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Javed MU, Ijaz M, Durrani AZ, Ali MM. On-farm epidemiology, virulence profiling, and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at goat farms. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106456. [PMID: 37981077 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) becomes a challenging issue that limits the therapeutic options for both veterinary and public health professionals. The current study aimed to investigate the on-farm epidemiology, antibiotics resisting profiling, virulence analysis, and molecular detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at the caprine-human interface. A total of 768 goat milk samples and 94 skin swabs from farm personnel were collected from 30 goat flocks and processed for isolation of S. aureus. The study isolates were confirmed as MRSA based on the oxacillin and cefoxitin disc diffusion test and the presence of mecA gene. MRSA isolates of goats and human origin were characterized and further evaluated for the presence of virulence genes responsible for intramammary infections and public health hazards. The results revealed 26.82 % and 27.79 % goat milk samples and human samples positive for S. aureus, respectively. A higher MRSA prevalence of 35.92 % and 10.71 % was found in goat and human isolates respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a lesser extent of homology in mecA gene of S. aureus isolates at the caprine-human interface. Moreover, this study revealed strong evolutionary connection between the study isolates and MRSA isolates of Pakistani cattle and buffalo while the in-silico protein analysis showed that all sequences have the same protein motifs resembling penicillin binding protein 2a. The risk factors analysis revealed that teat length, drainage system, hygienic measures during milking, use of teat dip, teat injury, and veterinary services were significantly associated with subclinical mastitis in goats. A total of 43.24 % of local MRSA isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR). The isolates showed higher resistance to oxytetracycline followed by gentamicin and vancomycin while moxifloxacin, and linezolid were among the susceptible antibiotics. Local MRSA isolates carried virulence markers (nuc and coag genes) and biofilm-associated icaA (43.24 %) and icaD (29.73 %) genes which are responsible for the intramammary infection. The local isolates also carried the virulence genes of public health concern including the enterotoxin C (sec) gene (24.3 %), enterotoxins B (seb) gene (5.41 %), and enterotoxin D (sed) gene (2.7 %). Enterotoxins A (sea) and E (see) genes were not detected in any isolate. The study concluded that MRSA is an emerging and prevailing pathogen in dairy goats with a high potential to transmit to associated human beings. The presence of a variety of virulence factors as well as the associated antibiotic resistance makes MRSA a potential threat at animal-human interface and thus demands further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Javed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Aneela Zameer Durrani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Muddassir Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ithurbide M, Wang H, Fassier T, Li Z, Pires J, Larsen T, Cao J, Rupp R, Friggens NC. Multivariate analysis of milk metabolite measures shows potential for deriving new resilience phenotypes. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8072-8086. [PMID: 37268569 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In a context of growing interest in breeding more resilient animals, a noninvasive indicator of resilience would be very valuable. We hypothesized that the time-course of concentrations of several milk metabolites through a short-term underfeeding challenge could reflect the variation of resilience mechanisms to such a challenge. We submitted 138 one-year-old primiparous goats, selected for extreme functional longevity (i.e., productive longevity corrected for milk yield [60 low longevity line goats and 78 high longevity line goats]), to a 2-d underfeeding challenge during early lactation. We measured the concentration of 13 milk metabolites and the activity of 1 enzyme during prechallenge, challenge, and recovery periods. Functional principal component analysis summarized the trends of milk metabolite concentration over time efficiently without preliminary assumptions concerning the shapes of the curves. We first ran a supervised prediction of the longevity line of the goats based on the milk metabolite curves. The partial least square analysis could not predict the longevity line accurately. We thus decided to explore the large overall variability of milk metabolite curves with an unsupervised clustering. The large year × facility effect on the metabolite concentrations was precorrected for. This resulted in 3 clusters of goats defined by different metabolic responses to underfeeding. The cluster that showed higher β-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, and triacylglycerols increase during the underfeeding challenge was associated with poorer survival compared with the other 2 clusters. These results suggest that multivariate analysis of noninvasive milk measures show potential for deriving new resilience phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ithurbide
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, Castanet Tolosan, France 31326.
| | - H Wang
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - T Fassier
- Domaine de Bourges, INRAE, Osmoy, France 78910
| | - Z Li
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - J Pires
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, Vetagro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France 63122
| | - T Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - J Cao
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - R Rupp
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, Castanet Tolosan, France 31326
| | - N C Friggens
- UMR 0791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Schoder D, Pelz A, Paulsen P. Transmission Scenarios of Listeria monocytogenes on Small Ruminant On-Farm Dairies. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020265. [PMID: 36673359 PMCID: PMC9858201 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes can cause severe foodborne infections in humans and invasive diseases in different animal species, especially in small ruminants. Infection of sheep and goats can occur via contaminated feed or through the teat canal. Both infection pathways result in direct (e.g., raw milk from an infected udder or fresh cheese produced from such milk) or indirect exposure of consumers. The majority of dairy farmers produces a high-risk product, namely fresh cheese made from raw ewe's and goat's milk. This, and the fact that L. monocytogenes has an extraordinary viability, poses a significant challenge to on-farm dairies. Yet, surprisingly, almost no scientific studies have been conducted dealing with the hygiene and food safety aspects of directly marketed dairy products. L. monocytogenes prevalence studies on small ruminant on-farm dairies are especially limited. Therefore, it was our aim to focus on three main transmission scenarios of this important major foodborne pathogen: (i) the impact of caprine and ovine listerial mastitis; (ii) the significance of clinical listeriosis and outbreak scenarios; and (iii) the impact of farm management and feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Schoder
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Food Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Vétérinaires sans Frontières Austria, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-25077-3520
| | - Alexandra Pelz
- Vétérinaires sans Frontières Austria, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Milk Pathogens in Correlation with Inflammatory, Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Markers in Goat Subclinical Mastitis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233245. [PMID: 36496766 PMCID: PMC9740090 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat mastitis is still frequently diagnosed in dairy farms, with serious consequences on milk quality and composition. The aim of this study was to establish correlations between milk microorganisms and biochemical parameters in goats with no signs of clinical mastitis. Thus, 76 milk samples were collected from a dairy goat farm, Carpathian breed, followed by microbiological, molecular (16S rRNA sequencing) and somatic cells analysis, determination of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), β-glucuronidase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxides (LPO) using spectrophotometry and the ELISA method for 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as the oxidative DNA damage indicator. Samples positive for bacterial growth showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the number of somatic cells, LDH and β-glucuronidase activity, as well as higher levels of CAT, GPx, NO, LPO and 8-OHdG compared with pathogen-free milk whereas TAC was lower in milk from an infected udder. These findings suggest that subclinical mastitis is associated with increased enzymatic activity and induction of oxidative stress. Nevertheless, changes in biochemical parameters tended to vary depending on the pathogen, the most notable mean values being observed overall in milk positive for Staphylococcus aureus.
