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Bernard C, Joly Kukla C, Rakotoarivony I, Duhayon M, Stachurski F, Huber K, Giupponi C, Zortman I, Holzmuller P, Pollet T, Jeanneau M, Mercey A, Vachiery N, Lefrançois T, Garros C, Michaud V, Comtet L, Despois L, Pourquier P, Picard C, Journeaux A, Thomas D, Godard S, Moissonnier E, Mely S, Sega M, Pannetier D, Baize S, Vial L. Detection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Hyalomma marginatum ticks, southern France, May 2022 and April 2023. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400023. [PMID: 38333936 PMCID: PMC10853980 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.6.2400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a potentially severe zoonotic viral disease causing fever and haemorrhagic manifestations in humans. As the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) has been detected in ticks in Spain and antibodies against the virus in ruminant sera in Corsica, it was necessary to know more about the situation in France. In 2022-2023, CCHFV was detected in 155 ticks collected from horses and cattle in southern France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Bernard
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Charlotte Joly Kukla
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ignace Rakotoarivony
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Duhayon
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Stachurski
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Huber
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Carla Giupponi
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Iyonna Zortman
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Pollet
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Mélanie Jeanneau
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Alice Mercey
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Vachiery
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Claire Garros
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Michaud
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Picard
- National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Lyon, France
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Journeaux
- National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Lyon, France
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Damien Thomas
- National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM Jean Mérieux, INSERM Lyon, France
| | - Sabine Godard
- National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM Jean Mérieux, INSERM Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Moissonnier
- National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM Jean Mérieux, INSERM Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Mely
- National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM Jean Mérieux, INSERM Lyon, France
| | - Manon Sega
- National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM Jean Mérieux, INSERM Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Pannetier
- National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM Jean Mérieux, INSERM Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Baize
- National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Lyon, France
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Vial
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), University of Montpellier (UMR) Animal Santé Territoires Risques Écosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
- ASTRE UMR, CIRAD, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRAE), Montpellier, France
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Lefrançois T, Lina B, Autran B. One Health approach at the heart of the French Committee for monitoring and anticipating health risks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7540. [PMID: 37990001 PMCID: PMC10663485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the French government established a committee for monitoring and anticipating health risks. In this Comment, the authors describe the One Health approach taken by the committee, and outline its aims, composition, and initial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Lina
- HCL, Institut des Agents Infectieux, CNR des virus à transmission respiratoire (dont la grippe), Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
- Virpath, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne-Université, Cimi-Paris, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL8255, UPMC CR7, Paris, France
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Lefrançois T, Malvy D, Atlani-Duault L, Benamouzig D, Druais PL, Yazdanpanah Y, Delfraissy JF, Lina B. After 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, translating One Health into action is urgent. Lancet 2023; 401:789-794. [PMID: 36302392 PMCID: PMC9595398 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Malvy
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Hospital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France; National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Atlani-Duault
- Université Paris Cité, IRD, Ceped, Paris, France; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jean-François Delfraissy
- Comité Consultatif National d'Ethique, National Ethical Consultative Committee for Life Sciences and Health, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- HCL, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence de virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe), Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France; CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Inserm U1111, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Peyre
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gwenaël Vourc'h
- UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | | | - Yves Martin-Prevel
- UMR MoISA, University Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Benjamin Roche
- MIVEGEC, University Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier 34394, France.
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Noroy C, Lefrançois T, Meyer DF. Searching algorithm for Type IV effector proteins (S4TE) 2.0: Improved tools for Type IV effector prediction, analysis and comparison in proteobacteria. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006847. [PMID: 30908487 PMCID: PMC6448907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to corrupt, hijack or mimic cellular processes in order to survive and proliferate. Among those strategies, Type IV effectors (T4Es) are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria to manipulate host cell processes during infection. They are delivered into eukaryotic cells in an ATP-dependent manner via the type IV secretion system, a specialized multiprotein complex. T4Es contain a wide spectrum of features including eukaryotic-like domains, localization signals or a C-terminal translocation signal. A combination of these features enables prediction of T4Es in a given bacterial genome. In this study, we developed a web-based comprehensive suite of tools with a user-friendly graphical interface. This version 2.0 of S4TE (Searching Algorithm for Type IV Effector Proteins; http://sate.cirad.fr) enables accurate prediction and comparison of T4Es. Search parameters and threshold can be customized by the user to work with any genome sequence, whether publicly available or not. Applications range from characterizing effector features and identifying potential T4Es to analyzing the effectors based on the genome G+C composition and local gene density. S4TE 2.0 allows the comparison of putative T4E repertoires of up to four bacterial strains at the same time. The software identifies T4E orthologs among strains and provides a Venn diagram and lists of genes for each intersection. New interactive features offer the best visualization of the location of candidate T4Es and hyperlinks to NCBI and Pfam databases. S4TE 2.0 is designed to evolve rapidly with the publication of new experimentally validated T4Es, which will reinforce the predictive power of the algorithm. The computational methodology can be used to identify a wide spectrum of candidate bacterial effectors that lack sequence conservation but have similar amino acid characteristics. This approach will provide very valuable information about bacterial host-specificity and virulence factors and help identify host targets for the development of new anti-bacterial molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Noroy
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | | | - Damien F. Meyer
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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6
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Pruneau L, Lebrigand K, Mari B, Lefrançois T, Meyer DF, Vachiery N. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Virulent and Attenuated Ehrlichia ruminantium Strains Highlighted Strong Regulation of map1- and Metabolism Related Genes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:153. [PMID: 29868509 PMCID: PMC5962694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogenic bacterium, Ehrlichia ruminantium, is the causal agent of heartwater, a fatal disease in ruminants transmitted by Amblyomma ticks. So far, three strains have been attenuated by successive passages in mammalian cells. The attenuated strains have improved capacity for growth in vitro, whereas they induced limited clinical signs in vivo and conferred strong protection against homologous challenge. However, the mechanisms of pathogenesis and attenuation remain unknown. In order to improve knowledge of E. ruminantium pathogenesis, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of two distant strains of E. ruminantium, Gardel and Senegal, and their corresponding attenuated strains. Overall, our results showed an upregulation of gene expression encoding for the metabolism pathway in the attenuated strains compared to the virulent strains, which can probably be associated with higher in vitro replicative activity and a better fitness to the host cells. We also observed a significant differential expression of membrane protein-encoding genes between the virulent and attenuated strains. A major downregulation of map1-related genes was observed for the two attenuated strains, whereas upregulation of genes encoding for hypothetical membrane proteins was observed for the four strains. Moreover, CDS_05140, which encodes for a putative porin, displays the highest gene expression in both attenuated strains. For the attenuated strains, the significant downregulation of map1-related gene expression and upregulation of genes encoding other membrane proteins could be important in the implementation of efficient immune responses after vaccination with attenuated vaccines. Moreover, this study revealed an upregulation of gene expression for 8 genes encoding components of Type IV secretion system and 3 potential effectors, mainly in the virulent Gardel strain. Our transcriptomic study, supported by previous proteomic studies, provides and also confirms new information regarding the characterization of genes involved in E. ruminantium virulence and attenuation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Pruneau
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Guadeloupe, France.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université des Antilles, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Kevin Lebrigand
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPMC, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Bernard Mari
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPMC, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien F Meyer
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Guadeloupe, France.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Vachiery
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Guadeloupe, France.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
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Moumène A, Gonzalez-Rizzo S, Lefrançois T, Vachiéry N, Meyer DF. Iron Starvation Conditions Upregulate Ehrlichia ruminantium Type IV Secretion System, tr1 Transcription Factor and map1 Genes Family through the Master Regulatory Protein ErxR. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:535. [PMID: 29404278 PMCID: PMC5780451 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia ruminantium is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that causes heartwater, a fatal disease in ruminants. Due to its intracellular nature, E. ruminantium requires a set of specific virulence factors, such as the type IV secretion system (T4SS), and outer membrane proteins (Map proteins) in order to avoid and subvert the host's immune response. Several studies have been conducted to understand the regulation of the T4SS or outer membrane proteins, in Ehrlichia, but no integrated approach has been used to understand the regulation of Ehrlichia pathogenicity determinants in response to environmental cues. Iron is known to be a key nutrient for bacterial growth both in the environment and within hosts. In this study, we experimentally demonstrated the regulation of virB, map1, and tr1 genes by the newly identified master regulator ErxR (for Ehrlichia ruminantium expression regulator). We also analyzed the effect of iron depletion on the expression of erxR gene, tr1 transcription factor, T4SS and map1 genes clusters in E. ruminantium. We show that exposure of E. ruminantium to iron starvation induces erxR and subsequently tr1, virB, and map1 genes. Our results reveal tight co-regulation of T4SS and map1 genes via the ErxR regulatory protein at the transcriptional level, and, for the first time link map genes to the virulence function sensu stricto, thereby advancing our understanding of Ehrlichia's infection process. These results suggest that Ehrlichia is able to sense changes in iron concentrations in the environment and to regulate the expression of virulence factors accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Moumène
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France.,UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Silvina Gonzalez-Rizzo
