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Contreras Garcia M, Walshe E, Steketee PC, Paxton E, Lopez-Vidal J, Pearce MC, Matthews KR, Ezzahra-Akki F, Evans A, Fairlie-Clark K, Matthews JB, Grey F, Morrison LJ. Comparative Sensitivity and Specificity of the 7SL sRNA Diagnostic Test for Animal Trypanosomiasis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:868912. [PMID: 35450136 PMCID: PMC9017285 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.868912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is a significant livestock disease, affecting millions of animals across Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, and Asia, and is caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma vivax, and Trypanosoma congolense, with the largest economic impact in cattle. There is over-reliance on presumptive chemotherapy due to inadequate existing diagnostic tests, highlighting the need for improved AT diagnostics. A small RNA species, the 7SL sRNA, is excreted/secreted by trypanosomes in infected animals, and has been previously shown to reliably diagnose active infection. We sought to explore key properties of 7SL sRNA RT-qPCR assays; namely, assessing the potential for cross-reaction with the widespread and benign Trypanosoma theileri, directly comparing assay performance against currently available diagnostic methods, quantitatively assessing specificity and sensitivity, and assessing the rate of decay of 7SL sRNA post-treatment. Results showed that the 7SL sRNA RT-qPCR assays specific for T. brucei, T. vivax, and T. congolense performed better than microscopy and DNA PCR in detecting infection. The 7SL sRNA signal was undetectable or significantly reduced by 96-h post treatment; at 1 × curative dose there was no detectable signal in 5/5 cattle infected with T. congolense, and in 3/5 cattle infected with T. vivax, with the signal being reduced 14,630-fold in the remaining two T. vivax cattle. Additionally, the assays did not cross-react with T. theileri. Finally, by using a large panel of validated infected and uninfected samples, the species-specific assays are shown to be highly sensitive and specific by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, with 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 96.44-100%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 96.53-100%), 96.73% (95% CI, 95.54-99.96%) and 99.19% specificity (95% CI, 92.58-99.60%), and 93.42% (95% CI, 85.51-97.16% %) and 82.43% specificity (95% CI, 72.23-89.44% %) for the T brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax assays, respectively, under the conditions used. These findings indicate that the 7SL sRNA has many attributes that would be required for a potential diagnostic marker of AT: no cross-reaction with T. theileri, high specificity and sensitivity, early infection detection, continued signal even in the absence of detectable parasitaemia in blood, and clear discrimination between infected and treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Contreras Garcia
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Walshe
- Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Paxton
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Lopez-Vidal
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C Pearce
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Karen Fairlie-Clark
- Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline B Matthews
- Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Grey
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Cecilia H, Arnoux S, Picault S, Dicko A, Seck MT, Sall B, Bassène M, Vreysen M, Pagabeleguem S, Bancé A, Bouyer J, Ezanno P. Dispersal in heterogeneous environments drives population dynamics and control of tsetse flies. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202810. [PMID: 33529565 PMCID: PMC7893214 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatio-temporally heterogeneous environments may lead to unexpected population dynamics. Knowledge is needed on local properties favouring population resilience at large scale. For pathogen vectors, such as tsetse flies transmitting human and animal African trypanosomosis, this is crucial to target management strategies. We developed a mechanistic spatio-temporal model of the age-structured population dynamics of tsetse flies, parametrized with field and laboratory data. It accounts for density- and temperature-dependence. The studied environment is heterogeneous, fragmented and dispersal is suitability-driven. We confirmed that temperature and adult mortality have a strong impact on tsetse populations. When homogeneously increasing adult mortality, control was less effective and induced faster population recovery in the coldest and temperature-stable locations, creating refuges. To optimally select locations to control, we assessed the potential impact of treating them and their contribution to the whole population. This heterogeneous control induced a similar population decrease, with more dispersed individuals. Control efficacy was no longer related to temperature. Dispersal was responsible for refuges at the interface between controlled and uncontrolled zones, where resurgence after control was very high. The early identification of refuges, which could jeopardize control efforts, is crucial. We recommend baseline data collection to characterize the ecosystem before implementing any measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ahmadou Dicko
- Cirad, INRAE, ASTRE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Momar Talla Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services vétérinaires, Ministère de l'Elevage et des Productions animales, Sphères ministérielles de Diamniadio, Bât. C, 3ème étage, Senegal
| | - Mireille Bassène
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal
| | - Marc Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso - Campagne d'Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087, Burkina Faso.,Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176, Burkina Faso