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Gecaj RM, Ajazi FC, Bytyqi H, Mehmedi B, Çadraku H, Ismaili M. Somatic Cell Number, Physicochemical, and Microbiological Parameters of Raw Milk of Goats During the End of Lactation as Compared by Breeds and Number of Lactations. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:694114. [PMID: 34540931 PMCID: PMC8446551 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.694114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed for the evaluation of somatic cell count (SCC), physicochemical, and microbiological parameters during the end of lactation in the raw milk of Alpine and native Red goat breed. In the experiment, 102 milk samples from Alpine and native Red goats were included. Two different groups within the same breed were analyzed: a group consisting of animals in their first lactation and the second group consisting of animals from the fifth lactation. The milk samples were individually and daily collected during late lactation for three consecutive weeks, and milk fat, protein, lactose, SCC, and total bacteria with enterobacteria were assessed. Fresh milk of goats from late lactation period had a number of somatic cells (SC) within the expected value with log10 of 5.8–6.18 cells/ml for the compared groups. In both breeds, the total mesophilic bacteria were fewer in numbers, however, in the native Red goat, a larger population of such bacteria was enumerated. The number of coliforms and enterobacteria was below 100 cfu/ml. In the current study, we were able to show a significant difference among the studied breeds depending on lactation and season for fat (p = 0.002), but not for lactose and protein content. A positive correlation for total protein (TP), lactose, and fat as well as for lactose and SCC was found in the native Red goat breed. In the Alpine goat breed, a strong positive correlation (0.821**) was found for lactose and enterobacteria count (EC). In conclusion, these findings evaluate different goat milk parameters during late lactation period and provide an indirect measure to monitor goat mammary gland health for both breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rreze M Gecaj
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Flutura C Ajazi
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, University for Business and Technology-Higher Education Institution, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Hysen Bytyqi
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Blerta Mehmedi
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Hazir Çadraku
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, University for Business and Technology-Higher Education Institution, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Muharrem Ismaili
- Institute of Microbiology, Vifor Pharma, Glattbrugg, Switzerland
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Abstract
Subclinical mastitis (SCM) in water buffalo is a production disease associated with decreased milk yield and impaired milk quality and safety. Water buffalo is an important livestock species in Bangladesh, but information about the occurrence and aetiology of SCM in this species is scarce. A cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the Udder Health Bangladesh Programme to (i) determine the occurrence of SCM and bulk milk somatic cell count (SCC) in water buffalo in Bangladesh, (ii) identify pathogens causing SCM and (iii) evaluate penicillin resistance in isolated staphylococci strains. Sixteen buffalo farms in the Bagerhat and Noakhali regions of Bangladesh were selected for study and a bulk milk sample was collected from each farm. In addition, 299 udder quarter milk samples were collected from 76 animals. The bulk milk samples were assessed by direct SCC and the quarter milk samples by California mastitis test (CMT). The occurrence of SCM calculated at quarter and animal level was 42.5 and 81.6%, respectively. Milk samples from 108 CMT-positive quarters in 48 animals and 38 randomly selected CMT-negative quarters in 24 animals were investigated using bacteriological culture. Estimated mean bulk milk SCC was 195 000 cells/ml milk (range 47 000- 587 000 cells/ml milk). On culture, estimated quarter-level intramammary infection (IMI) was 40.4%. The identity of isolated bacteria was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) were the most common pathogens (24.7%) and, among 36 NAS tested, 36.1% were resistant to penicillin. Thus there was high occurrence of SCM on the study farms, with relatively high penicillin resistance in NAS. Further studies are needed to identify underlying risk factors and develop an udder health control strategy for water buffalo in Bangladesh.
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Extensive countrywide field investigation of somatic cell counts and total bacterial counts in bulk tank raw milk in goat herds in Greece. J DAIRY RES 2021; 88:307-313. [PMID: 34392841 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029921000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dairy goat farming is an important sector of the agricultural industry in Greece, with an annual total milk production exceeding 450 000 l and accounting for over 25% of all goat milk produced in the European Union; this milk is used mainly for cheese production. Despite the importance of goat milk for the agricultural sector in Greece, no systematic countrywide investigations in the bulk-tank milk of goats in Greece have been reported. Objectives were to investigate somatic cell counts (SCC) and total bacterial counts (TBC) in raw bulk-tank milk of goat herds in Greece, study factors influencing SCC and TBC therein and evaluate their possible associations with milk content. Throughout Greece, 119 dairy goat herds were visited for milk sampling for somatic cell counting, microbiological examination and composition measurement. Geometric mean SCC and TBC were 0.838 × 106 cells ml-1 and 581 × 103 cfu ml-1, respectively. Multivariable analyses revealed annual frequency of check-ups of milking system and total milk quantity per goat (among 53 variables) to be significant for increased SCC; no factor emerged (among 58 variables) to be significant for increased TBC. Negative correlation of SCC with total protein was found; mean total protein content in the bulk-tank milk in herds with SCC >0.75 × 106 cells ml-1 was 5.1% lower and in herds with SCC >1.5 × 106 cells ml-1, it was 7.8% lower.
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Smistad M, Sølverød L, Inglingstad RA, Østerås O. Distribution of somatic cell count and udder pathogens in Norwegian dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11878-11888. [PMID: 34364641 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Compared with dairy cows, goat somatic cell count (SCC) is higher and probably more affected by physiological factors such as parity, stage of lactation, and season. Thus, SCC is believed to be a less precise indicator of intramammary infections in dairy goats, and no consensus exists on SCC thresholds for considering goats as infected. The Norwegian Goat Recording System maintains individual goat production records and results from microbiological analyses of milk samples. In this retrospective observational study, we used recordings over a 10-yr period (2010 to 2020) to describe the association between individual goat SCC and noninfectious factors, as well as intramammary infections. The median SCC in the 1,000,802 milk recordings included in the study was 440,000 cells/mL, and the mode was 70,000 cells/mL. Somatic cell count increased with parity, days in milk, estrus, pasture season, and intramammary infections. The effect of parity and stage of lactation was significantly higher in infected compared with uninfected goats. Staphylococci dominated as causes of intramammary infections, with Staphylococcus aureus as the udder pathogen associated with highest SCC. The most prevalent non-aureus staphylococci were Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus caprae. This study provides guidelines for interpretation of goat SCC at different parities and stages of lactations under Norwegian management conditions. We revealed a considerable variation in SCC associated with physiological factors, indicating that the cutoff for identifying infected goats should be a dynamic threshold adjusted for parity, stage of lactation, and season.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smistad
- TINE Mastitis Laboratory, TINE SA, 6402 Molde, Norway.
