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Andraud M, Hervé S, Gorin S, Barbier N, Quéguiner S, Paboeuf F, Simon G, Rose N. Evaluation of early single dose vaccination on swine influenza A virus transmission in piglets: From experimental data to mechanistic modelling. Vaccine 2023; 41:3119-3127. [PMID: 37061373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) is a major pathogen affecting pigs with a huge economic impact and potentially zoonotic. Epidemiological studies in endemically infected farms permitted to identify critical factors favoring on-farm persistence, among which maternally-derived antibodies (MDAs). Vaccination is commonly practiced in breeding herds and might be used for immunization of growing pigs at weaning. Althoughinterference between MDAs and vaccination was reported in young piglets, its impact on swIAV transmission was not yet quantified. To this aim, this study reports on a transmission experiment in piglets with or without MDAs, vaccinated with a single dose injection at four weeks of age, and challenged 17 days post-vaccination. To transpose small-scale experiments to real-life situation, estimated parameters were used in a simulation tool to assess their influence at the herd level. Based on a thorough follow-up of the infection chain during the experiment, the transmission of the swIAV challenge strain was highly dependent on the MDA status of the pigs when vaccinated. MDA-positive vaccinated animals showed a direct transmission rate 3.6-fold higher than the one obtained in vaccinated animals without MDAs, estimated to 1.2. Vaccination nevertheless reduced significantly the contribution of airborne transmission when compared with previous estimates obtained in unvaccinated animals. The integration of parameter estimates in a large-scale simulation model, representing a typical farrow-to-finish pig herd, evidenced an extended persistence of viral spread when vaccination of sows and single dose vaccination of piglets was hypothesized. When extinction was quasi-systematic at year 5 post-introduction in the absence of sow vaccination but with single dose early vaccination of piglets, the extinction probability fell down to 33% when batch-to-batch vaccination was implemented both in breeding herd and weaned piglets. These results shed light on a potential adverse effect of single dose vaccination in MDA-positive piglets, which might lead to longer persistence of the SwIAV at the herd level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andraud
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, France.
| | - S Hervé
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, France
| | - S Gorin
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, France
| | - N Barbier
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, France
| | - S Quéguiner
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, France
| | - F Paboeuf
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, France
| | - G Simon
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, France
| | - N Rose
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, France
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Lee S, Ntakiyisumba E, Seol JW, Won G. Risk factors influencing swine influenza A virus infection in South Korea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and seroprevalence. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1003351. [PMID: 36246324 PMCID: PMC9559919 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1003351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past and current burden of swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) must be estimated since pigs act as mixing vessels and are considered a potential source of newly emerging IAV variants. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to integrate data on the prevalence and seroprevalence of swIAV in South Korean domestic pigs and evaluate important risk factors that influence these outcomes. Eight databases were searched for studies that evaluated the prevalence and seroprevalence of swIAV in South Korean pigs using a specified search string; twenty-seven eligible studies were identified after application of a set of pre-determined inclusion criteria by three authors. The reported prevalence and seroprevalence were pooled separately in proportions between 0 and 1, using a random-effect meta-analysis. To identify and quantify potential sources of heterogeneity, subgroup, and meta-regression analyses were conducted using covariates (publication type, swIAV subtype, growth stage of pigs, sampling region, publication year, sampling season, facility, detection method, sample type, and sample size). The overall prevalence and seroprevalence in domestic pigs were 0.05 [95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.05-0.12] and 0.35 (95% CIs: 0.14-0.63), respectively. To identify the impact of covariates on effect size, a suitable meta-regression model was determined using predictor importance estimates with corrected Akaike information criterion values. Consequently, the best-fit model included two covariates, publication year and sample size, which were significantly associated with high heterogeneity in the subgroup analysis. Furthermore, data visualization depicted a significant non-linear association between swIAV prevalence and seroprevalence and specific growth stages of pigs. These findings suggest that the periodic monitoring of pigs at different growth stages in large farms may help to establish the status of swIAV-spread across species in the region, and thereby minimize pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
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3
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Abstract