| | - Augustin Bancé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Cirad, INRAE, ASTRE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria.,UMR 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Cirad, Montpellier, France
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Vale G, Hargrove J. Comment on Bioscience Forum article by Bouyer and colleagues (2018). Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Vale
- SACEMA, at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John Hargrove
- SACEMA, at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Diallo S, Seck MT, Rayaissé JB, Fall AG, Bassene MD, Sall B, Sanon A, Vreysen MJB, Takac P, Parker AG, Gimonneau G, Bouyer J. Chilling, irradiation and transport of male Glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae: Effect on the emergence, flight ability and survival. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216802. [PMID: 31086401 PMCID: PMC6516675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sterile insect technique (SIT) requires mass-rearing of the target species, irradiation to induce sexual sterility and transportation from the mass-rearing facility to the target site. Those treatments require several steps that may affect the biological quality of sterile males. This study has been carried out to evaluate the relative impact of chilling, irradiation and transport on emergence rate, flight ability and survival of sterile male Glossina palpalis gambiensis. Results Chilling, irradiation and transport all affected the quality control parameters studied. The emergence rate was significantly reduced by long chilling periods and transport, i.e. from 92% at the source insectary in Burkina Faso to 78% upon arrival in Senegal. Flight ability was affected by all three parameters with 31% operational flies lost between the production facility and the destination site. Only survival under stress was not affected by any of the treatments. Conclusion The chilling period and transport were the main factors that impacted significantly the quality of sterile male pupae. Therefore, in the operational programme, the delivery of sterile male pupae was divided over two shipments per week to reduce the chilling time and improve the quality of the sterile males. Quality of the male pupae may further be improved by reducing the transport time and vibrations during transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souleymane Diallo
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide–CIRDES,Bobo–Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la vie et de la Terre, Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki Zerbo, Burkina Faso
- * E-mail:
| | - Momar Talla Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, BP, Dakar—Hann, Sénégal
| | - Jean Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide–CIRDES,Bobo–Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, BP, Dakar—Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mireille Djimangali Bassene
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, BP, Dakar—Hann, Sénégal
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Antoine Sanon
- Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la vie et de la Terre, Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki Zerbo, Burkina Faso
| | - Marc J. B. Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Takac
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia and Scientica, ltd, Hybesova 33, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrew Gordon Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide–CIRDES,Bobo–Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- CIRAD—Département Systèmes Biologiques - UMR 17 Intertryp CIRAD/IRD, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
- CIRAD—Département Systèmes Biologiques - UMR 17 Intertryp CIRAD/IRD, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD—Département Systèmes Biologiques - UMR ASTRE CIRAD/INRA, Montpellier, France
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Drug quality analysis of isometamidium chloride hydrochloride and diminazene diaceturate used for the treatment of African animal trypanosomosis in West Africa. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:361. [PMID: 30458767 PMCID: PMC6247674 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diminazene diaceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM) are with homidium bromide, the main molecules used to treat African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). These drugs can be purchased from official suppliers but also from unofficial sources like local food markets or street vendors. The sub-standard quality of some of these trypanocides is jeopardizing the efficacy of treatment of sick livestock, leading thus to economic losses for the low-resource farmers and is contributing to the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of trypanocidal drugs sold in French speaking countries of West Africa. In total, 308 drug samples including 282 of DA and 26 of ISM were purchased from official and unofficial sources in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Togo. All samples were analysed at LACOMEV (Dakar, Senegal), a reference laboratory of the World Organisation for Animal Health, by galenic inspection and high performance liquid chromatography. Results The results showed that 51.90% of the samples were non-compliant compared to the standards and were containing lower quantity of the active ingredient compared to the indications on the packaging. The non-compliances ranged from 63.27% in Togo to 32.65% in Burkina Faso (61.82% in Benin, 53.84% in Mali, 50% in Côte d’Ivoire, 47.36% in Niger). The rates of non-compliance were not statistically different (P = 0.572) from official or unofficial suppliers and ranged from 30 to 75% and from 0 to 65% respectively. However, the non-compliance was significantly higher for ISM compared to DA (P = 0.028). Conclusions The high non-compliance revealed in this study compromises the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against AAT, and is likely to exacerbate chemoresistance in West Africa. Corrective actions against sub-standard trypanocides urgently need to be taken by policy makers and control authorities.