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ Antilles, Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France.,Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Vachiéry
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien F Meyer
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
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Cangi N, Pinarello V, Bournez L, Lefrançois T, Albina E, Neves L, Vachiéry N. Efficient high-throughput molecular method to detect Ehrlichia ruminantium in ticks. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:566. [PMID: 29132402 PMCID: PMC5683323 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ehrlichia ruminantium is the causal agent of heartwater, a fatal tropical disease affecting ruminants with important economic impacts. This bacterium is transmitted by Amblyomma ticks and is present in sub-Saharan Africa, islands in the Indian Ocean and the Caribbean, where it represents a threat to the American mainland. METHODS An automated DNA extraction method was adapted for Amblyomma ticks and a new qPCR targeting the pCS20 region was developed to improve E. ruminantium screening capacity and diagnosis. The first step in the preparation of tick samples, before extraction, was not automated but was considerably improved by using a Tissue Lyser. The new pCS20 Sol1 qPCR and a previously published pCS20 Cow qPCR were evaluated with the OIE standard pCS20 nested PCR. RESULTS pCS20 Sol1 qPCR was found to be more specific than the nested PCR, with a 5-fold increase in sensitivity (3 copies/reaction vs 15 copies/reaction), was less prone to contamination and less time-consuming. As pCS20 Sol1 qPCR did not detect Rickettsia, Anasplasma and Babesia species or closely related species such as Panola Mountain Ehrlichia, E. chaffeensis and E. canis, its specificity was also better than Cow qPCR. In parallel, a tick 16S qPCR was developed for the quality control of DNA extraction that confirmed the good reproducibility of the automated extraction. The whole method, including the automated DNA extraction and pCS20 Sol1 qPCR, was shown to be sensitive, specific and highly reproducible with the same limit of detection as the combined manual DNA extraction and nested PCR, i.e. 6 copies/reaction. Finally, 96 samples can be tested in one day compared to the four days required for manual DNA extraction and nested PCR. CONCLUSIONS The adaptation of an automated DNA extraction using a DNA/RNA viral extraction kit for tick samples and the development of a new qPCR increased the accuracy of E. ruminantium epidemiological studies, as well as the diagnostic capabilities and turn-over time for surveillance of heartwater. This new method paves the way for large-scale screening of other bacteria and viruses in ticks as well as genetic characterization of ticks and tick-pathogen coevolution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nídia Cangi
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Centro de Biotecnologia-UEM, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique.,Université des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Valérie Pinarello
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Bournez
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Luís Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia-UEM, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Nathalie Vachiéry
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France. .,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France. .,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
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9
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Mercier A, Arsevska E, Bournez L, Bronner A, Calavas D, Cauchard J, Falala S, Caufour P, Tisseuil C, Lefrançois T, Lancelot R. Spread rate of lumpy skin disease in the Balkans, 2015-2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:240-243. [PMID: 28239954 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
After its introduction in Turkey in November 2013 and subsequent spread in this country, lumpy skin disease (LSD) was first reported in the western Turkey in May 2015. It was observed in cattle in Greece and reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in August 2015. From May 2015 to August 2016, 1,092 outbreaks of lumpy skin disease were reported in cattle from western Turkey and eight Balkan countries: Greece, Bulgaria, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo, and Albania. During this period, the median LSD spread rate was 7.3 km/week. The frequency of outbreaks was highly seasonal, with little or no transmission reported during the winter. Also, the skewed distribution of spread rates suggested two distinct underlying epidemiological processes, associating local and distant spread possibly related to vectors and cattle trade movements, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mercier
- French Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - E Arsevska
- French Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - L Bournez
- Unité de coordination et d'appui à la surveillance, Direction des laboratoires, Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Bronner
- General Directorate for Food, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Paris, France
| | - D Calavas
- Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Lyon, France
| | - J Cauchard
- Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Lyon, France
| | - S Falala
- French Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - P Caufour
- French Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - C Tisseuil
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Lefrançois
- French Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - R Lancelot
- French Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
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10
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Cangi N, Gordon JL, Bournez L, Pinarello V, Aprelon R, Huber K, Lefrançois T, Neves L, Meyer DF, Vachiéry N. Recombination Is a Major Driving Force of Genetic Diversity in the Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichia ruminantium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:111. [PMID: 27747194 PMCID: PMC5040723 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease, Heartwater, caused by the Anaplasmataceae E. ruminantium, represents a major problem for tropical livestock and wild ruminants. Up to now, no effective vaccine has been available due to a limited cross protection of vaccinal strains on field strains and a high genetic diversity of Ehrlichia ruminantium within geographical locations. To address this issue, we inferred the genetic diversity and population structure of 194 E. ruminantium isolates circulating worldwide using Multilocus Sequence Typing based on lipA, lipB, secY, sodB, and sucA genes. Phylogenetic trees and networks were generated using BEAST and SplitsTree, respectively, and recombination between the different genetic groups was tested using the PHI test for recombination. Our study reveals the repeated occurrence of recombination between E. ruminantium strains, suggesting that it may occur frequently in the genome and has likely played an important role in the maintenance of genetic diversity and the evolution of E. ruminantium. Despite the unclear phylogeny and phylogeography, E. ruminantium isolates are clustered into two main groups: Group 1 (West Africa) and a Group 2 (worldwide) which is represented by West, East, and Southern Africa, Indian Ocean, and Caribbean strains. Some sequence types are common between West Africa and Caribbean and between Southern Africa and Indian Ocean strains. These common sequence types highlight two main introduction events due to the movement of cattle: from West Africa to Caribbean and from Southern Africa to the Indian Ocean islands. Due to the long branch lengths between Group 1 and Group 2, and the propensity for recombination between these groups, it seems that the West African clusters of Subgroup 2 arrived there more recently than the original divergence of the two groups, possibly with the original waves of domesticated ruminants that spread across the African continent several thousand years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nídia Cangi
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEEPetit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEEMontpellier, France
- Centro de Biotecnologia-UEM, Eduardo Mondlane UniversityMaputo, Mozambique
- Université des AntillesPointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Jonathan L. Gordon
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEEPetit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEEMontpellier, France
| | - Laure Bournez
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEEPetit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEEMontpellier, France
| | - Valérie Pinarello
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEEPetit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEEMontpellier, France
| | - Rosalie Aprelon
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEEPetit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEEMontpellier, France
| | | | | | - Luís Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia-UEM, Eduardo Mondlane UniversityMaputo, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaOnderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Damien F. Meyer
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEEPetit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEEMontpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Vachiéry
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEEPetit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEEMontpellier, France
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11
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Bournez L, Cangi N, Lancelot R, Pleydell DRJ, Stachurski F, Bouyer J, Martinez D, Lefrançois T, Neves L, Pradel J. Parapatric distribution and sexual competition between two tick species, Amblyomma variegatum and A. hebraeum (Acari, Ixodidae), in Mozambique. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:504. [PMID: 26438193 PMCID: PMC4595191 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amblyomma variegatum and A. hebraeum are two ticks of veterinary and human health importance in south-east Africa. In Zimbabwe they occupy parapatric (marginally overlapping and juxtaposed) distributions. Understanding the mechanisms behind this parapatry is essential for predicting the spatio-temporal dynamics of Amblyomma spp. and the impacts of associated diseases. It has been hypothesized that exclusive competition between these species results from competition at the levels of male signal reception (attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromones) or sexual competition for mates. This hypothesis predicts that the parapatry described in Zimbabwe could also be present in other countries in the region. Methods To explore this competitive exclusion hypothesis we conducted field surveys at the two species’ range limits in Mozambique to identify areas of sympatry (overlapping areas) and to study potential interactions (communicative and reproductive interference effects) in those areas. At sympatric sites, hetero-specific mating pairs were collected and inter-specific attractiveness/repellent effects acting at long and short distances were assessed by analyzing species co-occurrences on co-infested herds and co-infested hosts. Results Co-occurrences of both species at sampling sites were infrequent and localized in areas where both tick and host densities were low. At sympatric sites, high percentages of individuals of both species shared attachment sites on hosts and inter-specific mating rates were high. Although cross-mating rates were not significantly different for A. variegatum and A. hebraeum females, attraction towards hetero-specific males was greater for A. hebraeum females than for A. variegatum females and we observed small asymmetrical repellent effects between males at attachment sites. Conclusions Our observations suggest near-symmetrical reproductive interference between A. variegatum and A. hebraeum, despite between-species differences in the strength of reproductive isolation barriers acting at the aggregation, fixation and partner contact levels. Theoretical models predict that sexual competition coupled with hybrid inviability, greatly reduces the probability of one species becoming established in an otherwise suitable location when the other species is already established. This mechanism can explain why the parapatric boundary in Mozambique has formed within an area of low tick densities and relatively infrequent host-mediated dispersal events. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1116-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bournez
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France. .,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France. .,Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, F-97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - N Cangi
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France. .,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France. .,Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, F-97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France. .,Centro de Biotecnologia- Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. de Moçambique, km 1,5, C.P. 257, Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - R Lancelot
- INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France. .,CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - D R J Pleydell
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France. .,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - F Stachurski
- INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France. .,CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - J Bouyer
- INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France. .,CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France. .,Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar - Hann, Senegal.