| | - L Sølverød
- TINE Mastitis Laboratory, TINE SA, 6402 Molde, Norway
| | - R A Inglingstad
- Department of Research and Development in Dairy Production, TINE SA, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - O Østerås
- Department of Research and Development in Dairy Production, TINE SA, 1430 Ås, Norway
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Gazzola A, Minozzi G, Biffani S, Mattiello S, Bailo G, Piccinini R. Effect of Weeping Teats on Intramammary Infection and Somatic Cell Score in Dairy Goats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:622063. [PMID: 34350222 PMCID: PMC8326401 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.622063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is the most common disease affecting dairy goats and causing economic losses. Although it is accepted that increased somatic cell count (SCC) is mainly a response to infection, its reliability for subclinical mastitis detection in goats is controversial. Indeed, many physiological and extrinsic variables can increase SCC, including breed, parity, age, stage of lactation, seasonal variations, and milking methods. In some animals, milk-secreting tissue is present in the wall of the teat and, in some instances, milk can filter through pores in the skin to the udder surface. This condition is known as "weeping teat" (WT). In these animals, mammary tissue might be prone to develop bacterial infections, although limited information is provided. Weeping teat seems to have a genetic background and is reported to be especially found in goat breeds selected for high milk production. Moreover, it is observed a genetic correlation between WT and decreased milk yield as well as increased somatic cell scores (SCS). Since information on this topic is very limited, this study aimed at investigating any possible relationship between WT, high SCC, and the presence of bacteria in goat milk. Alpine goat farms in Northern Italy were selected based on the presence of WT. Each herd was divided into two age-matched groups, identified as case (WT+) and control (WT-). Half-udder milk samples were collected aseptically at three timepoints; bacteriological analysis was performed, and SCC were determined and transformed in SCS. There was a positive association between SCS and the presence of bacteria in milk (P = 0.037) overall, whereas WT udder defect was associated with positive bacterial culture in just one herd (P = 0.053). Thus, this herd was further investigated, repeating the sampling and the analysis on the following year. The positive association between high SCS and the presence of bacteria in milk was then confirmed (P = 0.007), whereas no association with WT condition was found. These results indicate that WT defect is usually unrelated to both the outcome of milk bacterial culture and SCS. As a side outcome, we could confirm the role of bacterial infection in increasing SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulietta Minozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Biffani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Mattiello
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bailo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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Lopes WD, Monte DFMD, de Leon CMGC, Moura JFPD, Silva NMVD, Queiroga RDCRDE, Gonzaga Neto S, Givisiez PEN, Pereira WE, Oliveira CJBD. Logistic regression model reveals major factors associated with total bacteria and somatic cell counts in goat bulk milk. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mačuhová L, Tančin V, Mačuhová J, Uhrinčať M, Oravcová M, Vršková M, Tvarožková K. Effect of somatic cell count on milkability and milk composition of ewes. POTRAVINARSTVO 2020. [DOI: 10.5219/1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trial aimed to study the effect of somatic cell count, breed, milk flow type, and parity on the milkability and milk composition of ewes. The flock consists of purebred Lacaune ewes (LC; n = 29) and crossbreds ewes of Improved Valachian (IV x LC; n = 35) and Tsigai (TS x LC; n = 37) with LC (with a genetic portion of Lacaune 25 and 50%). Ewes were assigned according to somatic cell count (SCC) to one of the following three groups: SCC ≤300,000 cells per mL (SCC Group 300,000), SCC between 300,000 and 1000,000 cells per mL (SCC Group 300,000 – 1000,000), SCC ≥1000,000 cells per mL (SCC Group 1000,000). 56% of evaluated ewes had less than 300,000 cells per mL and 29% more than 1000,000 cells per mL in milk. No significant differences were observed between different groups of SCC in total, machine milk yield, and the proportion of milk yield in 30 s and 60 s. The significant differences were observed between SCC Group 300,000 and SCC Group 300,000 – 1000,000 in the proportion of machine stripping from total milk yield (41 ±2 vs. 57 ±4%). Milk flow type had a significant effect on all evaluated milkability parameters but not on milk composition. Ewes on fourth parity had the highest proportion of machine stripping from total milk yield then ewes on third, fifth, and sixth and higher (60% vs. 47, 45, 46%; resp.). Effect of SCC Group on milk composition manifested only in solids not fat. The significant differences were observed between SCC Group 1000,000 to SCC Group 300,000 and SCC Group 300,000 – 1000,000 (10.75 ±0.08% vs. 11.05 ±0.06 and 11.15 ±0.11%, p ≤0.0004).
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12
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Novac CS, Andrei S. The Impact of Mastitis on the Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Markers in Goat's Milk: A Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E882. [PMID: 33114454 PMCID: PMC7693667 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat mastitis has become one of the most frequently diagnosed conditions in goat farms, with significant economic impact on the dairy industry. Inflammation of the mammary gland poses serious consequences on milk composition, with changes regarding biochemical parameters and oxidative stress markers. The aim of this paper is to present the most recent knowledge on the main biochemical changes that occur in the mastitic milk, as well as the overall effect of the oxidative and nitrosative stress on milk components, focusing on both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant markers. Mastitis in goats is responsible for a decrease in milk production, change in protein content with pronounced casein hydrolysis, and reduction in lactose concentration and milk fat. Milk enzymatic activity also undergoes changes, regarding indigenous enzymes and those involved in milk synthesis. Furthermore, during mastitis, both the electrical conductivity and the milk somatic cell count are increased. Intramammary infections are associated with a reduced milk antioxidant capacity and changes in catalase, lactoperoxidase, glutathione peroxidase or superoxide dismutase activity, as well as reduced antioxidant vitamin content. Mastitis is also correlated with an increase in the concentration of nitric oxide, nitrite, nitrate and other oxidation compounds, leading to the occurrence of nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana S. Novac
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Romania;
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Impact of Staphylococcus aureus infection on the late lactation goat milk proteome: New perspectives for monitoring and understanding mastitis in dairy goats. J Proteomics 2020; 221:103763. [PMID: 32275959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The milk somatic cell count (SCC) is a standard parameter for monitoring intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy ruminants. In goats, however, the physiological increase in SCC occurring in late lactation heavily compromises its reliability. To identify and understand milk protein changes specifically related to IMI, we carried out a shotgun proteomics study comparing high SCC late lactation milk from goats with subclinical Staphylococcus aureus IMI and from healthy goats to low SCC mid-lactation milk from healthy goats. As a result, we detected 52 and 19 differential proteins (DPs) in S. aureus-infected and uninfected late lactation milk, respectively. Unexpectedly, one of the proteins higher in uninfected milk was serum amyloid A. On the other hand, 38 DPs were increased only in S. aureus-infected milk and included haptoglobin and numerous cytoskeletal proteins. Based on STRING analysis, the DPs unique to S. aureus infected milk were mainly involved in defense response, cytoskeleton organization, cell-to-cell, and cell-to-matrix interactions. Being tightly and specifically related to infectious/inflammatory processes, these proteins may hold promise as more reliable markers of IMI than SCC in late lactation goats. SIGNIFICANCE: The biological relevance of our results lies in the increased understanding of the changes specifically related to bacterial infection of the goat udder in late lactation. The DPs present only in S. aureus infected milk may find application as markers for improving the specificity of subclinical mastitis monitoring and detection in dairy goats in late lactation, when other widespread tools such as the SCC lose diagnostic value.
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Pizarro Inostroza MG, Landi V, Navas González FJ, León Jurado JM, Delgado Bermejo JV, Fernández Álvarez J, Martínez Martínez MDA. Integrating Casein Complex SNPs Additive, Dominance and Epistatic Effects on Genetic Parameters and Breeding Values Estimation for Murciano-Granadina Goat Milk Yield and Components. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E309. [PMID: 32183253 PMCID: PMC7140789 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing dominance and additive effects of casein complex single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (αS1, αS2, β, and κ casein), and their epistatic relationships may maximize our knowledge on the genetic regulation of profitable traits. Contextually, new genomic selection perspectives may translate this higher efficiency into higher accuracies for milk yield and components' genetic parameters and breeding values. A total of 2594 lactation records were collected from 159 Murciano-Granadina goats (2005-2018), genotyped for 48 casein loci-located SNPs. Bonferroni-corrected nonparametric tests, categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA), and nonlinear canonical correlations were performed to quantify additive, dominance, and interSNP epistatic effects and evaluate the outcomes of their inclusion in quantitative and qualitative milk production traits' genetic models (yield, protein, fat, solids, and lactose contents and somatic cells count). Milk yield, lactose, and somatic cell count heritabilities increased considerably when the model including genetic effects was considered (0.46, 0.30, 0.43, respectively). Components standard prediction errors decreased, and accuracies and reliabilities increased when genetic effects were considered. Conclusively, including genetic effects and relationships among these heritable biomarkers may improve model efficiency, genetic parameters, and breeding values for milk yield and composition, optimizing selection practices profitability for components whose technological application may be especially relevant for the cheese-making dairy sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Pizarro Inostroza
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (M.G.P.I.); (J.V.D.B.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
- Animal Breeding Consulting, S.L., Córdoba Science and Technology Park Rabanales 21, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Landi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Francisco Javier Navas González
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (M.G.P.I.); (J.V.D.B.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
| | - Jose Manuel León Jurado
- Centro Agropecuario Provincial de Córdoba, Diputación Provincial de Córdoba, Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (M.G.P.I.); (J.V.D.B.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
| | - Javier Fernández Álvarez
- National Association of Breeders of Murciano-Granadina Goat Breed, Fuente Vaqueros, 18340 Granada, Spain;
| | - María del Amparo Martínez Martínez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (M.G.P.I.); (J.V.D.B.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
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15
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Akter S, Rahman MM, Sayeed MA, Islam MN, Hossain D, Hoque MA, Koop G. Prevalence, aetiology and risk factors of subclinical mastitis in goats in Bangladesh. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Bernier Gosselin V, Dufour S, Middleton JR. Association between species-specific staphylococcal intramammary infections and milk somatic cell score over time in dairy goats. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104815. [PMID: 31731036 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous factors affect milk somatic cell score (SCS) in dairy goats including physiologic factors such as stage of lactation, and pathological factors such as bacterial intramammary infection (IMI), e.g. staphylococcal IMI. The association between IMI and udder inflammation and especially differences in the inflammatory response between the different staphylococcal species are yet to be identified. The objectives of this study were to use data from a recently published longitudinal study that characterized IMI status over time to evaluate the species-specific effect of staphylococcal IMI on udder half-level milk SCS, and to evaluate the effect of time since IMI diagnosis on this relationship. Half-level milk samples for culture and determination of SCS were collected from 171 goats starting within 10 days in milk (DIM), and then at various intervals until ≥ 120 DIM. A mixed linear model was used to assess the effect of species-specific staphylococcal IMI on SCS, accounting for confounding by lentivirus infection, parity, DIM, and the contralateral half IMI status, and for repeated measurements within udder half and for clustering of halves within goat. A second model was used to evaluate the effect of time since first IMI diagnosis and its interaction with staphylococcal IMI status on the relationship between staphylococcal IMI status and SCS. Lentivirus seropositivity and contralateral half IMI status were associated with SCS. Staphylococcal IMI status was associated with SCS, with differences between species. Staphyloccocus caprae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus xylosus were associated with higher SCS than a number of other species. Time since first diagnosis did not modify the relationship between IMI status and SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bernier Gosselin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia, MO, 65211 USA.