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Meyer A, Holt HR, Selby R, Guitian J. Past and Ongoing Tsetse and Animal Trypanosomiasis Control Operations in Five African Countries: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005247. [PMID: 28027299 PMCID: PMC5222520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control operations targeting Animal African Trypanosomiasis and its primary vector, the tsetse, were covering approximately 128,000 km2 of Africa in 2001, which is a mere 1.3% of the tsetse infested area. Although extensive trypanosomiasis and tsetse (T&T) control operations have been running since the beginning of the 20th century, Animal African Trypanosomiasis is still a major constraint of livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a systematic review of the existing literature describing T&T control programmes conducted in a selection of five African countries, namely Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda and Zambia, between 1980 and 2015. Sixty-eight documents were eventually selected from those identified by the database search. This was supplemented with information gathered through semi-structured interviews conducted with twelve key informants recruited in the study countries and selected based on their experience and knowledge of T&T control. The combined information from these two sources was used to describe the inputs, processes and outcomes from 23 major T&T control programmes implemented in the study countries. Although there were some data gaps, involvement of the target communities and sustainability of the control activities were identified as the two main issues faced by these programmes. Further, there was a lack of evaluation of these control programmes, as well as a lack of a standardised methodology to conduct such evaluations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Past experiences demonstrated that coordinated and sustained control activities require careful planning, and evidence of successes, failures and setbacks from past control programmes represent a mine of information. As there is a lack of evaluation of these programmes, these data have not been fully exploited for the design, analyses and justification of future control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Meyer
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah R. Holt
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Selby
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Guitian
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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More than one rabbit out of the hat: Radiation, transgenic and symbiont-based approaches for sustainable management of mosquito and tsetse fly populations. Acta Trop 2016; 157:115-30. [PMID: 26774684 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are bloodsucking vectors of human and animal pathogens. Mosquito-borne diseases (malaria, filariasis, dengue, zika, and chikungunya) cause severe mortality and morbidity annually, and tsetse fly-borne diseases (African trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock) cost Sub-Saharan Africa an estimated US$ 4750 million annually. Current reliance on insecticides for vector control is unsustainable: due to increasing insecticide resistance and growing concerns about health and environmental impacts of chemical control there is a growing need for novel, effective and safe biologically-based methods that are more sustainable. The integration of the sterile insect technique has proven successful to manage crop pests and disease vectors, particularly tsetse flies, and is likely to prove effective against mosquito vectors, particularly once sex-separation methods are improved. Transgenic and symbiont-based approaches are in development, and more advanced in (particularly Aedes) mosquitoes than in tsetse flies; however, issues around stability, sustainability and biosecurity have to be addressed, especially when considering population replacement approaches. Regulatory issues and those relating to intellectual property and economic cost of application must also be overcome. Standardised methods to assess insect quality are required to compare and predict efficacy of the different approaches. Different combinations of these three approaches could be integrated to maximise their benefits, and all have the potential to be used in tsetse and mosquito area-wide integrated pest management programmes.
