meta-analysis were to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementation with the organic trace minerals (OTM; Availa-4 and 4-Plex, Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) on milk yield, composition, and component yields and reproductive performance in dairy cows. Twenty research papers and reports on the effects of OTM were considered in this meta-analysis. Criteria for inclusion in the study were information on the form of OTM, an adequate description of randomization, production and reproduction data, and associated measures of variance (SE or SD) and P-values. The OTM increased milk production by 0.93 kg [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.61 to 1.25], milk fat by 0.04 kg (95% CI=0.02 to 0.05), and milk protein by 0.03 kg (95% CI=0.02 to 0.04) per day. Milk SCC was not different in cows supplemented with OTM. All production outcomes except milk solids (yield) and milk SCC were heterogeneous. Meta-regression analysis showed that feeding before calving, feeding for a full lactation after calving, and the use of other supplements increased responses over feeding after calving only, feeding for part of lactation, or not using other supplements, respectively. Supplementation of cows with OTM reduced days open (weighted mean difference=13.5 d) and number of services per conception (weighted mean difference=0.27) in lactating dairy cows. The risk of pregnancy on d 150 of lactation was greater in cows fed OTM (risk ratio=1.07), but OTM had no significant effect on the interval from calving to first service and 21-d pregnancy rate. There was no evidence of heterogeneity for any of the reproductive outcomes evaluated. The results of this meta-analysis showed that organic trace mineral supplementation could improve production and reproduction in lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rabiee
- SBScibus, PO Box 660, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
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44
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Epidemiology and risk factors for exposure to gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy herds in northwestern Europe. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Hayhurst C, Bradley A, Forbes AB, Hunter K, Royal MD. Short communication: Genetic and nongenetic factors influencing Ostertagia ostertagi antibodies in UK Holstein-Friesian cattle. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2239-43. [PMID: 20412939 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate and discuss the genetic variation, heritability, and effects of nongenetic factors on the ability of Holstein-Friesian cows to produce an immune response by producing IgG antibodies to Ostertagia ostertagi. Total IgG (IgG(1) and IgG(2)) antibody levels were determined using an ELISA and measured using optical density ratio (ODR=OD(sample) - OD(negative control)/OD(positive control) - OD(negative control)) from milk samples collected from 1,276 Holstein-Friesian cattle in 229 commercial dairy farms from 2002 to 2004 during their first (82%) and other (2 to 12) lactations. A sire (n=461) model was fitted to the ODR data using ASREML software, and variance components were estimated. The ability to produce O. ostertagi antibodies as measured by ODR had a heritability of 0.13+/-0.12, and both season of sample and herd had a significant effect on total IgG levels. To conclude, this study has ascertained that genetic variation is present in the ability of dairy cows to mount an immune response to the parasite O. ostertagi. Inasmuch as evidence exists that IgG is linked to protective immunity against the parasite via a reduction in its reproductive ability, this trait may be of potential interest to genetic selection programs as an aid to reduce the effect of O. ostertagi in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hayhurst
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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Mardones F, Perez A, Sanchez J, Alkhamis M, Carpenter T. Parameterization of the duration of infection stages of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus: an analytical review and meta-analysis with application to simulation models. Vet Res 2010; 41:45. [PMID: 20205988 PMCID: PMC2850150 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is considered one of the most important infectious diseases of livestock because of the devastating economic consequences that it inflicts in affected regions. The value of critical parameters, such as the duration of the latency or the duration of the infectious periods, which affect the transmission rate of the FMD virus (FMDV), are believed to be influenced by characteristics of the host and the virus. Disease control and surveillance strategies, as well as FMD simulation models, will benefit from improved parameter estimation. The objective of this study was to quantify the distributions of variables associated with the duration of the latency, subclinical, incubation, and infectiousness periods of FMDV transmission. A double independent, systematic review of 19 retrieved publications reporting results from experimental trials, using 295 animals in four reference laboratories, was performed to extract individual values related to FMDV transmission. Probability density functions were fitted to data and a set of regression models were used to identify factors associated with the assessed parameters. Latent, subclinical, incubation, and infectious periods ranged from 3.1 to 4.8, 2 to 2.3, 5.5 to 6.6, and 3.3 to 5.7 days, respectively. Durations were significantly (p < 0.05) associated independently with route of exposure, type of donor, animal species, strains, characteristics of sampling, and clinical signs. These results will contribute to the improvement of disease control and surveillance strategies and stochastic models used to simulate FMD spread and, ultimately, development of cost-effective plans to prevent and control the potential spread of the disease in FMD-free regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Mardones
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Comparison of two different isolation methods of benzimidazoles and their metabolites in the bovine liver by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1779-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Effects of anthelmintic treatment on milk production in Sarda dairy ewes naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Charlier J, Vercruysse J, Smith J, Vanderstichel R, Stryhn H, Claerebout E, Dohoo I. Evaluation of anti-Ostertagia ostertagi antibodies in individual milk samples as decision parameter for selective anthelmintic treatment in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2010; 93:147-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Molina J, Hernández Y, Ruiz A, González J, Argüello A, Ferrer O, Forbes A. Preliminary study on the use of a Teladorsagia circumcincta bulk milk ELISA test in dairy goats under experimental conditions. Vet Parasitol 2009; 166:228-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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