| | - Simon Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada; Mastitis Network, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia, MO, 65211 USA.
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17
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Addis MF, Cubeddu T, Pilicchi Y, Rocca S, Piccinini R. Chronic intramammary infection by Listeria monocytogenes in a clinically healthy goat - a case report. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:229. [PMID: 31277642 PMCID: PMC6612115 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous Gram-positive bacterium responsible for a severe foodborne disease in humans, and contaminated dairy products can be an important source of infection. Typically, infected dairy ruminants show clinical manifestations including encephalitis, septicemia, abortion, and diarrhea, but may also become asymptomatic carriers and shed L. monocytogenes in the feces acting as an important source of viable bacteria. Isolation from individual goat milk has been documented very rarely, and chronic, asymptomatic intramammary infection by L. monocytogenes with continuous milk shedding of viable bacteria has never been described in this dairy species. CASE PRESENTATION At the routine controls, cheese and bulk milk were positive for L. monocytogenes in a herd of 200 lactating Alpine goats, but none showed clinical signs of listeriosis. Individual milk was subjected to bacterial culture and a clinically healthy goat was identified as affected by a chronic intramammary infection (IMI) by L. monocytogenes. The goat had never shown clinical signs of mastitis or other diseases. Her right half-udder milk was positive to L. monocytogenes in two consecutive samples collected one week apart, as demonstrated by bacterial culture and molecular analysis. Mammary tissues collected after culling were also positive to L. monocytogenes by culture. Histological examination highlighted a chronic interstitial mastitis with leukocyte infiltration, atrophy of the alveoli and presence of corpora amylacea. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) confirmed the presence of high numbers of bacteria in the lumen of mammary alveoli, with intracellular bacteria mainly located in macrophages, but also present in neutrophils and epithelial cells. After culling of the positive goat, bulk tank milk tested negative to L. monocytogenes at the following controls. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that L. monocytogenes can establish a chronic, subclinical IMI in goats with high numbers of bacteria shed in milk, representing a source of contamination for the herd and its dairy products. This underscores the importance of frequently monitoring all dairy herds that sell directly milk and/or fresh cheese and indicates that a chronic L. monocytogenes IMI should also be considered as source of bacteria when bulk tank milk contamination is detected in a dairy goat farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filippa Addis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ylenia Pilicchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Abstract
The objectives of the research described here were to describe the persistence of intramammary infections (IMI) caused by coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) in goats using strain-typing, and to evaluate the relationship between species-specific CNS IMI and somatic cell score (SCS) at the udder-half level. Udder-half milk samples were collected from all 909 lactating goats (1817 halves; 1 blind half) in a single herd. Milk samples were cultured on Columbia blood agar, and 220 goats with at least one half yielding a single colony type CNS were enrolled for two additional half-level samplings at approximately 1-month intervals. Isolates were identified to the species level by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry or PCR amplification and partial sequencing of tuf or rpoB. An IMI was defined as persistent when ≥1 follow-up sample yielded the same species and strain as on Day 0 based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A generalised mixed linear model was used to evaluate the odds of persistence as a function of CNS species. A mixed linear model was used to evaluate the relationship between IMI status on a given day and SCS. Among 192 IMI, 69.8% were persistent based on species and strain-type. Staphylococcus simulans IMI had higher odds of persistence than Staphylococcus arlettae IMI. In primiparous goats, Staphylococcus epidermidis IMI was associated with higher SCS than S. arlettae, Staphylococcus xylosus and 'other CNS' IMI. The differences detected in the present study between CNS species, with regard to persistence of IMI and association with SCS, highlight the need to study CNS at the species and strain level to understand the pathogenicity and epidemiology of CNS in goats.