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Pagabeleguem S, Gimonneau G, Seck MT, Vreysen MJB, Sall B, Rayaissé JB, Sidibé I, Bouyer J, Ravel S. A Molecular Method to Discriminate between Mass-Reared Sterile and Wild Tsetse Flies during Eradication Programmes That Have a Sterile Insect Technique Component. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004491. [PMID: 26901049 PMCID: PMC4767142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Government of Senegal has embarked several years ago on a project that aims to eradicate Glossina palpalis gambiensis from the Niayes area. The removal of the animal trypanosomosis would allow the development more efficient livestock production systems. The project was implemented using an area-wide integrated pest management strategy including a sterile insect technique (SIT) component. The released sterile male flies originated from a colony from Burkina Faso. Methodology/Principal Findings Monitoring the efficacy of the sterile male releases requires the discrimination between wild and sterile male G. p. gambiensis that are sampled in monitoring traps. Before being released, sterile male flies were marked with a fluorescent dye powder. The marking was however not infallible with some sterile flies only slightly marked or some wild flies contaminated with a few dye particles in the monitoring traps. Trapped flies can also be damaged due to predation by ants, making it difficult to discriminate between wild and sterile males using a fluorescence camera and / or a fluorescence microscope. We developed a molecular technique based on the determination of cytochrome oxidase haplotypes of G. p. gambiensis to discriminate between wild and sterile males. DNA was isolated from the head of flies and a portion of the 5’ end of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I was amplified to be finally sequenced. Our results indicated that all the sterile males from the Burkina Faso colony displayed the same haplotype and systematically differed from wild male flies trapped in Senegal and Burkina Faso. This allowed 100% discrimination between sterile and wild male G. p. gambiensis. Conclusions/Significance This tool might be useful for other tsetse control campaigns with a SIT component in the framework of the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) and, more generally, for other vector or insect pest control programs. The Government of Senegal has embarked since several years on a project that aims to create a tsetse-free area in the Niayes. The project was implemented using an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) strategy where the sterile flies used for the sterile insect technique (SIT) component were derived from a colony originating from Burkina Faso. Monitoring the efficacy of the sterile male releases requires the discrimination between wild and sterile males that are sampled in monitoring traps. Before being released, sterile males were marked with a fluorescent dye powder. The marking was however not infallible with some sterile flies only slightly marked or some wild flies contaminated with a few dye particles in the monitoring traps, making it difficult to discriminate between wild and sterile males using a UV camera. We developed a molecular technique based on the cytochrome oxidase gene that efficiently discriminates between wild and sterile males. This tool might be useful for other tsetse control campaigns with a SIT component or for other vector or insect pest control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Dakar - Hann, Sénégal
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Momar Talla Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Dakar - Hann, Sénégal
| | - Marc J. B. Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- National Institute for Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control and Eradication, Livestock Development Sector, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign Coordination Office, Rural Economy and Agriculture Department, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Seck MT, Pagabeleguem S, Bassene MD, Fall AG, Diouf TAR, Sall B, Vreysen MJB, Rayaissé JB, Takac P, Sidibé I, Parker AG, Mutika GN, Bouyer J, Gimonneau G. Quality of Sterile Male Tsetse after Long Distance Transport as Chilled, Irradiated Pupae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004229. [PMID: 26562521 PMCID: PMC4642948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes that cause human and African animal trypanosomosis, a debilitating disease of humans (sleeping sickness) and livestock (nagana). An area-wide integrated pest management campaign against Glossina palpalis gambiensis has been implemented in Senegal since 2010 that includes a sterile insect technique (SIT) component. The SIT can only be successful when the sterile males that are destined for release have a flight ability, survival and competitiveness that are as close as possible to that of their wild male counterparts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Tests were developed to assess the quality of G. p. gambiensis males that emerged from pupae that were produced and irradiated in Burkina Faso and Slovakia (irradiation done in Seibersdorf, Austria) and transported