| | - D Martinez
- CIRAD, F-97130, Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - T Lefrançois
- INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France. .,CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - L Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia- Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. de Moçambique, km 1,5, C.P. 257, Maputo, Mozambique. .,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - J Pradel
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France. .,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Vachiery N, Puech C, Cavelier P, Rodrigues V, Aprelon R, Lefrançois T, Martinez D, Epardaud M. An in vitro model to assess the immunosuppressive effect of tick saliva on the mobilization of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells. Vet Res 2015; 46:117. [PMID: 26412247 PMCID: PMC4586012 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens cause potent infections. These pathogens benefit from molecules contained in tick saliva that have evolved to modulate host innate and adaptive immune responses. This is called “saliva-activated transmission” and enables tick-borne pathogens to evade host immune responses. Ticks feed on their host for relatively long periods; thus, mechanisms counteracting the inflammation-driven recruitment and activation of innate effector cells at the bite site, are an effective strategy to escape the immune response. Here, we developed an original in vitro model to evaluate and to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva that prevent the establishment of a local inflammatory immune response. This model mimics the tick bite and enables the assessment of the effect of saliva on the inflammatory-associated dynamic recruitment of cells from the mononuclear phagocyte system. Using this model, we were able to recapitulate the dual effect of tick saliva on the mobilization of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells, i.e. (i) impaired recruitment of monocytes from the blood to the bite wound; and (ii) poor mobilization of monocyte-derived cells from the skin to the draining lymph node. This simple tool reconstitutes the effect of tick saliva in vivo, which we characterized in the mouse, and should enable the identification of important factors facilitating pathogen infection. Furthermore, this model may be applied to the characterization of any pathogen-derived immunosuppressive molecule affecting the establishment of the inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vachiery
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Carinne Puech
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Patricia Cavelier
- UMR C5535 Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Valérie Rodrigues
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Rosalie Aprelon
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Dominique Martinez
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Mathieu Epardaud
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France. .,INRA, UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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13
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David A, Vincent M, Quéré MP, Lefrançois T, Frampas E, David A. Isolated and syndromic brachydactylies: Diagnostic value of hand X-rays. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96:443-8. [PMID: 25758756 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Brachydactyly, or shortening of the digits, is due to the abnormal development of phalanges, metacarpals and/or metatarsals. This congenital malformation is common, easily detectable clinically but often requires additional radiological exploration. Radiographs are essential to characterize the type of brachydactyly and to show the location of the bone shortening, as well as any associated malformation. This article reviews the radiological findings for isolated brachydactylies (according to the types classified by Bell, and Temtamy and McKusick) and for brachydactylies that are part of complex multisystem malformation syndromes. If warranted by the clinical and radiological examinations, a genetic analysis (molecular and/or cytogenetic) can confirm the etiologic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A David
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Hôtel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France.
| | - M Vincent
- Department of Clinical Genetics, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - M-P Quéré
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - T Lefrançois
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - E Frampas
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Hôtel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France.
| | - A David
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
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14
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Moumène A, Marcelino I, Ventosa M, Gros O, Lefrançois T, Vachiéry N, Meyer DF, Coelho AV. Proteomic profiling of the outer membrane fraction of the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Ehrlichia ruminantium. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116758. [PMID: 25710494 PMCID: PMC4339577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Gram-negative bacteria play a crucial role in virulence and pathogenesis. Identification of these proteins represents an important goal for bacterial proteomics, because it aids in vaccine development. Here, we have developed such an approach for Ehrlichia ruminantium, the obligate intracellular bacterium that causes heartwater. A preliminary whole proteome analysis of elementary bodies, the extracellular infectious form of the bacterium, had been performed previously, but information is limited about OMPs in this organism and about their role in the protective immune response. Identification of OMPs is also essential for understanding Ehrlichia's OM architecture, and how the bacterium interacts with the host cell environment. First, we developed an OMP extraction method using the ionic detergent sarkosyl, which enriched the OM fraction. Second, proteins were separated via one-dimensional electrophoresis, and digested peptides were analyzed via nano-liquid chromatographic separation coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF). Of 46 unique proteins identified in the OM fraction, 18 (39%) were OMPs, including 8 proteins involved in cell structure and biogenesis, 4 in transport/virulence, 1 porin, and 5 proteins of unknown function. These experimental data were compared to the predicted subcellular localization of the entire E. ruminantium proteome, using three different algorithms. This work represents the most complete proteome characterization of the OM fraction in Ehrlichia spp. The study indicates that suitable subcellular fractionation experiments combined with straightforward computational analysis approaches are powerful for determining the predominant subcellular localization of the experimentally observed proteins. We identified proteins potentially involved in E. ruminantium pathogenesis, which are good novel targets for candidate vaccines. Thus, combining bioinformatics and proteomics, we discovered new OMPs for E. ruminantium that are valuable data for those investigating new vaccines against this organism. In summary, we provide both pioneering data and novel insights into the pathogenesis of this obligate intracellular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Moumène
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Site de Duclos, Prise d’eau, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Isabel Marcelino
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ventosa
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Olivier Gros
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UMR7138 UPMC-CNRS, Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Département de Biologie, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | | | - Nathalie Vachiéry
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Site de Duclos, Prise d’eau, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien F. Meyer
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Site de Duclos, Prise d’eau, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana V. Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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15
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Marcelino I, Lefrançois T, Martinez D, Giraud-Girard K, Aprelon R, Mandonnet N, Gaucheron J, Bertrand F, Vachiéry N. A user-friendly and scalable process to prepare a ready-to-use inactivated vaccine: the example of heartwater in ruminants under tropical conditions. Vaccine 2014; 33:678-85. [PMID: 25514207 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of cheap and thermoresistant vaccines in poor tropical countries for the control of animal diseases is a key issue. Our work aimed at designing and validating a process for the large-scale production of a ready-to-use inactivated vaccine for ruminants. Our model was heartwater caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER). The conventional inactivated vaccine against heartwater (based on whole bacteria inactivated with sodium azide) is prepared immediately before injection, using a syringe-extrusion method with Montanide ISA50. This is a fastidious time-consuming process and it limits the number of vaccine doses available. To overcome these issues, we tested three different techniques (syringe, vortex and homogenizer) and three Montanide ISA adjuvants (50, 70 and 70M). High-speed homogenizer was the optimal method to emulsify ER antigens with both ISA70 and 70M adjuvants. The emulsions displayed a good homogeneity (particle size below 1 μm and low phase separation), conductivity below 10 μS/cm and low antigen degradation at 4 °C for up to 1 year. The efficacy of the different formulations was then evaluated during vaccination trials on goats. The inactivated ER antigens emulsified with ISA70 and ISA70M in a homogenizer resulted in 80% and 100% survival rates, respectively. A cold-chain rupture assay using ISA70M+ER was performed to mimic possible field conditions exposing the vaccine at 37 °C for 4 days before delivery. Surprisingly, the animal survival rate was still high (80%). We also observed that the MAP-1B antibody response was very similar between animals vaccinated with ISA70+ER and ISA70M+ER emulsions, suggesting a more homogenous antigen distribution and presentation in these emulsions. Our work demonstrated that the combination of ISA70 or ISA70M and homogenizer is optimal for the production of an effective ready-to-use inactivated vaccine against heartwater, which could easily be produced on an industrial scale.