Globally swine influenza is one of the most important diseases of the pig industry, with various subtypes of swine influenza virus co-circulating in the field. Swine influenza can not only cause large economic losses for the pig industry but can also lead to epidemics or pandemics in the human population. We provide an overview of the pathogenic characteristics of the disease, diagnosis, risk factors for the occurrence on pig farms, impact on pigs and humans and methods to control it. This review is designed to promote understanding of the epidemiology of swine influenza which will benefit the control of the disease in both pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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4
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Salvesen HA, Whitelaw CBA. Current and prospective control strategies of influenza A virus in swine. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:23. [PMID: 33648602 PMCID: PMC7917534 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A Viruses (IAV) are endemic pathogens of significant concern in humans and multiple keystone livestock species. Widespread morbidity in swine herds negatively impacts animal welfare standards and economic performance whilst human IAV pandemics have emerged from pigs on multiple occasions. To combat the rising prevalence of swine IAV there must be effective control strategies available. MAIN BODY The most basic form of IAV control on swine farms is through good animal husbandry practices and high animal welfare standards. To control inter-herd transmission, biosecurity considerations such as quarantining of pigs and implementing robust health and safety systems for workers help to reduce the likelihood of swine IAV becoming endemic. Closely complementing the physical on-farm practices are IAV surveillance programs. Epidemiological data is critical in understanding regional distribution and variation to assist in determining an appropriate response to outbreaks and understanding the nature of historical swine IAV epidemics and zoonoses. Medical intervention in pigs is restricted to vaccination, a measure fraught with the intrinsic difficulties of mounting an immune response against a highly mutable virus. It is the best available tool for controlling IAV in swine but is far from being a perfect solution due to its unreliable efficacy and association with an enhanced respiratory disease. Because IAV generally has low mortality rates there is a reticence in the uptake of vaccination. Novel genetic technologies could be a complementary strategy for IAV control in pigs that confers broad-acting resistance. Transgenic pigs with IAV resistance are useful as models, however the complexity of these reaching the consumer market limits them to research models. More promising are gene-editing approaches to prevent viral exploitation of host proteins and modern vaccine technologies that surpass those currently available. CONCLUSION Using the suite of IAV control measures that are available for pigs effectively we can improve the economic productivity of pig farming whilst improving on-farm animal welfare standards and avoid facing the extensive social and financial costs of a pandemic. Fighting 'Flu in pigs will help mitigate the very real threat of a human pandemic emerging, increase security of the global food system and lead to healthier pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish A. Salvesen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C. Bruce A. Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
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5
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Nurhayati, Wibawa H, Mahawan T, Zenal FC, Schoonman L, Pfeiffer CN, Stevenson M, Punyapornwithaya V. Herd-Level Risk Factors for Swine Influenza (H1N1) Seropositivity in West Java and Banten Provinces of Indonesia (2016-2017). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:544279. [PMID: 33263010 PMCID: PMC7685993 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.544279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine could play a role as a “mixing vessel” for avian and human influenza viruses and should, therefore, be thought of playing an intermediate role in the emergence of pandemic influenza strains. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for Swine influenza virus (SIV) seropositivity at the farm level in West Java and Banten provinces, Indonesia. A total of 649 blood samples were collected from 175 pig farms, and at the time of sampling, a questionnaire about routine herd management was administered to participant herd managers. Swine influenza virus serological status for each of the sampled pigs was tested using the IDEXX ELISA-test (Maine, US). The apparent herd-level prevalence of SIV seropositivity was expressed as a true herd-level prevalence using the Rogan and Gladen method, modified to account for low and high prevalence herds using a Markov chain Monte Carlo Bayesian approach. The association between herd-level characteristics and SIV seropositivity status was assessed using binary logistic regression. The true prevalence of SIV seropositivity was 26% (95% CI = 20–33). The presence of animals apart from pigs on farm (odds ratio, OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.0–6.0), keeping breeding sows for <2 years (OR = 5.9, 95% Cl = 1.8–20), being <1 km from a poultry farm (OR = 2.4, 95% Cl = 1.0–5.7), and purchasing pigs only through pig collectors (OR = 11, 95% CI = 4.3–29) increased the risk of a herd being seropositive to SIV. Our results show that biosecurity to limit the introduction of SIV should be enhanced on farms located in areas of high pig and poultry farm density. While the role that pig collectors play in the transmission of SIV warrants further investigation, swine producers in West Java and Banten should be made aware of the enhanced risk of SIV associated with purchasing of replacements from collectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhayati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Directorate of Animal Health, Directorate General Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Disease Investigation Center Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Trian Mahawan
- Disease Investigation Center Subang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Farida Camallia Zenal