weekly under chilled conditions to Dakar, Senegal. For each consignment a sample of 50 pupae was used for a quality control test (QC group). To assess flight ability, the pupae were put in a cylinder filtering emerged flies that were able to escape the cylinder. The survival of these flyers was thereafter monitored under stress conditions (without feeding). Remaining pupae were emerged and released in the target area of the eradication programme (RF group). The following parameter values were obtained for the QC flies: average emergence rate more than 69%, median survival of 6 days, and average flight ability of more than 35%. The quality protocol was a good proxy of fly quality, explaining a large part of the variances of the examined parameters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The quality protocol described here will allow the accurate monitoring of the quality of shipped sterile male tsetse used in operational eradication programmes in the framework of the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momar Talla Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 ‘Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes’, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Mireille D. Bassene
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Thérèse A. R. Diouf
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Marc J. B. Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Peter Takac
- Institute of Zoology, Section of Molecular and Applied Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Andrew G. Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gratian N. Mutika
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 ‘Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes’, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche ‘Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides’, Montpellier, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 ‘Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes’, Montpellier, France
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10
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Shaw APM, Wint GRW, Cecchi G, Torr SJ, Mattioli RC, Robinson TP. Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa. Prev Vet Med 2015; 122:406-16. [PMID: 26166771 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study builds upon earlier work mapping the potential benefits from bovine trypanosomosis control and analysing the costs of different approaches. Updated costs were derived for five intervention techniques: trypanocides, targets, insecticide-treated cattle, aerial spraying and the release of sterile males. Two strategies were considered: continuous control and elimination. For mapping the costs, cattle densities, environmental constraints, and the presence of savannah or riverine tsetse species were taken into account. These were combined with maps of potential benefits to produce maps of benefit-cost ratios. The results illustrate a diverse picture, and they clearly indicate that no single technique or strategy is universally profitable. For control using trypanocide prophylaxis, returns are modest, even without accounting for the risk of drug resistance but, in areas of low cattle densities, this is the only approach that yields a positive return. Where cattle densities are sufficient to support it, the use of insecticide-treated cattle stands out as the most consistently profitable technique, widely achieving benefit-cost ratios above 5. In parts of the high-potential areas such as the mixed farming, high-oxen-use zones of western Ethiopia, the fertile crescent north of Lake Victoria and the dairy production areas in western and central Kenya, all tsetse control strategies achieve benefit-cost ratios from 2 to over 15, and for elimination strategies, ratios from 5 to over 20. By contrast, in some areas, notably where cattle densities are below 20per km(2), the costs of interventions against tsetse match or even outweigh the benefits, especially for control scenarios using aerial spraying or the deployment of targets where both savannah and riverine flies are present. If the burden of human African trypanosomosis were factored in, the benefit-cost ratios of some of the low-return areas would be considerably increased. Comparatively, elimination strategies give rise to higher benefit-cost ratios than do those for continuous control. However, the costs calculated for elimination assume problem-free, large scale operations, and they rest on the outputs of entomological models that are difficult to validate in the field. Experience indicates that the conditions underlying successful and sustained elimination campaigns are seldom met. By choosing the most appropriate thresholds for benefit-cost ratios, decision-makers and planners can use the maps to define strategies, assist in prioritising areas for intervention, and help choose among intervention techniques and approaches. The methodology would have wider applicability in analysing other disease constraints with a strong spatial component.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P M Shaw
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB and AP Consultants, 22, Walworth Enterprise Centre, Duke Close, Andover, SP10 5AP, United Kingdom.