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16
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Hubert G, Giniès JL, Dabadie A, Tourtelier Y, Willot S, Pariente D, Lefrançois T, Caldari D. Shunts porto-systémiques congénitaux : expérience du Grand-Ouest sur cinq ans. Arch Pediatr 2014; 21:1187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Dicko AH, Lancelot R, Seck MT, Guerrini L, Sall B, Lo M, Vreysen MJB, Lefrançois T, Fonta WM, Peck SL, Bouyer J. Using species distribution models to optimize vector control in the framework of the tsetse eradication campaign in Senegal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10149-54. [PMID: 24982143 PMCID: PMC4104868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407773111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are vectors of human and animal trypanosomoses in sub-Saharan Africa and are the target of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) is a riverine species that is still present as an isolated metapopulation in the Niayes area of Senegal. It is targeted by a national eradication campaign combining a population reduction phase based on insecticide-treated targets (ITTs) and cattle and an eradication phase based on the sterile insect technique. In this study, we used species distribution models to optimize control operations. We compared the probability of the presence of G. p. gambiensis and habitat suitability using a regularized logistic regression and Maxent, respectively. Both models performed well, with an area under the curve of 0.89 and 0.92, respectively. Only the Maxent model predicted an expert-based classification of landscapes correctly. Maxent predictions were therefore used throughout the eradication campaign in the Niayes to make control operations more efficient in terms of deployment of ITTs, release density of sterile males, and location of monitoring traps used to assess program progress. We discuss how the models' results informed about the particular ecology of tsetse in the target area. Maxent predictions allowed optimizing efficiency and cost within our project, and might be useful for other tsetse control campaigns in the framework of the PATTEC and, more generally, other vector or insect pest control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadou H Dicko
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398 Montpellier, France;Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Momar T Seck
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Laure Guerrini
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398 Montpellier, France;Department Environment and Societies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, BP 45 677, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mbargou Lo
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, BP 45 677, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398 Montpellier, France;Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - William M Fonta
- West African Science Center for Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, BP 13621, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; and
| | - Steven L Peck
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Sénégal;Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398 Montpellier, France;Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34398 Montpellier, France;
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Pruneau L, Moumène A, Meyer DF, Marcelino I, Lefrançois T, Vachiéry N. Understanding Anaplasmataceae pathogenesis using "Omics" approaches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:86. [PMID: 25072029 PMCID: PMC4078744 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines how "Omics" approaches improve our understanding of Anaplasmataceae pathogenesis, through a global and integrative strategy to identify genes and proteins involved in biochemical pathways key for pathogen-host-vector interactions. The Anaplasmataceae family comprises obligate intracellular bacteria mainly transmitted by arthropods. These bacteria are responsible for major human and animal endemic and emerging infectious diseases with important economic and public health impacts. In order to improve disease control strategies, it is essential to better understand their pathogenesis. Our work focused on four Anaplasmataceae, which cause important animal, human and zoonotic diseases: Anaplasma marginale, A. phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and E. ruminantium. Wolbachia spp. an endosymbiont of arthropods was also included in this review as a model of a non-pathogenic Anaplasmataceae. A gap analysis on "Omics" approaches on Anaplasmataceae was performed, which highlighted a lack of studies on the genes and proteins involved in the infection of hosts and vectors. Furthermore, most of the studies have been done on the pathogen itself, mainly on infectious free-living forms and rarely on intracellular forms. In order to perform a transcriptomic analysis of the intracellular stage of development, researchers developed methods to enrich bacterial transcripts from infected cells. These methods are described in this paper. Bacterial genes encoding outer membrane proteins, post-translational modifications, eukaryotic repeated motif proteins, proteins involved in osmotic and oxidative stress and hypothetical proteins have been identified to play a key role in Anaplasmataceae pathogenesis. Further investigations on the function of these outer membrane proteins and hypothetical proteins will be essential to confirm their role in the pathogenesis. Our work underlines the need for further studies in this domain and on host and vector responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Pruneau
- CIRAD, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Petit-Bourg, France ; INRA, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Montpellier, France ; Université des Antilles et de la Guyane Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Amal Moumène
- CIRAD, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Petit-Bourg, France ; INRA, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Montpellier, France ; Université des Antilles et de la Guyane Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Damien F Meyer
- CIRAD, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Petit-Bourg, France ; INRA, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Montpellier, France
| | - Isabel Marcelino
- CIRAD, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Petit-Bourg, France ; INRA, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Montpellier, France ; IBET Apartado, Oeiras, Portugal ; ITQB-UNL, Estação Agronómica Nacional Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- CIRAD, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Petit-Bourg, France ; INRA, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Vachiéry
- CIRAD, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Petit-Bourg, France ; INRA, BIOS, UMR CMAEE Montpellier, France
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Bouyer J, Lefrançois T. Boosting the sterile insect technique to control mosquitoes. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:271-3. [PMID: 24746400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors of major diseases. Auto-dissemination recently proved very efficient to control Aedes species, using adult females contaminated with dissemination stations of juvenile hormone to treat breeding habitats, but cannot be used at large scales. Here we propose to combine it to the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) to create a new control concept, named 'boosted SIT' that might enable the area-wide eradication of mosquitoes and many other vectors and insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Bouyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), 34398, Montpellier, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 34398, Montpellier, France; Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar - Hann, Sénégal.
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), 34398, Montpellier, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 34398, Montpellier, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Lefrançois
- Chief Laboratory Control of Exotic and Emerging Animal Diseases, CIRAD Montpellier, France
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Fall AG, Diaïté A, Seck MT, Bouyer J, Lefrançois T, Vachiéry N, Aprelon R, Faye O, Konaté L, Lancelot R. West Nile virus transmission in sentinel chickens and potential mosquito vectors, Senegal River Delta, 2008-2009. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013; 10:4718-27. [PMID: 24084679 PMCID: PMC3823322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an arthropod-borne Flavivirus usually transmitted to wild birds by Culex mosquitoes. Humans and horses are susceptible to WNV but are dead-end hosts. WNV is endemic in Senegal, particularly in the Senegal River Delta. To assess transmission patterns and potential vectors, entomological and sentinel serological was done in Ross Bethio along the River Senegal. Three sentinel henhouses (also used as chicken-baited traps) were set at 100 m, 800 m, and 1,300 m from the river, the latter close to a horse-baited trap. Blood samples were taken from sentinel chickens at 2-week intervals. Seroconversions were observed in sentinel chickens in November and December. Overall, the serological incidence rate was 4.6% with 95% confidence interval (0.9; 8.4) in the sentinel chickens monitored for this study. Based on abundance pattern, Culex neavei was the most likely mosquito vector involved in WNV transmission to sentinel chickens, and a potential bridge vector between birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assane Gueye Fall
- Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherche Vétérinaire, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; E-Mails: (A.D.); (M.T.S.); (J.B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +221-338-322-798; Fax: +221-338-323-679
| | - Amadou Diaïté
- Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherche Vétérinaire, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; E-Mails: (A.D.); (M.T.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Momar Talla Seck
- Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherche Vétérinaire, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; E-Mails: (A.D.); (M.T.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Laboratoire National d’Elevage et de Recherche Vétérinaire, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; E-Mails: (A.D.); (M.T.S.); (J.B.)
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier 34398, France; E-Mails: (T.L.); (R.L.)
- UMR 1309 CMAEE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier 34398, France; E-Mails: (T.L.); (R.L.)
- UMR 1309 CMAEE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Nathalie Vachiéry
- UMR CMAEE, INRA, Petit Bourg 97170, Guadeloupe, France; E-Mails: (N.V.); (R.A.)
- UMR 1309 CMAEE, INRA, Petit Bourg 97170, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Rosalie Aprelon
- UMR CMAEE, INRA, Petit Bourg 97170, Guadeloupe, France; E-Mails: (N.V.); (R.A.)
- UMR 1309 CMAEE, INRA, Petit Bourg 97170, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Biologie Animale, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal; E-Mails: (O.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Biologie Animale, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal; E-Mails: (O.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier 34398, France; E-Mails: (T.L.); (R.L.)