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Luuk Schoonman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Caitlin Nicole Pfeiffer
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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6
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Andraud M, Rose N. Modelling infectious viral diseases in swine populations: a state of the art. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:22. [PMID: 32843990 PMCID: PMC7439688 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modelling is nowadays a pivotal tool for infectious diseases studies, completing regular biological investigations. The rapid growth of computer technology allowed for development of computational tools to address biological issues that could not be unravelled in the past. The global understanding of viral disease dynamics requires to account for all interactions at all levels, from within-host to between-herd, to have all the keys for development of control measures. A literature review was performed to disentangle modelling frameworks according to their major objectives and methodologies. One hundred and seventeen articles published between 1994 and 2020 were found to meet our inclusion criteria, which were defined to target papers representative of studies dealing with models of viral infection dynamics in pigs. A first descriptive analysis, using bibliometric indexes, permitted to identify keywords strongly related to the study scopes. Modelling studies were focused on particular infectious agents, with a shared objective: to better understand the viral dynamics for appropriate control measure adaptation. In a second step, selected papers were analysed to disentangle the modelling structures according to the objectives of the studies. The system representation was highly dependent on the nature of the pathogens. Enzootic viruses, such as swine influenza or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, were generally investigated at the herd scale to analyse the impact of husbandry practices and prophylactic measures on infection dynamics. Epizootic agents (classical swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease or African swine fever viruses) were mostly studied using spatio-temporal simulation tools, to investigate the efficiency of surveillance and control protocols, which are predetermined for regulated diseases. A huge effort was made on model parameterization through the development of specific studies and methodologies insuring the robustness of parameter values to feed simulation tools. Integrative modelling frameworks, from within-host to spatio-temporal models, is clearly on the way. This would allow to capture the complexity of individual biological variabilities and to assess their consequences on the whole system at the population level. This would offer the opportunity to test and evaluate in silico the efficiency of possible control measures targeting specific epidemiological units, from hosts to herds, either individually or through their contact networks. Such decision support tools represent a strength for stakeholders to help mitigating infectious diseases dynamics and limiting economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Andraud
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare research unit, F22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - N. Rose
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare research unit, F22440 Ploufragan, France
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7
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Li Y, Edwards J, Wang Y, Zhang G, Cai C, Zhao M, Huang B, Robertson ID. Prevalence, distribution and risk factors of farmer reported swine influenza infection in Guangdong Province, China. Prev Vet Med 2019; 167:1-8. [PMID: 31027710 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was undertaken to better understand the husbandry, management and biosecurity practices of pig farms in Guangdong Province (GD), China to identify risk factors for farmer reported swine influenza (SI) on their farms. Questionnaires were administered to 153 owners/managers of piggeries (average of 7 from each of the 21 prefectures in GD). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for farmer reported SI in piggeries during the six months preceding the questionnaire administration. The ability of wild birds to enter piggeries (OR 2.50, 95% CI: 1.01-6.16), the presence of poultry on a pig-farm (OR 3.24, 95% CI: 1.52-6.94) and no biosecurity measures applied to workers before entry to the piggery (OR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.04-6.78) were found to increase the likelihood of SI being reported by farmers in a multivariable logistic regression model. The findings of this study highlight the importance of understanding the local pig industry and the practices adopted when developing control measures to reduce the risk of SI to pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China; School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - J Edwards
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China; School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Y Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - G Zhang
- South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - C Cai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M Zhao
- Department of Agriculture of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - B Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - I D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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8