| | - G R W Wint
- Environmental Research Group Oxford (ERGO), Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - G Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa, CMC Road, P.O. Box 5536, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(1)
| | - S J Torr
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - R C Mattioli
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Production and Health Division, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy(1)
| | - T P Robinson
- Livestock Systems and Environment, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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11
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Pagabeleguem S, Seck MT, Sall B, Vreysen MJB, Gimonneau G, Fall AG, Bassene M, Sidibé I, Rayaissé JB, Belem AMG, Bouyer J. Long distance transport of irradiated male Glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae and its impact on sterile male yield. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:259. [PMID: 25927610 PMCID: PMC4436170 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The application of the sterile insect technique (SIT) requires mass-production of sterile males of good biological quality. The size of the project area will in most cases determine whether it is more cost effective to produce the sterile flies locally (and invest in a mass-rearing facility) or import the sterile flies from a mass-rearing facility that is located in another country. This study aimed at assessing the effect of long distance transport of sterile male Glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae on adult male fly yield. Methods The male pupae were produced at the Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, and shipped with a commercial courier service in insulated transport boxes at a temperature of ±10°C to Senegal (±36 h of transport). Upon arrival in the insectary in Dakar, the pupae were transferred to an emergence room and the flies monitored for 3–6 days. Results The results showed that the used system of isothermal boxes that contained phase change material packs (S8) managed to keep the temperature at around 10°C which prevented male fly emergence during transport. The emergence rate was significantly higher for pupae from batch 2 (chilled at 4°C for one day in the source insectary before transport) than those from batch 1 (chilled at 4°C for two days in the source insectary before transport) i.e. an average (±sd) of 76.1 ± 13.2% and 72.2 ± 14.3%, respectively with a small proportion emerging during transport (0.7 ± 1.7% and 0.9 ± 2.9%, respectively). Among the emerged flies, the percentage with deformed (not fully expanded) wings was significantly higher for flies from batch 1 (12.0 ± 6.3%) than from batch 2 (10.7 ± 7.5%). The amount of sterile males available for release as a proportion of the total pupae shipped was 65.8 ± 13.3% and 61.7 ± 14.7% for batch 1 and 2 pupae, respectively. Conclusions The results also showed that the temperature inside the parcel must be controlled around 10°C with a maximal deviation of 3°C to maximize the male yield. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0869-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1087, Burkina Faso. .,Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, 34398, France. .,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, 34398, France.
| | - Momar Talla Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, Dakar - Hann, BP, 2057, Sénégal.
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, 37, avenue Pasteur, Dakar, BP 67, Sénégal.
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagramer-strasse 5, PO Box 100, Vienna, A-1400, Austria.
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, 34398, France. .,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, 34398, France. .,Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, Dakar - Hann, BP, 2057, Sénégal.
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, Dakar - Hann, BP, 2057, Sénégal.
| | - Mireille Bassene
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, Dakar - Hann, BP, 2057, Sénégal.
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1087, Burkina Faso. .,Centre International de Recherche-développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso.
| | - Adrien M G Belem
- Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Houet, BP, 1091, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, 34398, France. .,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, 34398, France. .,Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, Dakar - Hann, BP, 2057, Sénégal. .,Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Montpellier, 34398, France.
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12
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Bouyer F, Seck MT, Dicko AH, Sall B, Lo M, Vreysen MJB, Chia E, Bouyer J, Wane A. Ex-ante benefit-cost analysis of the elimination of a Glossina palpalis gambiensis population in the Niayes of Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3112. [PMID: 25144776 PMCID: PMC4140673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2005, the Government of Senegal embarked on a campaign to eliminate a Glossina palpalis gambiensis population from the Niayes area (∼1000 km2) under the umbrella of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). The project was considered an ecologically sound approach to intensify cattle production. The elimination strategy includes a suppression phase using insecticide impregnated targets and cattle, and an elimination phase using the sterile insect technique, necessary to eliminate tsetse in this area. Methodology/Principal Findings Three main cattle farming systems were identified: a traditional system using trypanotolerant cattle and two “improved” systems using more productive cattle breeds focusing on milk and meat production. In improved farming systems herd size was 45% lower and annual cattle sales were €250 (s.d. 513) per head as compared to €74 (s.d. 38) per head in traditional farming systems (p<10−3). Tsetse distribution significantly impacted the occurrence of these farming systems (p = 0.001), with 34% (s.d. 4%) and 6% (s.d. 4%) of improved systems in the tsetse-free and tsetse-infested areas, respectively. We calculated the potential increases of cattle sales as a result of tsetse elimination considering two scenarios, i.e. a conservative scenario with a 2% annual replacement