- UMR 1309 CMAEE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier 34398, France
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Ometto T, Durigon EL, de Araujo J, Aprelon R, de Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Melo RM, Levi JE, de Azevedo Júnior SM, Petry MV, Neto IS, Serafini P, Villalobos E, Cunha EMS, Lara MDCCSH, Nava AFD, Nardi MS, Hurtado R, Rodrigues R, Sherer AL, Sherer JDFM, Geraldi MP, de Seixas MMM, Peterka C, Bandeira DDS, Pradel J, Vachiery N, Labruna MB, de Camargo LMA, Lanciotti R, Lefrançois T. West Nile virus surveillance, Brazil, 2008-2010. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:723-30. [PMID: 24008895 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) is an emergent pathogen that is widely distributed in North and Central America. The recent introduction in South America has focused attention on the spread of WNV across Southern American countries. The transmission network involves mosquitoes, birds, horses and humans. METHODS The serological evaluation of sera from 678 equids and 478 birds was performed using a WNV-specific blocking ELISA, and only the positive results were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralisation tests (PRNTs). Molecular analysis was performed on sera from 992 healthy equids and on 63 macerates of brains from equids that died of encephalitis and had previously tested negative for other pathogens. We also tested swabs from 928 birds. The samples analysed were collected in different biomes of Brazil. RESULTS We identified WNV antibodies by ELISA in thirteen equids and five birds, and PRNT90 confirmed WNV positivity in four equid samples collected in 2009 in an area between the Amazon and the Pantanal. None of the ELISA positive bird samples were confirmed by PRNT90, and all samples tested by RT-PCR were negative. CONCLUSION WNV circulation is confirmed by this large scale survey even in the absence of detection of clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Ometto
- BSL3 Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 05508-900 São Paulo, Brasil
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Marcelino I, de Almeida AM, Ventosa M, Pruneau L, Meyer DF, Martinez D, Lefrançois T, Vachiéry N, Coelho AV. Tick-borne diseases in cattle: applications of proteomics to develop new generation vaccines. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4232-50. [PMID: 22480908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) affect 80% of the world's cattle population, hampering livestock production throughout the world. Livestock industry is important to rural populations not only as food supply, but also as a source of income. Tick control is usually achieved by using acaricides which are expensive, deleterious to the environment and can induce chemical resistance of vectors; the development of more effective and sustainable control methods is therefore required. Theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis and heartwater are the most important TBDs in cattle. Immunization strategies are currently available but with variable efficacy. To develop a new generation of vaccines which are more efficient, cheaper and safer, it is first necessary to better understand the mechanisms by which these parasites are transmitted, multiply and cause disease; this becomes especially difficult due to their complex life cycles, in vitro culture conditions and the lack of genetic tools to manipulate them. Proteomics and other complementary post-genomic tools such as transcriptomics and metabolomics in a systems biology context are becoming key tools to increase knowledge on the biology of infectious diseases. Herein, we present an overview of the so called "Omics" studies currently available on these tick-borne pathogens, giving emphasis to proteomics and how it may help to discover new vaccine candidates to control TBDs.
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Percedo Abreu MI, Guitián J, Herbert-Hackshaw K, Pradel J, Bournez L, Petit-Sinturel M, Delgado A, Sanford B, Trotman M, Lazarus C, López JF, Gómez L, Frías-Lepoureau MT, Depaz M, Phanord S, Titus S, Parris-Aaron M, Gongora V, Lefrançois T. Developing a disease prevention strategy in the Caribbean: the importance of assessing animal health-related risks at regional level. REV SCI TECH OIE 2012; 30:725-31. [PMID: 22435185 DOI: 10.20506/rst.30.3.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2009 CaribVET conducted a survey among Caribbean national Veterinary Services to assess perceptions of risk assessment and to identify the principal exotic diseases of concern in the region and their means of introduction. The results showed that the introduction of live animals was considered the most likely route of introduction of exotic animal pathogens, followed by the uncontrolled introduction of animal products by boat passengers. The results were used to define a regional strategy for assessing animal health risks that highlights the importance of within-region exchanges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Percedo Abreu
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria, Apdo. 10, San José de las Lajas, Provincia Mayabeque, Cuba
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Pruneau L, Emboulé L, Gely P, Marcelino I, Mari B, Pinarello V, Sheikboudou C, Martinez D, Daigle F, Lefrançois T, Meyer DF, Vachiery N. Global gene expression profiling ofEhrlichia ruminantiumat different stages of development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:66-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pilet H, Vachiéry N, Berrich M, Bouchouicha R, Durand B, Pruneau L, Pinarello V, Saldana A, Carasco-Lacombe C, Lefrançois T, Meyer DF, Martinez D, Boulouis HJ, Haddad N. A new typing technique for the Rickettsiales Ehrlichia ruminantium: multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 88:205-11. [PMID: 22143037 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER) is a member of the order Rickettsiales transmitted by Amblyomma ticks. This obligatory intracellular bacterium is the causative agent of a fatal disease in ruminants, named heartwater. It represents a constraint on breeding development in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Caribbean. The genetic diversity of the strains of ER, which could be a limiting factor to obtain effective vaccines, needs to be better characterized. For this purpose, we developed a molecular typing technique based on the polymorphism of variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences, MLVA (multiple locus VNTR analysis). Eight (out of 21) VNTR candidates were validated using 17 samples representing a panel of ER strains from different geographical origins from West, South Africa, and Caribbean areas and in ER infected ticks and goat tissues. This result demonstrated the ability of these VNTRs to type a wide range of strains. The stability of the selected VNTR markers was very good, at the time scale needed for epidemiological purposes: in particular, no difference in the VNTR profiles was observed between virulent and attenuated strains (for Gardel and Senegal strains) and between strains (Gardel and Blonde strains) isolated in the same area 19years apart. We validated the strong discriminatory power of MLVA for ER and found a high level of polymorphism between the available strains, with 10 different profiles out of 13 ER strains. The MLVA scheme described in this study is a rapid and efficient molecular typing tool for ER, which allows rapid and direct typing of this intracellular pathogen without preliminary culture and gives reliable results that can be used for further epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Pilet
- UPE, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, ENVA, ANSES, UPEC, USC INRA, 23 Rue du Gl de Gaulle-94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Lefrançois T, Hendrikx P, Ehrhardt N, Millien M, Gomez L, Gouyet L, Gaidet N, Gerbier G, Vachiéry N, Petitclerc F, Carasco-Lacombe C, Pinarello V, Ahoussou S, Levesque A, Gongora HV, Trotman M. Surveillance of avian influenza in the Caribbean through the Caribbean Animal Health Network: surveillance tools and epidemiologic studies. Avian Dis 2010; 54:369-73. [PMID: 20521662 DOI: 10.1637/8787-040109-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Caribbean region is considered to be at risk for avian influenza (AI) due to a large backyard poultry system, an important commercial poultry production system, the presence of migratory birds, and disparities in the surveillance systems. The Caribbean Animal Health Network (CaribVET) has developed tools to implement AI surveillance in the region with the goals to have 1) a regionally harmonized surveillance protocol and specific web pages for AI surveillance on www.caribvet.net, and 2) an active and passive surveillance for AI in domestic and wild birds. A diagnostic network for the Caribbean, including technology transfer and AI virus molecular diagnostic capability in Guadeloupe (real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the AI virus matrix gene), was developed. Between 2006 and 2009, 627 samples from four Caribbean countries were tested for three circumstances: importation purposes, following a clinical suspicion of AI, or through an active survey of wild birds (mainly waders) during the southward and northward migration periods in Guadeloupe. None of the samples tested were positive, suggesting a limited role of these species in the AI virus ecology in the Caribbean. Following low pathogenic H5N2 outbreaks in the Dominican Republic in 2007, a questionnaire was developed to collect data for a risk analysis of AI spread in the region through fighting cocks. The infection pathway of the Martinique commercial poultry sector by AI, through introduction of infected cocks, was designed, and recommendations were provided to the Caribbean Veterinary Services to improve cock movement control and biosecurity measures. The CaribVET and its organization allowed interaction between diagnostic and surveillance tools on the one hand and epidemiologic studies on the other, both of them developed in congruence with regional strategies. Together, these CaribVET activities contribute to strengthening surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIV) in the Caribbean region and may allow the development of research studies on both AI risk analysis and on AIV ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lefrançois
- Centre de coopération international en recherche agronomique pour le déeveloppement (CIRAD), Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 15 CIRAD-Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Joint Research Unit for the Control of Exotic and Emerging Animal Diseases Domaine Duclos, Prise d'eau, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe.