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Fablet C, Rose N, Grasland B, Robert N, Lewandowski E, Gosselin M. Factors associated with the growing-finishing performances of swine herds: an exploratory study on serological and herd level indicators. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:6. [PMID: 29588859 PMCID: PMC5863451 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing and finishing performances of pigs strongly influence farm efficiency and profitability. The performances of the pigs rely on the herd health status and also on several non-infectious factors. Many recommendations for the improvement of the technical performances of a herd are based on the results of studies assessing the effect of one or a limited number of infections or environmental factors. Few studies investigated jointly the influence of both type of factors on swine herd performances. This work aimed at identifying infectious and non-infectious factors associated with the growing and finishing performances of 41 French swine herds. Results Two groups of herds were identified using a clustering analysis: a cluster of 24 herds with the highest technical performance values (mean average daily gain = 781.1 g/day +/− 26.3; mean feed conversion ratio = 2.5 kg/kg +/− 0.1; mean mortality rate = 4.1% +/− 0.9; and mean carcass slaughter weight = 121.2 kg +/− 5.2) and a cluster of 17 herds with the lowest performance values (mean average daily gain =715.8 g/day +/− 26.5; mean feed conversion ratio = 2.6 kg/kg +/− 0.1; mean mortality rate = 6.8% +/− 2.0; and mean carcass slaughter weight = 117.7 kg +/− 3.6). Multiple correspondence analysis was used to identify factors associated with the level of technical performance. Infection with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and the porcine circovirus type 2 were infectious factors associated with the cluster having the lowest performance values. This cluster also featured farrow-to-finish type herds, a short interval between successive batches of pigs (≤3 weeks) and mixing of pigs from different batches in the growing or/and finishing steps. Inconsistency between nursery and fattening building management was another factor associated with the low-performance cluster. The odds of a herd showing low growing-finishing performance was significantly increased when infected by PRRS virus in the growing-finishing steps (OR = 8.8, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.8–41.7) and belonging to a farrow-to-finish type herd (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.1–23.8). Conclusions Herd management and viral infections significantly influenced the performance levels of the swine herds included in this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40813-018-0082-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fablet
- 1Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - N Rose
- 1Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - B Grasland
- 2Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - N Robert
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim France - Santé Animale, Les Jardins de la Teillais, 3 allée de la grande Egalonne, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - E Lewandowski
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim France - Santé Animale, Les Jardins de la Teillais, 3 allée de la grande Egalonne, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - M Gosselin
- Univet Santé Elevage, rue Monge, 22600 Loudéac, France
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9
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Takemae N, Shobugawa Y, Nguyen PT, Nguyen T, Nguyen TN, To TL, Thai PD, Nguyen TD, Nguyen DT, Nguyen DK, Do HT, Le TQA, Hua PT, Van Vo H, Nguyen DT, Nguyen DH, Uchida Y, Saito R, Saito T. Effect of herd size on subclinical infection of swine in Vietnam with influenza A viruses. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:227. [PMID: 27724934 PMCID: PMC5057248 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) cause acute and subclinical respiratory disease. To increase our understanding of the etiology of the subclinical form and thus help prevent the persistence of IAV-S in pig populations, we conducted active virologic surveillance in Vietnam, the second-largest pig-producing country in Asia, from February 2010 to December 2013. Results From a total of 7034 nasal swabs collected from clinically healthy pigs at 250 farms and 10 slaughterhouses, we isolated 172 IAV-S from swine at the weaning and early-fattening stages. The isolation rate of IAV-S was significantly higher among pigs aged 3 weeks to 4.5 months than in older and younger animals. IAV-S were isolated from 16 large, corporate farms and 6 family-operated farms from among the 250 farms evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that “having more than 1,000 pigs” was the most influential risk factor for IAV-S positivity. Farms affected by reassortant IAV-S had significantly larger pig populations than did those where A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were isolated, thus suggesting that large, corporate farms serve as sites of reassortment events. Conclusions We demonstrate the asymptomatic circulation of IAV-S in the Vietnamese pig population. Raising a large number of pigs on a farm has the strongest impact on the incidence of subclinical IAV-S infection. Given that only some of the corporate farms surveyed were IAV-S positive, further active monitoring is necessary to identify additional risk factors important in subclinical infection of pigs with IAV-S in Vietnam. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0844-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Ibaraki, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yugo Shobugawa
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Phuong Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tung Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Long To
- Department of Animal Health, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Duy Thai
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tho Dang Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dung Kim Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Do
- Department of Animal Health, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Quynh Anh Le
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phan Truong Hua
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hung Van Vo