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19
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Hoekstra J, Rutten VPMG, van den Hout M, Spaninks MP, Benedictus L, Koop G. Differences between Staphylococcus aureus lineages isolated from ovine and caprine mastitis but not between isolates from clinical or subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5430-5437. [PMID: 30981476 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important mastitis pathogen, causing both clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) in small ruminants. In general, CM has a low incidence in sheep and goats but can be very severe and costly. In contrast, subclinical mastitis (SCM) is common but is associated with less cost. For both sheep and goats, S. aureus is the main cause of CM and is associated with SCM cases with a high SCC. Recently, specific lineages of S. aureus have been identified that are associated with CM rather than SCM in dairy cows. It is unknown whether specific S. aureus lineages are associated with CM in goats and sheep. The aim of this study was to compare the clonal complex (CC), staphylococcal protein A (spa) type, leukocidin lukM-lukF' presence, and potential to produce LukMF' in vitro between CM and SCM S. aureus mastitis isolates obtained from sheep and goats. Differences between isolates from different host species were also compared. Ovine (CM, n = 12; SCM, n = 29) and caprine (CM, n = 14; SCM, n = 30) isolates were obtained from 8 sheep flocks and 8 goat herds in the Netherlands. Overall, the isolates belonged to CC133 (85%), CC398 (7%), CC425 (5%), and CC45 (2%). Seventeen spa types were found, including 6 novel types; the predominant types were t2678 (34%), t544 (18%), and t3583 (18%). Although CC133 was dominant among both sheep and goat isolates, spa type CC133/t2678 was associated with ovine isolates, whereas CC133/t544 and CC133/t3583 were found mostly in goats. The presence of lukM-lukF' among the S. aureus isolates was high (87%), especially in CC133 (96%) and CC425 (100%), but the genes were absent in CC45 and CC398. In vitro-cultured lukM-lukF'-positive isolates produced LukM (71 out of 74 positive isolates tested) in the range of 0.4 to 5.0 µg/mL. Interestingly, the goat-associated lineages CC133/t544 and CC133/t3583 produced more LukM in vitro than the sheep-associated CC133/t2678. We found no difference in LukMF' production potential between CM and SCM isolates. In sheep as well as in goats, no association was found between genotype and CM or SCM, demonstrating that the same lineages of S. aureus are responsible for both CM and SCM. These results suggest that subclinically infected animals in a herd or flock likely act as the reservoir of S. aureus causing CM. This highlights the importance of early identification and control of SCM and suggests that controlling SCM within a herd is an effective intervention to prevent CM in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hoekstra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - M van den Hout
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M P Spaninks
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L Benedictus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
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20
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Rupp R, Huau C, Caillat H, Fassier T, Bouvier F, Pampouille E, Clément V, Palhière I, Larroque H, Tosser-Klopp G, Jacquiet P, Rainard P. Divergent selection on milk somatic cell count in goats improves udder health and milk quality with no effect on nematode resistance. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5242-5253. [PMID: 30904305 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is commonly higher in goats than in cattle and sheep. Furthermore, the ability of milk SCC to predict mastitis is considered lower in goats than in cattle and sheep, and the relevance of somatic cell score (SCS)-based selection in this species has been questioned. To address this issue, we created 2 divergent lines of Alpine goats using artificially inseminated bucks with extreme estimated breeding values for SCS. A total of 287 goats, 158 in high- and 129 in low-SCS lines, were scrutinized for mastitis infections. We subjected 2,688 milk samples to conventional bacteriological analyses on agarose and bacterial counts were estimated for positive samples. The SCS, milk yield, fat content, and protein content were recorded every 3 wk. Clinical mastitis was systematically noted. A subset of 40 goats (20 from each line) was subsequently challenged with Haemonchus contortus and monitored for anemia (blood packed cell volume) and fecal egg counts to see if SCS-based selection had an indirect effect on resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Milk production traits, including milk quantity, fat content, and protein content, were similar in both goat lines. In contrast, the raw milk SCC almost doubled between the lines, with 1,542,000 versus 855,000 cells/mL in the high- and low-SCS lines, respectively. The difference in breeding value for SCS between lines was 1.65 genetic standard deviation equivalents. The Staphylococcus spp. most frequently isolated from milk were S. xylosus, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. The frequency of positive bacteriology samples was significantly higher in the high-SCS line (49%) than in the low-SCS line (33%). The highest odds ratio was 3.49 (95% confidence interval: 11.95-6.25) for S. aureus. The distribution of bacterial species in positive samples between lines was comparable. The average quantity of bacteria in positive samples was also significantly higher in high-SCS goats (69 ± 80 growing colonies) than in low-SCS goats (38 ± 62 growing colonies). Clinical cases were rare and equally distributed between high- (n = 4; 2.5%) and low-SCS (n = 3; 2.3%) lines. Furthermore, the larger the amounts of bacteria in milk the higher the SCS level. Conversely, goats with repeatedly culture-negative udders exhibited the lowest SCC levels, with an average of below 300,000 cells/mL. We therefore confirmed that SCS is a relevant predictor of intramammary infection and hygienic quality of milk in goats and can be used for prophylactic purposes. After challenge with H. contortus, goats were anemic with high fecal egg counts but we found no difference between the genetic lines. This result provides initial evidence that resistance to mastitis or to gastrointestinal nematodes infections is under independent genetic regulation. Altogether, this monitoring of the goat lines indicated that SCS-based selection helps to improve udder health by decreasing milk cell counts and reducing the incidence of infection and related bacterial shedding in milk. Selection for low SCC should not affect a goat's ability to cope with gastrointestinal nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rupp
- Génétique, Physiologie et Système d'Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France.
| | - C Huau
- Génétique, Physiologie et Système d'Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - H Caillat
- Génétique, Physiologie et Système d'Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - T Fassier
- Domaine de Bourges, INRA, Osmoy, F-31326, France
| | - F Bouvier
- Domaine de Bourges, INRA, Osmoy, F-31326, France
| | - E Pampouille
- Génétique, Physiologie et Système d'Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - V Clément
- Génétique, Physiologie et Système d'Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France; Institut de l'Elevage, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - I Palhière
- Génétique, Physiologie et Système d'Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - H Larroque
- Génétique, Physiologie et Système d'Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - G Tosser-Klopp
- Génétique, Physiologie et Système d'Elevage (GenPhySE), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - P Jacquiet
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, F-131076, France
| | - P Rainard
- Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, F-37380, France
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21
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Bernier Gosselin V, Dufour S, Calcutt MJ, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR. Staphylococcal intramammary infection dynamics and the relationship with milk quality parameters in dairy goats over the dry period. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4332-4340. [PMID: 30879821 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to report the rates of new intramammary infection (IMI) and spontaneous IMI cure over the dry period in 3 dairy goat herds; (2) to evaluate the factors predicting infection dynamics over the dry period; and (3) to define milk quality parameter thresholds that predict infection dynamics over the dry period. Two consecutive udder-half milk samples were collected 10 to 14 d apart before dry-off from 288 goats in 3 herds, and 2 consecutive udder-half samples were collected 7 to 14 d apart in the following lactation, with the first sample being collected ≤10 d in milk, from 200 of the same goats. In 2 of the herds, udder-half milk samples were also collected at the same time points (n = 312 halves; 157 goats) for measurement of milk quality parameters. Standard aerobic culture of milk samples was performed for the detection of mastitis pathogens. To rule out the presence of Mycoplasma spp. IMI, milk samples were also cultured on modified Hayflick medium. Non-Mycoplasma isolates were speciated using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Staphylococcal isolates, when not identified by MALDI-TOF, were speciated using partial gene sequence analysis of rpoB or tuf. When >1 sample from an udder half yielded the same species, available isolates from the first and last positive samples for that species were strain-typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Incidence of new IMI and cure rate were computed. Generalized linear mixed regression models were built to evaluate the associations between new IMI and pre-dry somatic cell score (SCS), between IMI persistence and half-level SCS, and between IMI persistence and pre-dry IMI species. Thresholds for pre-dry SCS and lactose concentration were computed to predict IMI persistence. Overall, 12.6% (48/380) of halves had a persistent IMI. Cumulative incidence of new IMI over the dry period was 13.2%, and cure rate was 52.0%. Pre-dry SCS was not associated with odds of new IMI or IMI persistence. Pre-dry IMI species was not associated with odds of persistence. Lactose concentration was not associated with odds of persistence. Regardless of culture data, the optimal pre-dry SCS threshold to detect IMI that would persist into the next lactation was 8.7, with sensitivity and specificity of 50 and 73.8%, respectively. Further studies on the effect of control measures on species-specific incidence and cure rates during the dry period are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bernier Gosselin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211
| | - Simon Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2; Canadian Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Network, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Michael J Calcutt
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211.
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Santos Júnior DDA, Matos RAT, Melo DBD, Garino Júnior F, Simões SVD, Miranda Neto EGD. ETIOLOGIA E SENSIBILIDADE ANTIMICROBIANA IN VITRO DE BACTÉRIAS ISOLADAS DE CABRAS COM MASTITE NO SERTÃO E CARIRI PARAIBANO. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v20e-44848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a etiologia da mastite em caprinos no sertão e cariri da Paraíba e estabelecer o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana das bactérias isoladas. Foram identificadas 11,85% de infecções intramamárias em amostras de leite assepticamente coletadas e 236 isolamentos bacterianos com predominância de Staphylococcus spp. Nos casos de mastite clínica, foram coletadas 85 amostras de leite, o que resultou em 34 (40%) isolamentos com maior prevalência de bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus spp. (44,11%) e Trueperella pyogenes (23,52%). A resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos frente aos isolados de mastite subclínica e clínica foram maiores para penicilina (64,31% e 40%) e oxacilina (20,65% e 13,33%), em contraste com a maior suscetibilidade frente aos antimicrobianos cefalotina (100%), clorafenicol (100%) e neomicina (100%). O caráter zoonótico de alguns patógenos, a exemplo do Staphylococcus aureus, ressalta a importância da implantação de programas de controle em propriedades leiteiras.