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Chevalier V, Reynaud P, Lefrançois T, Durand B, Baillon F, Balança G, Gaidet N, Mondet B, Lancelot R. Predicting West Nile virus seroprevalence in wild birds in Senegal. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 9:589-96. [PMID: 19196131 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile fever epidemiology is complex, and the role of birds in the maintenance, amplification, and dissemination of the West Nile virus (WNV) remains partially unknown. In 2003, a serological study was performed in Senegal, where West Nile infection is considered endemic. The goal was to identify potential reservoirs of WNV among bird species present in the Ferlo area (northern Senegal) and the Senegal River Valley, and to screen the ecological factors possibly related to West Nile infection. Serological data were analyzed using a generalized linear model. Statistical association between ecological factors and the risk of infection were then modeled to derive a species-specific risk. A cross-validation was conducted. The overall observed prevalence rate was 5.5% (n = 422). Thirteen bird species were found positive, from which five were migrating: Lanius senator, Anthus trivialis, Hippolais opaca, Jynx torquilla, and Cercotrichas galactotes. The nesting type in resident birds was positively correlated with the risk of infection (odds ratio [OR] = 11, p = 0.0003); the gregariousness level of birds appeared as a protective factor (OR = 0.3, p = 0.01). The predicted prevalence varied between 1% and 39% for resident species and between 1% and 7% for migrating species. Results of model internal validation were satisfactory at the individual and species level. However, more field and experimental investigations are needed to confirm these preliminary results and help target the future research and surveillance in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Chevalier
- International Centre of Research in Agronomy for Development (CIRAD, UR AGIRs), 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Lefrançois T, Hendrikx P, Vachiéry N, Ehrhardt N, Millien M, Gomez L, Gouyet L, Gerbier G, Gongora V, Shaw J, Trotman M. Interaction Between Research and Diagnosis and Surveillance of Avian Influenza Within the Caribbean Animal Health Network (CaribVET). Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:11-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Raliniaina M, Meyer DF, Pinarello V, Sheikboudou C, Emboulé L, Kandassamy Y, Adakal H, Stachurski F, Martinez D, Lefrançois T, Vachiéry N. Mining the genetic diversity of Ehrlichia ruminantium using map genes family. Vet Parasitol 2010; 167:187-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ahoussou S, Lancelot R, Sanford B, Porphyre T, Bartlette-Powell P, Compton E, Henry L, Maitland R, Lloyd R, Mattioli R, Chavernac D, Stachurski F, Martinez D, Meyer D, Vachiery N, Pegram R, Lefrançois T. Analysis of Amblyomma surveillance data in the Caribbean: Lessons for future control programmes. Vet Parasitol 2010; 167:327-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Emboulé L, Daigle F, Meyer DF, Mari B, Pinarello V, Sheikboudou C, Magnone V, Frutos R, Viari A, Barbry P, Martinez D, Lefrançois T, Vachiéry N. Innovative approach for transcriptomic analysis of obligate intracellular pathogen: selective capture of transcribed sequences of Ehrlichia ruminantium. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:111. [PMID: 20034374 PMCID: PMC2806407 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whole genome transcriptomic analysis is a powerful approach to elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling the pathogenesis of obligate intracellular bacteria. However, the major hurdle resides in the low quantity of prokaryotic mRNAs extracted from host cells. Our model Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER), the causative agent of heartwater, is transmitted by tick Amblyomma variegatum. This bacterium affects wild and domestic ruminants and is present in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean islands. Because of its strictly intracellular location, which constitutes a limitation for its extensive study, the molecular mechanisms involved in its pathogenicity are still poorly understood. Results We successfully adapted the SCOTS method (Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences) on the model Rickettsiales ER to capture mRNAs. Southern Blots and RT-PCR revealed an enrichment of ER's cDNAs and a diminution of ribosomal contaminants after three rounds of capture. qRT-PCR and whole-genome ER microarrays hybridizations demonstrated that SCOTS method introduced only a limited bias on gene expression. Indeed, we confirmed the differential gene expression between poorly and highly expressed genes before and after SCOTS captures. The comparative gene expression obtained from ER microarrays data, on samples before and after SCOTS at 96 hpi was significantly correlated (R2 = 0.7). Moreover, SCOTS method is crucial for microarrays analysis of ER, especially for early time points post-infection. There was low detection of transcripts for untreated samples whereas 24% and 70.7% were revealed for SCOTS samples at 24 and 96 hpi respectively. Conclusions We conclude that this SCOTS method has a key importance for the transcriptomic analysis of ER and can be potentially used for other Rickettsiales. This study constitutes the first step for further gene expression analyses that will lead to a better understanding of both ER pathogenicity and the adaptation of obligate intracellular bacteria to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Emboulé
- UMR 15 CIRAD-INRA, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes, Site de Duclos, Prise d'Eau 97170, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe.
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Pradel J, Chalvet Monfray K, Molia S, Vachiéry N, Rousteau A, Imbert D, Martinez D, Sabatier P, Lefrançois T. Risk factors for West Nile virus seropositivity of equids in Guadeloupe. Prev Vet Med 2009; 92:71-8. [PMID: 19664833 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Guadeloupe, West Nile virus (WNV) activity was first observed in equids in 2002, and a high seroprevalence was found in 2003. The objective of our study was to determine individual and environmental factors associated with the risk of WNV seropositivity during 2002-2003. Fieldwork was conducted to retrospectively determine the location of equids at the time of virus circulation and to collect information regarding environmental and individual variables. Sera were collected from 369 equids out of an estimated total population of less than 500. Thirty-four environmental and individual variables were investigated. Equids had a higher risk (p<0.001) for WNV seropositivity if they lived within the proximity "distance less than 1.5km" of marshes or swamp forests "a large freshwater formation behind mangroves" or if they remained outside after dusk. Equids living within the proximity of ouassous shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) basins or sugar cane fields had a lower risk (p<0.001) for WNV seropositivity. These results confirm that WNV circulation is more likely in the humid coastal areas of Guadeloupe. The identification of risk factors is useful for predicting future emergence sites of WNV in the archipelago and other Neotropical islands, and to better target sentinel surveillance in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pradel
- CIRAD, UMR15 CIRAD-INRA, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe (FWI), Domaine de Duclos, Prise d'eau, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe
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Vachiéry N, Jeffery H, Pegram R, Aprelon R, Pinarello V, Kandassamy RLY, Raliniaina M, Molia S, Savage H, Alexander R, Frebling M, Martinez D, Lefrançois T. Amblyomma variegatum ticks and heartwater on three Caribbean Islands. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1149:191-5. [PMID: 19120208 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1428.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Amblyomma variegatum tick infestation, tick infection by Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER), and ER genetic diversity were studied in the Caribbean Islands of Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, and Antigua between 2003 and 2005. Nested PCR for pCS20 was used to detect ER, while ER strains were characterized by sequencing or by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of map-1 PCR products. In 2003 in Guadeloupe, the prevalence of tick-infested herds was 35.6%. In Marie-Galante 79.1% of herds in 2003 and 73.8% in 2005 were infested, while only an average of 2.2% of the herds were infected in Antigua between this same period. In Marie-Galante, 19.1% of ticks were ER positive, and ER-infected ticks were found in 33.3% of the herds. In Antigua only 5.8% of the ticks were ER positive. High ER tick infection rate combined with a very high level of tick infestation highlight the risk of heartwater in Marie-Galante and Guadeloupe more than in Antigua. The three islands still represent a reservoir for tick and heartwater in the Caribbean. Nine different African and Caribbean map-1 ER genotypes were identified. This diversity was observed even in restricted areas, and identical map-1 genotypes were observed on all three islands. This high genetic diversity of ER strains suggests that there was a simultaneous introduction of several strains from African countries into the Caribbean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vachiéry
- Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.
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Kiel JL, Gonzalez Y, Parker JE, Andrews C, Martinez D, Vachiéry N, Lefrançois T. Viral association with the elusive rickettsia of viper plague from Ghana, West Africa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1149:318-21. [PMID: 19120239 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1428.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a rickettsial heartwater-like disease in vipers from Ghana that resembled heartwater in its gross lesions, was apparently transmitted by ticks (Aponomma and Amblyomma), and responded clinically favorably to early treatment with tetracycline. Cell culture showed consistent cytopathic effects in bovine endothelial cells, viper cells, and mouse cells, and inhibition of cytopathic effect by tetracycline in vitro. A type D retrovirus was observed in vacuoles in all infected cells. The virus and rickettsia infection was associated with transfer of cytopathic effect, regardless of cell species. Close association of virus and rickettsia may indicate a dual infection etiology of viper plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan L Kiel
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Brooks City-Base, Texas, USA
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Frutos R, Viari A, Vachiéry N, Boyer F, Lefrançois T, Martinez D. Emergence and potential of high-throughput and integrative approaches in pathology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1149:62-5. [PMID: 19120175 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1428.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years a major revolution has occurred in the analysis and understanding of pathogenesis and host-pathogens/parasite interactions. This revolution has been achieved through the emergence of the high-throughput integrative approaches used in the "omics" fields-such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, interactomics, and metabolomics. The novelty of these approaches has resulted from the development of high-throughput apparatus, assisted by the increasing power and software of computers that allow for high-speed, multifactorial simultaneous analysis of numerous samples. This level of integration allows for in-depth analysis of mechanisms, pace, and patterns of the evolution and adaptation of pathogens. This evolution from linear to multifactorial approaches has opened new ways of creating and characterizing new vaccines, diagnostic candidates, and drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Frutos
- Cirad, TA A-15/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
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Pedregal A, de Sousa DR, Nguyen HN, das Neves EA, Lowagie S, Marique T, Kagye N, Guerra IT, Kamba Y, Totte P, Vachiéry N, Lefrançois T, Martinez D, Yourassowsky C, Callens N, Monnom O, Dubois F, Wérenne J. Toward prevention of cowdriosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1149:286-91. [PMID: 19120230 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1428.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mass production of Ehrlichia ruminantium variants from different regions of sub-Saharan Africa is one of the difficulties that must be overcome in producing a heartwater vaccine. Vaccine productivity can be limited by endogenous induction of interferon (IFN), which inhibits the propagation of Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER) in cell culture. Different kinds of endothelial cells, in which ER multiply efficiently, could be grown in a scalable way in VueLife Teflon bags on Cytodex 3 microcarriers where bead-to-bead transfer of cells occurs. The digital holographic microscope designed at the Université Libre de Bruxelles allows detection of the most appropriate time to harvest intracellular microorganisms for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Pedregal
- Animal Cell Biotechnology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Gongora V, Trotman M, Thomas R, Max M, Zamora PA, Lepoureau MTF, Phanord S, Quirico J, Douglas K, Pegram R, Martinez D, Petitclerc M, Chouin E, Marchal C, Chavernac D, Doyen D, Vachiéry N, Molia S, Hendrikx P, Lefrançois T. The Caribbean animal health network: new tools for harmonization and reinforcement of animal disease surveillance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1149:12-5. [PMID: 19120164 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1428.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Caribbean Animal Health Network (CaribVET) is a collaboration of veterinary services, diagnostic laboratories, research institutes, universities, and regional/international organizations to improve animal health in the Caribbean. New tools were used by the network to develop regional animal health activities: (1) A steering committee, a coordination unit, and working groups on specific diseases or activities were established. The working group on avian influenza used a collaborative Web site to develop a regionally harmonized avian influenza surveillance protocol and performance indicators. (2) A specific network was implemented on West Nile virus (WNV) to describe the WNV status of the Caribbean countries, to perform a technology transfer of WNV diagnostics, and to establish a surveillance system. (3) The CaribVET Web site (http://www.caribvet.net) encompasses information on surveillance systems, diagnostic laboratories, conferences, bibliography, and diseases of major concern in the region. It is a participatory Web site allowing registered users to add or edit information, pages, or data. An online notification system of sanitary information was set up for Guadeloupe to improve knowledge on animal diseases and facilitate early alert.