rate from traditional to improved systems after elimination, and a more realistic scenario with an increased replacement rate of 10% five years after elimination. The final annual increase of cattle sales was estimated at ∼€2800/km2 for a total cost of the elimination campaign reaching ∼€6400/km2. Conclusion/Significance Despite its high cost, the benefit-cost analysis indicated that the project was highly cost-effective, with Internal Rates of Return (IRR) of 9.8% and 19.1% and payback periods of 18 and 13 years for the two scenarios, respectively. In addition to an increase in farmers' income, the benefits of tsetse elimination include a reduction of grazing pressure on the ecosystems. In 2005, the Government of Senegal embarked on a campaign to eliminate a tsetse population from the Niayes area (∼1000 km2) around Dakar in order to intensify cattle production. Three main cattle farming systems are present in this area: a traditional system using trypanotolerant cattle and two “improved” systems using more productive trypano-sensitive cattle breeds. Whereas the size of the herds in improved cattle farming systems is more than twice lower than in a traditional system, the annual sales per head are threefold higher. Improved systems are more than fivefold less frequent in the tsetse infested sites than in the surrounding ones, showing that the risk posed by trypanosomosis is a major constraint to the intensification and innovation processes. Based on two scenarios of shift from traditional to improved systems after tsetse elimination, the benefit-cost analysis shows that, despite its relatively high cost, the project is highly cost-effective and will allow a reduction of grazing pressure on the ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Bouyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Momar Talla Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ahmadou H. Dicko
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mbargou Lo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Marc J. B. Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduardo Chia
- Cirad, Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA-CIRAD Innovation, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
| | - Abdrahmane Wane
- Cirad, Unité Mixte de Recherche CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro Selmet, Montpellier, France
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13
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Dicko AH, Lancelot R, Seck MT, Guerrini L, Sall B, Lo M, Vreysen MJB, Lefrançois T, Fonta WM, Peck SL, Bouyer J. Using species distribution models to optimize vector control in the framework of the tsetse eradication campaign in Senegal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10149-54. [PMID: 24982143 PMCID: PMC4104868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407773111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are vectors of human and animal trypanosomoses in sub-Saharan Africa and are the target of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) is a riverine species that is still present as an isolated metapopulation in the Niayes area of Senegal. It is targeted by a national eradication campaign combining a population reduction phase based on insecticide-treated targets (ITTs) and cattle and an eradication phase based on the sterile insect technique. In this study, we used species distribution models to optimize control operations. We compared the probability of the presence of G. p. gambiensis and habitat suitability using a regularized logistic regression and Maxent, respectively. Both models performed well, with an area under the curve of 0.89 and 0.92, respectively. Only the Maxent model predicted an expert-based classification of landscapes correctly. Maxent predictions were therefore used throughout the eradication campaign in the Niayes to make control operations more efficient in terms of deployment of ITTs, release density of sterile males, and location of monitoring traps used to assess program progress. We discuss how the models' results informed about the particular ecology of tsetse in the target area. Maxent predictions allowed optimizing efficiency and cost within our project, and might be useful for other tsetse control campaigns in the framework of the PATTEC and, more generally, other vector or insect pest control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadou H Dicko
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398 Montpellier, France;Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Momar T Seck
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Laure Guerrini
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398 Montpellier, France;Department Environment and Societies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, BP 45 677, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mbargou Lo
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, BP 45 677, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398 Montpellier, France;Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - William M Fonta
- West African Science Center for Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, BP 13621, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; and
| | - Steven L Peck
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal;Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398 Montpellier, France;Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34398 Montpellier, France;
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14
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Bouyer J, Bouyer F, Donadeu M, Rowan T, Napier G. Community- and farmer-based management of animal African trypanosomosis in cattle. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:519-22. [PMID: 24012356 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tsetse eradication is impossible in many parts of Africa given environmental, political, and economic circumstances. Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) control then relies on implementation of local, integrated control strategies by communities or farmers that must take into account the eco-epidemiological context and the cattle rearing system to be sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Bouyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France; Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar, BP 2057, Sénégal.
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