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23
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Machado G, Guimarães F, Menozzi B, Salina A, Possebon F, Langoni H. Ocorrência, patógenos e fatores de risco para mastite subclínica em cabras leiteiras. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. Salina
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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24
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Sandrucci A, Bava L, Tamburini A, Gislon G, Zucali M. Management practices and milk quality in dairy goat farms in Northern Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1466664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sandrucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luciana Bava
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Gislon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zucali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Gosselin VB, Lovstad J, Dufour S, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR. Use of MALDI-TOF to characterize staphylococcal intramammary infections in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6262-6270. [PMID: 29705416 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The most common pathogens causing intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy goats are staphylococci. Gene sequencing has been the reference method for identification of staphylococcal species, but MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry could represent a rapid and cost-effective alternative method. The objectives were to evaluate the typeability and accuracy of partial gene sequencing and MALDI-TOF for identifying staphylococci isolated from caprine milk samples, and to evaluate the relationship between staphylococcal species IMI, milk somatic cell score (SCS), and milk yield (MY). A composite (goat-level) milk sample was collected from all 940 lactating goats in a single herd. Dairy Herd Information Association test-day data for parity, days in milk, SCS, and MY were retrieved from Dairy Herd Information Association records. Milk samples were cultured on Columbia blood agar, and isolates from samples that yielded a single colony type of a presumptively identified Staphylococcus spp. were identified by PCR amplification and partial sequencing of rpoB, tuf, or 16S-rRNA, and MALDI-TOF. Mixed linear models were used to evaluate the relationship between staphylococcal IMI, SCS, and MY. The goat-level prevalence of staphylococcal IMI based on isolation of a single colony type was 24.4% (213/874). Seventeen goats had a contaminated sample. Among the remaining goats (n = 857), the most common species causing single colony-type IMI were Staphylococcus simulans (7.9%), Staphylococcus xylosus (3.5%), Staphylococcus caprae (3.6%), Staphylococcus chromogenes (2.9%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.2%). The typeability of staphylococcal isolates with partial housekeeping gene sequence analysis (rpoB, complemented by tuf and 16S as needed) was 97.7%. The typeability and accuracy of MALDI-TOF were 84 and 100%, respectively. Overall, only Staphylococcus chromogenes IMI was associated with a higher SCS than goats with no growth. After adjusting for parity and stage of lactation, staphylococcal IMI status was not significantly associated with MY. For the staphylococci isolated from goats in this herd, MALDI-TOF proved an accurate method of speciation with a relatively high typeability. An association between staphylococcal IMI, SCS, and MY was not defined using goat-level data with the exception of S. chromogenes IMI, which was associated with a higher SCS than goats with no growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bernier Gosselin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211
| | - Jessica Lovstad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211
| | - Simon Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2; Canadian Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Network, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211.
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Somatic cell counts, chemical composition and coagulation properties of goat and sheep bulk tank milk. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gelasakis AI, Angelidis AS, Giannakou R, Filioussis G, Kalamaki MS, Arsenos G. Bacterial subclinical mastitis and its effect on milk yield in low-input dairy goat herds. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3698-3708. [PMID: 26898280 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to record the major pathogens associated with subclinical mastitis (SCM), (2) to calculate their incidence during the milking period, and (3) to estimate the effect of SCM on daily milk yield (DMY) for goats reared under low-input management schemes. Dairy goats (n=590) of Skopelos and indigenous Greek breeds from 4 herds were randomly selected for the study. The study included monthly monitoring, milk yield recording, and bacteriological analyses of milk of individual goats during the course of 2 successive milking periods. Incidence and cumulative incidence were calculated for SCM cases. Moreover, 2 mixed linear regression models were built to assess the effects of (1) SCM and (2) different pathogens isolated from SCM cases, on DMY. The estimated incidence and cumulative incidence of SCM for the first and the second year of the study were 69.5 and 96.4 new cases of SCM/1,000 goat-months, and 24.1 and 31.7%, respectively. A total of 755 milk samples were subjected to microbiological examination, resulting in 661 positive cultures. Coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from 50.2 and 34.5% of the positive cultures, respectively. The incidence of infections (new infections per 1,000 goat-months) for the first and the second year of the study were 34 and 53 for coagulase-negative staphylococci, 23 and 28 for coagulase-positive staphylococci, 3 and 5 for Streptococcus/Enterococcus spp., and 5.5 and 9.1 for gram-negative bacteria. Goats with SCM had lower DMY when compared with goats without SCM (ca. 47g/d, corresponding to a 5.7% decrease in DMY). In particular, goats with SCM due to coagulase-positive staphylococci infection produced approximately 80g/d less milk (a reduction of ca. 9.7%) compared with uninfected ones, whereas SCM due to gram-negative bacteria resulted in approximately 15% reduction in DMY. Investigating the epidemiology of SCM and its effects on production traits is critical for the establishment of effective preventive measures against SCM and for the assessment of the sustainability of production in low-input dairy goat herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Gelasakis
- Department of Animal Production, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - A S Angelidis
- Laboratory of Milk Hygiene and Technology, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R Giannakou
- Department of Animal Production, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Filioussis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious, Parasitic Diseases and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M S Kalamaki
- Department of Animal Production, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Arsenos
- Department of Animal Production, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Persson Y, Järnberg Å, Humblot P, Nyman AK, Waller KP. Associations between Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections and somatic cell counts in dairy goat herds. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Preethirani PL, Isloor S, Sundareshan S, Nuthanalakshmi V, Deepthikiran K, Sinha AY, Rathnamma D, Nithin Prabhu K, Sharada R, Mukkur TK, Hegde NR. Isolation, Biochemical and Molecular Identification, and In-Vitro Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Bubaline Subclinical Mastitis in South India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142717. [PMID: 26588070 PMCID: PMC4654528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Buffaloes are the second largest source of milk. Mastitis is a major impediment for milk production, but not much information is available about bubaline mastitis, especially subclinical mastitis. The aim of this study was to (a) investigate the application of various tests for the diagnosis of bubaline subclinical mastitis, (b) identify the major bacteria associated with it, and (c) evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacteria. To this end, 190 quarter milk samples were collected from 57 domesticated dairy buffaloes from organized (64 samples) and unorganized (126 samples) sectors. Of these, 48.4%, 40.0%, 45.8%, 61.1%, and 61.6% were positive for subclinical mastitis by somatic cell count, electrical conductivity, California mastitis test, bromothymol blue test, and N-acetyl glucosaminidase test, respectively. As compared to the gold standard of somatic cell count, California mastitis test performed the best. However, a combination of the two methods was found to be the best option. Microbiological evaluation, both by biochemical methods as well as by monoplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, revealed that coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most predominant (64.8%) bacteria, followed by streptococci (18.1%), Escherichia coli (9.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (7.3%). Most of the pathogens were resistant to multiple antibiotics, especially to β-lactam antibiotics. We propose that California mastitis test be combined with somatic cell count for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in domestic dairy buffaloes. Further, our results reveal high resistance of the associated bacteria to the β-lactam class of antibiotics, and a possible major role of coagulase-negative staphylococci in causing the disease in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. L. Preethirani
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - S. Sundareshan
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - V. Nuthanalakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - K. Deepthikiran
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - Akhauri Y. Sinha
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, India
| | - D. Rathnamma
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - K. Nithin Prabhu
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - R. Sharada
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - Trilochan K. Mukkur
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nagendra R. Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
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Paterna A, Contreras A, Gómez-Martín A, Amores J, Tatay-Dualde J, Prats-van der Ham M, Corrales J, Sánchez A, De la Fe C. The diagnosis of mastitis and contagious agalactia in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Vanderhaeghen W, Piepers S, Leroy F, Van Coillie E, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Invited review: effect, persistence, and virulence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species associated with ruminant udder health. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5275-93. [PMID: 24952781 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to assess the effect of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) species on udder health and milk yield in ruminants, and to evaluate the capacity of CNS to cause persistent intramammary infections (IMI). Furthermore, the literature on factors suspected of playing a role in the pathogenicity of IMI-associated CNS, such as biofilm formation and the presence of various putative virulence genes, is discussed. The focus is on the 5 CNS species that have been most frequently identified as causing bovine IMI using reliable molecular identification methods (Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis). Although the effect on somatic cell count and milk production is accepted to be generally limited or nonexistent for CNS as a group, indications are that the typical effects differ between CNS species and perhaps even strains. It has also become clear that many CNS species can cause persistent IMI, contrary to what has long been believed. However, this trait appears to be quite complicated, being partly strain dependent and partly dependent on the host's immunity. Consistent definitions of persistence and more uniform methods for testing this phenomenon will benefit future research. The factors explaining the anticipated differences in pathogenic behavior appear to be more difficult to evaluate. Biofilm formation and the presence of various staphylococcal virulence factors do not seem to (directly) influence the effect of CNS on IMI but the available information is indirect or insufficient to draw consistent conclusions. Future studies on the effect, persistence, and virulence of the different CNS species associated with IMI would benefit from using larger and perhaps even shared strain collections and from adjusting study designs to a common framework, as the large variation currently existing therein is a major problem. Also within-species variation should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vanderhaeghen