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Vachiery N, Maganga G, Lefrançois T, Kandassamy Y, Stachurski F, Adakal H, Ferraz C, Morgat A, Bensaid A, Coissac E, Boyer F, Demaille J, Viari A, Martinez D, Frutos R. Differential strain-specific diagnosis of the heartwater agent: Ehrlichia ruminantium. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2008; 8:459-66. [PMID: 17644446 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichia ruminantium is the causative agent of heartwater, a major tick-borne disease of livestock in Africa introduced in the Caribbean and threatening to emerge and spread in the American mainland. Complete genome sequencing was done for two isolates of E. ruminantium of differing phenotype, isolates Gardel (Erga) from Guadeloupe Island and Welgevonden (Erwe) originating from South Africa and maintained in Guadeloupe. The type strain of E. ruminantium (Erwo), previously isolated and sequenced in South Africa; is identical to Erwe with respect to target genes. They make the Erwe/Erwo complex. Comparative analysis of the genomes shows the presence of 49 unique CDS and 28 truncated CDS differentiating Erga from Erwe/Erwo. Three regions of accumulated differences (RAD) acting as mutational hot spots were identified in E. ruminantium. Ten CDS, six unique CDS and four truncated CDS corresponding to major genomic changes (deletions or extensive mutations) were considered as targets for differential diagnosis on four isolates of E. ruminantium: Erga, Erwe/Erwo, Senegal and Umpala. Pairs of PCR primers were developed for each target gene. PCR analysis of the target genes generated strain-specific patterns on Erga and Erwe/Erwo as predicted by comparative genomics, but also for isolates Senegal and Umpala. The target genes identified by bacterial comparative genomics are shown to be highly efficient for strain-specific PCR diagnosis of E. ruminantium and further vaccine management tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vachiery
- CIRAD TA A-15/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Molia S, Frebling M, Vachiéry N, Pinarello V, Petitclerc M, Rousteau A, Martinez D, Lefrançois T. Amblyomma variegatum in cattle in Marie Galante, French Antilles: prevalence, control measures, and infection by Ehrlichia ruminantium. Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:338-46. [PMID: 18406061 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report Marie Galante as one of the Caribbean islands most heavily infested by the tropical bont tick (TBT) Amblyomma variegatum which is associated with two major diseases of ruminants: heartwater and dermatophilosis. In 2005, a survey was undertaken to assess the prevalence of TBT infestation in cattle, the prevalence of Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in TBTs, and the tick control measures implemented by livestock owners. A random sample of 195 cattle herds out of 1885 recorded on the island was investigated by thoroughly counting adult ticks on each animal and filling a questionnaire. A randomly collected sample of 136 TBTs was tested for infection by E. ruminantium by pCS20 nested PCR. Cattle herd prevalence (hp) was 73.8% for infestation by at least one TBT, 17.9% for infestation by at least one engorged female TBT, and 8.2% for clinical dermatophilosis. Cattle individual prevalence was 42.3% for infestation by at least one TBT, 6.6% for infestation by at least one engorged female TBT, and 2.2% for clinical dermatophilosis. The minimum, maximum and average numbers of TBTs per infested animal were, respectively 1, 108 and 11.5. Prevalence of TBT infection by E. ruminantium was 19.1%. No significant difference in herd prevalence was found among parishes or among ecological zones. For cattle owners treating against ticks (97.9% of all owners), all used aspersion of amitraz and herd prevalence was significantly different among those treating every 1-2-week (hp=69.6%, n=148), and less often than every 2-week (hp=88.6%, n=35) (P=0.031). Of the 42 herd subunits treated less than 4 days before the survey, 27 (64%) were infested with at least one TBT, and 6 (14%) with at least one engorged female TBT. These results indicate a high level of TBT infestation in Marie Galante, the inefficacy of tick treatments currently performed, and the need for an improved tick control strategy. Persisting high levels of infestation in Marie Galante threaten the success of on-going TBT eradication programs in the Caribbean because TBT can spread through migrating birds and trade of animals or of animal hides to other islands and potentially the American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Molia
- CIRAD, UPR Epidémiologie, TA A-16/E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Marcelino I, Vachiéry N, Amaral AI, Roldão A, Lefrançois T, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Martinez D. Effect of the purification process and the storage conditions on the efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against heartwater. Vaccine 2007; 25:4903-13. [PMID: 17531356 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates the effect of purification process and storage conditions (buffer formulation and temperature) on the efficacy of Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER) elementary bodies to be used as an inactivated vaccine candidate against heartwater. In vitro assays revealed that, to avoid major losses in ER integrity and corresponding antigenic properties, a buffer with pH between 5.6 and 8 and an osmolality above 100 mOsmol/kg H(2)O is recommended. Amongst the tested formulations, both PBS and NaCl have shown to stabilize ER antigens at -20 degrees C. To assess the protective properties of the different vaccine formulations, in vivo experiments were performed using a goat model. The results obtained showed that the preparation of ER antigens using a novel membrane-based purification strategy and a simple vaccine formulation (NaCl, -20 degrees C) induced equivalent protection to the conventional vaccine based on ER antigens prepared by a multistep centrifugation methodology and stored at -20 degrees C in PBS buffer.
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Lefrançois T, Blitvich BJ, Pradel J, Molia S, Vachiéry N, Martinez D. West Nile virus in Guadeloupe: introduction, spread, and decrease in circulation level: 2002-2005. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1081:206-15. [PMID: 17135513 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1373.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In July 2002, a surveillance system was implemented on Guadeloupe to detect for the potential introduction and monitor the spread of West Nile virus (WNV). From 2002 to 2004, equines and chickens were serologically assayed for antibodies to WNV by IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), epitope-blocking ELISA, and plaque reduction neutralization tests. After introduction, probably through migratory birds at the end of 2001, many seroconversions occurred between July and October 2002 resulting in a high seroprevalence (19.3%) in equines in 2003. WNV circulation levels decreased dramatically in 2003 and 2004 as assessed by the absence of seroconversion in equine and the very low prevalence in chickens. This decrease coincided with a 7-month drought that presumably caused a decrease in vector populations. In 2005, a sentinel survey was implemented in equines and chickens placed in areas at high risk and the very low rate of seroconversion (1 equine out of 106, no chicken) demonstrated that WNV circulation is now occurring at a very low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Lefrançois
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développment, Département Elevage et Médicine Vétérinaire Tropicale, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe.
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Vachiéry N, Raliniaina M, Stachurski F, Adakal H, Molia S, Lefrançois T, Martinez D. Understanding the mechanisms of transmission of Ehrlichia ruminantium and its influence on the structure of pathogen populations in the field. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1078:495-7. [PMID: 17114762 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1374.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the structure of Ehrlichia ruminantium stock population in the field was highlighted by experiments done in controlled conditions on the goat model. The mixture of strains observed in ticks seemed to be due to simultaneous infections rather than successive infections of the carrier. During a dual infection, the timing of Ehrlichia ruminantium circulation of the two stocks in hosts influenced their selection by ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vachiéry
- CIRAD-EMVT, Domaine Duclos, Prise d'eau 97170, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe.
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Vachiéry N, Lefrançois T, Esteves I, Molia S, Sheikboudou C, Kandassamy Y, Martinez D. Optimisation of the inactivated vaccine dose against heartwater and in vitro quantification of Ehrlichia ruminantium challenge material. Vaccine 2006; 24:4747-56. [PMID: 16621174 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the minimal protective dose of the inactivated vaccine against heartwater. In order to conduct a reliable vaccination trial, an in vitro quantification method of Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER) challenge doses was developed. In experimental conditions, homologous Gardel challenges with 2.1 x 10(4) to 9.4 x 10(4) live ER elementary bodies were reproducible and mimicked a natural challenge. Similar results were obtained when animals were challenged with 3 x 10(4) live elementary bodies from five different ER strains. A 28-fold reduction of the vaccine dose did not decrease protection when compared to the conventional dose of inactivated vaccine. Two injections of 35 microg of ER antigen induced good protection against heartwater. Moreover, we found that the amount of IFNgamma secreted in blood from vaccinated animals after in vitro stimulation with ER antigen was not a reliable predictor of survival and could not be used to test the potency of the inactivated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vachiéry
- Département EMVT du CIRAD, Domaine de Duclos, Prise d'Eau, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.
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Lefrançois T, Blitvich BJ, Pradel J, Molia S, Vachiéry N, Pallavicini G, Marlenee NL, Zientara S, Petitclerc M, Martinez D. West Nile virus surveillance, Guadeloupe, 2003-2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:1100-3. [PMID: 16022789 PMCID: PMC3371788 DOI: 10.3201/eid1107.050105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted extensive surveillance for West Nile virus infection in equines and chickens in Guadeloupe in 2003–2004. We showed a high seroprevalence in equines in 2003 related to biome, followed by a major decrease in virus circulation in 2004. No human or equine cases were reported during the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Lefrançois
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Prise d'Eau, Guadeloupe, French West Indies.
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Abstract
To determine whether West Nile virus (WNV) had reached the archipelago of Guadeloupe, a serologic study in horses and birds was conducted in 2002. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and seroneutralization tests identified WNV infection in horses and chickens. Six months later, a high rate of seroconversion was observed in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Quirin
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Michel Salas
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires de Guadeloupe, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Maison Alfort, France; and §Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jacques Labie
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Maison Alfort, France; and §Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | | | - Thierry Lefrançois
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Martial Petitclerc
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires de Guadeloupe, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Dominique Martinez
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
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de Boüard S, Christov C, Guillamo JS, Kassar-Duchossoy L, Palfi S, Leguerinel C, Masset M, Cohen-Hagenauer O, Peschanski M, Lefrançois T. Invasion of human glioma biopsy specimens in cultures of rodent brain slices: a quantitative analysis. J Neurosurg 2002; 97:169-76. [PMID: 12134908 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2002.97.1.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The reliable assessment of the invasiveness of gliomas in vitro has proved elusive, because most invasion assays inadequately model in vivo invasion in its complexity. Recently, organotypical brain cultures were successfully used in short-term invasion studies on glioma cell lines. In this paper the authors report that the invasiveness of human glioma biopsy specimens directly implanted into rodent brain slices by using the intraslice implantation system (ISIS) can be quantified with precision. The model was first validated by the demonstration that, in long-term studies, established glioma cells survive in the ISIS and follow pathways of invasion similar to those in vivo. METHODS Brain slices (400 microm thick) from newborn mice were maintained on millicell membranes for 15 days. Cells from two human and one rodent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines injected into the ISIS were detected by immunohistochemistry or after transfection with green fluorescent protein-containing vectors. Preferential migration along blood vessels was identified using confocal and fluorescent microscopy. Freshly isolated (< or = 24 hours after removal) 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-prelabeled human glioma biopsy specimens were successfully implanted in 19 (83%) of 23 cases, including 12 GBMs and seven lower grade gliomas (LGGs). Morphometric quantification of distance and density of tumor cell invasion showed that the GBMs were two to four times more invasive than the LGGs. Heterogeneity of invasion was also observed among GBMs and LGGs. Directly implanted glioma fragments were more invasive than spheroids derived from the same biopsy specimen. CONCLUSIONS The ISIS combines a high success rate, technical simplicity, and detailed quantitative measurements and may, therefore, be used to study the invasiveness of biopsy specimens of gliomas of different grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Boüard
- Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 421, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
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Costa S, Planchenault T, Charriere-Bertrand C, Mouchel Y, Fages C, Juliano S, Lefrançois T, Barlovatz-Meimon G, Tardy M. Astroglial permissivity for neuritic outgrowth in neuron-astrocyte cocultures depends on regulation of laminin bioavailability. Glia 2002; 37:105-13. [PMID: 11754209 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular determinants underlying the failure of axons to regenerate in the CNS after injury were studied in an in vitro model of astrogliosis and neuronal coculture. Mechanically lesioned neuron-astrocyte mouse cortical cocultures were treated with antisense glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-mRNA in order to inhibit the formation of gliofilaments that occurs in response to injury. This inhibition relieves the blockage of neuron migration and neuritic outgrowth observed after lesion, and migrating neurons reappeared, supported by a laminin-labeled extracellular network (permissive conditions). We then questioned the relationship between this permissivity and laminin production. Follow-up studies on the concentration of laminin indicated that, after antisense treatment, the laminin level was increased in the cocultures and was under the control of astrocyte-neuron interactions. The addition of exogenous laminin favored neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth, whereas neutralizing laminin bioavailability with antibodies recognizing the astroglial laminin resulted in an inhibition of both neuronal access to the lesion site and neurite outgrowth, suggesting an active role for laminin in the permissive process. This permissive process could be associated with modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecule degradation by proteinases. Among the latter, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the breakdown of the ECM component. Our investigation showed a net decrease of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 expression and activity and an increase of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-2 expression. Both proteins associated with permissivity should be involved in the laminin stabilization and cell-matrix interactions. High levels of laminin and laminin bioavailability, consequent to a reduction in astrogliosis, may be important permissive elements for neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth postlesion.
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Guillamo JS, Lisovoski F, Christov C, Le Guérinel C, Defer GL, Peschanski M, Lefrançois T. Migration pathways of human glioblastoma cells xenografted into the immunosuppressed rat brain. J Neurooncol 2001; 52:205-15. [PMID: 11519850 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010620420241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse invasion of the brain by tumor cells is a hallmark of human glioblastomas and a major cause for the poor prognosis of these tumors. This phenomenon is only partially reproduced by rodent models of gliomas that display a very high rate of proliferation and limited cell migration. We have analyzed the development of human glioblastoma cells (GL15) xenografted into the brain of immunosuppressed rats, in order to define the characteristics of tumor cell invasion. As identified by the specific immunolabeling of the tumor cells for the human HLA-ABC antigen, GL15 tumors reproduced the three types of intraparenchymal invasion observed in patients. First, a majority of multipolar tumor cells intermingled rapidly and profusely with host neural cells in the margin of the injection site. This progressively enlarging area was principally responsible for the tumor growth over time. Second, in the gray matter, columns of thin bipolar tumor cells aligned along capillary walls. Third, in the white matter, elongated bipolar isolated tumor cells were observed scattered between axonal fibers. The maximum migration distances along white matter fibers remained significantly higher than the maximum migration distances along blood vessels, up to two months after injection. Development of the tumor was associated with a significant increase of vascularization in the area of tumor spread. Xenografting of human GL15 glioblastoma cells into the immunosuppressed rat brain allowed to differentiate between the three classical types of invasion identified in the clinic, to quantify precisely the distances of migration, and to evaluate cell morphology for each of these routes. The present results support the existence of host/tumor cells interactions with specific characteristics for each type of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Guillamo
- INSERM Unité 421, IM3, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
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50
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Chambaut-Guérin AM, Costa SL, Lefrançois T, Fages C, Gauthereau X, Tardy M. Effects of retinoic acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha on GL-15 glioblastoma cells. Neuroreport 2000; 11:389-93. [PMID: 10674492 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200002070-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are particularly resistant to classical antitumor treatments. Retinoids, which proved effective in the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia, have been used for clinical assays on glioma tumors with only moderate effects; however in some cases they were active in combination with another therapy. These observations prompted us to analyse the efficacy of combining retinoic acid (RA) with a cytokine on a clonal human glioma cell line. On GL-15 cells, RA and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) both reduced the glial fibrillary acidic protein level and DNA synthesis and induced apoptotic pathways, but they were significantly more effective when used together. The up-regulation of the p55 TNF receptors observed during RA exposure might explain this cooperative effect.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Bucladesine/pharmacology
- Cell Size/drug effects
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/pharmacology
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/biosynthesis
- Glioblastoma/drug therapy
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Humans
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Thymidine/metabolism
- Tretinoin/administration & dosage
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/administration & dosage
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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