- M-Team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-Team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Leroy
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Van Coillie
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-Team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Cavalcante M, Alzamora Filho F, Almeida M, Silva N, Barros C, Silva M. Bactérias envolvidas nas mastites subclínicas de cabra da região de Salvador, Bahia. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572013000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A mastite é uma infecção frequente da glândula mamária, sendo a principal doença que afeta o úbere das fêmeas e responsável pelos maiores prejuízos à produção leiteira em caprinos, reduzindo em quantidade e depreciando a qualidade do leite e seus derivados. Nesse estudo foram colhidas amostras de leite de cabras com reação positiva ao CMT, em propriedades localizadas em Bonfim de Feira, Barra do Pojuca, Feira de Santana, Camaçari, Anguera e Antônio Cardoso, todas próximas à Cidade de Salvador, Bahia. Do material coletado foi realizado cultivo bacteriológico em ágar sangue de ovino a 10%, ágar McConkey e também enriquecido em caldo BHI. O Staphylococcus spp. foi a bactéria de maior prevalência (90,3%), seguida de Streptococcus (4,8%), Micrococcus (1,6%) e Enterobacter (1,6%). Todas as bactérias foram submetidas ao teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos pelo método de difusão em disco, sendo que 54,1% das estirpes estudadas apresentaram sensibilidade a todas as drogas testadas, e 45,9% das estirpes identificadas apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos. O presente estudo confirmou o Staphylococcus spp. como a principal bactéria envolvida na etiologia das mastites subclínicas caprinas.
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33
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Koop G, Collar CA, Toft N, Nielen M, van Werven T, Bacon D, Gardner IA. Risk factors for subclinical intramammary infection in dairy goats in two longitudinal field studies evaluated by Bayesian logistic regression. Prev Vet Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Koop G, De Vliegher S, De Visscher A, Supré K, Haesebrouck F, Nielen M, van Werven T. Differences between coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species in persistence and in effect on somatic cell count and milk yield in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2013; 95:5075-5084. [PMID: 22916911 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most commonly isolated bacteria from goat milk. The goal of this study was to explore and describe differences between CNS species in persistence of intramammary infection (IMI) and in effect on somatic cell count (SCC) and milk yield (MY). Milk samples were collected from 530 does from 5 Dutch dairy goat herds on 3 occasions during 1 lactation. Coagulase-negative staphylococci species were identified at the species level by transfer RNA-intergenic spacer PCR (tDNA-PCR) followed by capillary electrophoresis. The most prevalent CNS species were Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus xylosus, but large differences were seen in species distribution between herds. Staphylococcus caprae and Staph. xylosus appeared to be more persistent than other species, but confidence intervals were overlapping. The effect of IMI caused by the 4 most prevalent CNS species on SCC and on MY was determined with linear regression models, and Staph. aureus and Corynebacterium bovis were included in the analyses as reference organisms. Most species were associated with a significantly higher SCC than noninfected udder halves, but the effect of CNS species on SCC was much smaller than the effect of Staph. aureus on SCC. We found a significant positive association between infection with Staph. caprae and MY. Intramammary infection caused by Staph. xylosus, on the other hand, had a negative association with milk yield, comparable to the effect of Staph. aureus, but these effects were not significantly different from zero. Intramammary infections with CNS species have a high prevalence in goats and are persistent, but have a limited effect on SCC compared with IMI with Staph. aureus. The effect of CNS species on MY differed between species, but differences were nonsignificant because limited numbers per species were available for analysis. Therefore, CNS species appear to behave as minor pathogens in goats, but larger studies are needed to give better estimates for the effect on MY.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands.
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - A De Visscher
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - K Supré
- Milk Control Center Flanders, Lier, B-2500, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - M Nielen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands
| | - T van Werven
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands
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Luo CC, Yin DY, Gao XJ, Li QZ, Zhang L. Goat Mammary Gland Expression of Cecropin B to Inhibit Bacterial Pathogens Causing Mastitis. Anim Biotechnol 2013; 24:66-78. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2012.745417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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36
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Souza F, Blagitz M, Penna C, Della Libera A, Heinemann M, Cerqueira M. Somatic cell count in small ruminants: Friend or foe? Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Pazzola M, Balia F, Carcangiu V, Dettori M, Piras G, Vacca G. Higher somatic cells counted by the electronic counter method do not influence renneting properties of goat milk. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Comparison of clinical findings, microbiological results, and farming parameters in goat herds affected by recurrent infectious mastitis. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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Rupp R, Clément V, Piacere A, Robert-Granié C, Manfredi E. Genetic parameters for milk somatic cell score and relationship with production and udder type traits in dairy Alpine and Saanen primiparous goats. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3629-34. [PMID: 21700052 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Goat milk somatic cell counts have been collected for several years in France by the national milk recording organization. Information is used for health management, because repeatedly elevated somatic cell counts are a good indirect predictor of intramammary infection. Genetic parameters were estimated for 67,882 and 49,709 primiparous goats of the dairy Alpine and Saanen breeds, respectively, with complete information for milk somatic cell counts and milk production traits. About 40% of the goats had additional information for 11 udder type traits scored by official classifiers of the breeders' association CAPGENES. Estimates were obtained by REML with an animal model. The studied trait was lactation somatic cell score (LSCS), the weighted mean of somatic cell score (log-transformed SCC) adjusted for lactation stage. Heritability of LSCS was 0.20 and 0.24 in the Alpine and Saanen breeds, respectively. Relationships with milk production and udder type traits were additionally estimated by using multitrait analyses. Heritability estimates in first lactation ranged from 0.30 to 0.35 for lactation milk, fat, and protein yields; from 0.60 to 0.67 for fat and protein contents; and from 0.22 to 0.50 for udder type traits. Genetic correlations of somatic cell score with milk production traits were generally low, ranging from -0.13 to 0.12. Slightly more negative correlations were estimated for fat content: -0.18 and -0.20 in Saanen and Alpine breeds, respectively. Lactation somatic cell score was genetically correlated with udder floor position (r(g)=-0.24 and -0.19 in the Alpine and Saanen breeds, respectively), and, in Saanen, teat length, teat width, and teat form (r(g)=0.29, 0.34 and -0.27, respectively). These results suggest that a reduction in somatic cell count can be achieved by selection while still improving milk production and udder type and teat traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rupp
- INRA, UR631, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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40
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Blagitz MG, Souza FN, Gomes V, Della Libera AM. Apoptosis and necrosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in goat milk with high and low somatic cell counts. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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Bagnicka E, Winnicka A, Jóźwik A, Rzewuska M, Strzałkowska N, Kościuczuk E, Prusak B, Kaba J, Horbańczuk J, Krzyżewski J. Relationship between somatic cell count and bacterial pathogens in goat milk. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Development of an experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis subclinical mastitis in goats. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:376-83. [PMID: 21924846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is a major environmental mastitis-causing pathogen. The infections are predominantly subclinical and are frequently undetected and untreated for extended periods of time. More information about the pathogenesis of S. uberis mastitis would be useful. To our knowledge, no experimental studies into the mastitis pathogenesis caused by S. uberis have been described in lactating goats. The aim of this study was to reproduce an experimentally induced S. uberis subclinical mastitis in lactating goats aimed to evaluate the inflammatory response, dynamics of infection and the pathological findings within the first hours of intramammary inoculation with S. uberis. Six Saanen goats in mid-lactation were inoculated with 1.7 × 10(8)cfu of S. uberis. Bacterial growth peaked in milk from challenged right mammary halves (RMH) at 4h PI. Shedding of viable bacteria showed a marked decrease at 20 h PI. Mean somatic cell counts in milk from the RMH peaked at 20 h PI. Inoculation with S. uberis was followed by a decrease in the mean total number of leukocytes. Signs and systemic symptoms were not evoked by intramammary inoculation. S. uberis could be isolated in tissue from all RMH. Histological examination of specimens of the RMH and lymph nodes of the goats showed an increased inflammatory response throughout the experiment. The histological findings correlated with the immunohistochemical detection of S. uberis in RMH. In conclusion, the experimental inoculation of S. uberis in lactating goats is capable of eliciting an inflammatory response and causing pathological changes, resulting in a subclinical mastitis. This investigation shows that goat might to represent a valuable model for the study of the mastitis pathogenesis caused by S. uberis.
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Koop G, van Werven T, Toft N, Nielen M. Estimating test characteristics of somatic cell count to detect Staphylococcus aureus-infected dairy goats using latent class analysis. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2902-11. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Oliveira C, Hisrich E, Moura J, Givisiez P, R.G.Costa, Gebreyes W. On farm risk factors associated with goat milk quality in Northeast Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cuccuru C, Meloni M, Sala E, Scaccabarozzi L, Locatelli C, Moroni P, Bronzo V. Effects of intramammary infections on somatic cell score and milk yield in Sarda sheep. N Z Vet J 2011; 59:128-31. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.562862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Persson Y, Olofsson I. Direct and indirect measurement of somatic cell count as indicator of intramammary infection in dairy goats. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53:15. [PMID: 21375744 PMCID: PMC3059284 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is the most important and costly disease in dairy goat production. Subclinical mastitis is common in goats and is mainly caused by contagious bacteria. Several methods to diagnose subclinical mastitis are available. In this study indirect measurement of somatic cell count (SCC) by California Mastitis Test (CMT) and direct measurement of SCC using a portable deLaval cell counter (DCC) are evaluated. Swedish goat farmers would primarily benefit from diagnostic methods that can be used at the farm. The purpose of the study was to evaluate SCC measured by CMT and DCC as possible markers for intramammary infection (IMI) in goats without clinical symptoms of mastitis. Moreover to see how well indirect measurement of SCC (CMT) corresponded to direct measurement of SCC (DCC). METHOD Udder half milk samples were collected once from dairy goats (n = 111), in five different farms in Northern and Central Sweden. Only clinically healthy animals were included in the study. All goats were in mid to late lactation at sampling. Milk samples were analyzed for SCC by CMT and DCC at the farm, and for bacterial growth at the laboratory. RESULTS Intramammary infection, defined as growth of udder pathogens, was found in 39 (18%) of the milk samples. No growth was found in 180 (81%) samples while 3 (1%) samples were contaminated. The most frequently isolated bacterial species was coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (72% of all isolates), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (23% of all isolates). Somatic cell count measured by DCC was strongly (p = 0.000) associated with bacterial growth. There was also a very strong association between CMT and bacterial growth. CMT 1 was associated with freedom of IMI while CMT ≥2 was associated with IMI. Indirect measurement of SCC by CMT was well correlated with SCC measured by DCC. CONCLUSIONS According to the results, SCC measured with CMT or DCC can predict udder infection in goats, and CMT can be used as a predictor of the SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Persson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute/Swedish Dairy Association, Uppsala, Sweden
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Koop G, van Werven T, Schuiling H, Nielen M. The effect of subclinical mastitis on milk yield in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:5809-17. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Koop G, Dik N, Nielen M, Lipman LJA. Short communication: Repeatability of differential goat bulk milk culture and associations with somatic cell count, total bacterial count, and standard plate count. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2569-73. [PMID: 20494165 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess how different bacterial groups in bulk milk are related to bulk milk somatic cell count (SCC), bulk milk total bacterial count (TBC), and bulk milk standard plate count (SPC) and to measure the repeatability of bulk milk culturing. On 53 Dutch dairy goat farms, 3 bulk milk samples were collected at intervals of 2 wk. The samples were cultured for SPC, coliform count, and staphylococcal count and for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, SCC (Fossomatic 5000, Foss, Hillerød, Denmark) and TBC (BactoScan FC 150, Foss) were measured. Staphylococcal count was correlated to SCC (r=0.40), TBC (r=0.51), and SPC (r=0.53). Coliform count was correlated to TBC (r=0.33), but not to any of the other variables. Staphylococcus aureus did not correlate to SCC. The contribution of the staphylococcal count to the SPC was 31%, whereas the coliform count comprised only 1% of the SPC. The agreement of the repeated measurements was low. This study indicates that staphylococci in goat bulk milk are related to SCC and make a significant contribution to SPC. Because of the high variation in bacterial counts, repeated sampling is necessary to draw valid conclusions from bulk milk culturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Peixoto RDM, Mota RA, Costa MMD. Mastite em pequenos ruminantes no Brasil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010000900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Este artigo objetivou revisar as informações recentes sobre mastite em pequenos ruminantes, abrangendo etiologia, epidemiologia, aspectos de controle e profilaxia. Houve a preocupação em reunir resultados de estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil, uma vez que a mastite tem a interferência de uma série de fatores, como fatores ambientais e outros decorrentes dos sistemas de manejo empregados, condições essas determinantes para etiologia e epidemiologia da enfermidade. A prevalência da mastite em caprinos varia entre 22 e 75%, sendo que os casos de mastite subclínica são os mais frequentes. Existe uma carência de trabalhos voltados para os aspectos epidemiológicos da enfermidade no nosso país. Contudo, observa-se que a mastite vem assumindo importância cada vez maior nos rebanhos voltados para produção de carne, sendo encontrados resultados de pesquisa, principalmente na espécie ovina. A mastite estafilocócica corresponde à maior fração nas infecções intramamárias em pequenos ruminantes. O caráter zoonótico de alguns patógenos, a exemplo do Staphylococcus aureus ressalta a importância da implantação de programas de controle em propriedades leiteiras. Algumas das ferramentas de diagnóstico ainda necessitam de padronização, principalmente para espécie caprina que apresenta uma série de particularidades. Ainda são discutidas as principais estratégias de controle como o manejo de fêmeas e suas crias, os procedimentos de ordenha e a utilização de vacinas.
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Simensen E, Hardeng F, Lunder T. Housing of Norwegian goat herds and associations with milk yield and milk quality. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2010.509809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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