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Diep Thi Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Influenza and Prion Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Ibaraki, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Ibaraki, Japan. .,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand. .,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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10
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Almeida HMDS, Storino GY, Pereira DA, Gatto IRH, Mathias LA, Montassier HJ, de Oliveira LG. A cross-sectional study of swine influenza in intensive and extensive farms in the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 49:25-30. [PMID: 27637594 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza (SI) is a seasonal infectious disease highly important to the world pig industry. Loss of daily weight gain, increased costs for the prevention and treatment of secondary infections are the main economic losses associated with the presence of this disease. However, some epidemiological features of SI remain quite unclear. This study focused on assessing the prevalence of swine influenza virus (SIV) infection in intensive and extensive pig herds and associating risk factors. A set of 601 blood samples of five intensive farrow-to-finish farms and 361 blood samples from 56 extensive farms were analyzed using an indirect ELISA kit CIVTEST SUIS INFLUENZA®, Hipra (Amer, Spain), in order to detect anti-SIV antibodies. In total, 24.13 % of samples from intensive herds were positive, while no positive samples were detected in extensive rearing herds. Sow and weaning piglets had the highest prevalence values. In the intensive rearing system, occurrence of reproductive disorders and exposure to recently introduced animals were positively associated with the disease occurrence in swine herds. The findings highlight the importance of sows in the epidemiology of the disease and bring information about risk factors involved in the occurrence of swine influenza in intensive herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Yuri Storino
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Araújo Pereira
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Antonio Mathias
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hélio José Montassier
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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11
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Deblanc C, Delgado-Ortega M, Gorin S, Berri M, Paboeuf F, Berthon P, Herrler G, Meurens F, Simon G. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae does not affect the interferon-related anti-viral response but predisposes the pig to a higher level of inflammation following swine influenza virus infection. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2501-2515. [PMID: 27498789 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In pigs, influenza A viruses and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) are major contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex. Pre-infection with Mhp was previously shown experimentally to exacerbate the clinical outcomes of H1N1 infection during the first week after virus inoculation. In order to better understand the interactions between these pathogens, we aimed to assess very early responses (at 5, 24 and 48 h) after H1N1 infection in pigs pre-infected or not with Mhp. Clinical signs and macroscopic lung lesions were similar in both infected groups at early times post-H1N1 infection; and Mhp pre-infection affected neither the influenza virus replication nor the IFN-induced antiviral responses in the lung. However, it predisposed the animals to a higher inflammatory response to H1N1 infection, as revealed by the massive infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the lungs and the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α). Thus, it seems it is this marked inflammatory state that would play a role in exacerbating the clinical signs subsequent to H1N1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deblanc
- Université Bretagne Loire, France.,ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Stéphane Gorin
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | | | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- Université Bretagne Loire, France.,ANSES, Service de Production de Porcs Assainis et d'Expérimentation, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Georg Herrler
- Institut für Virologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Gaëlle Simon
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, France
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12
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Fablet C, Marois-Créhan C, Grasland B, Simon G, Rose N. Factors associated with herd-level PRRSV infection and age-time to seroconversion in farrow-to-finish herds. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:10-20. [PMID: 27527759 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Factors associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection were investigated in 109 herds. Serums from four batches of pigs (4, 10, 16 and 22 weeks, 15 pigs/batch) were tested by ELISA for PRRSV antibodies. Infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, H1N1 and H1N2 swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) and PCV2 were detected by specific serological or PCR tests. Data related to herd characteristics, biosecurity, management housing and climatic conditions were collected during a herd visit. Factors associated with the herd's PRRSV seropositive status were identified by logistic regression. Large herd size, the lack of disinsectisation in the gestation facilities, on-farm semen collection, a short time-period for gilt quarantine and a low temperature setpoint for the ventilation controller in the fattening room significantly increased the odds of a herd being seropositive for PRRSV. Infection by Mhp and H1N2 swIAV were associated with a PRRSV seropositive status. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify the factors associated with the age-time to seroconversion in infected herds. Joint housing for the gilts and sows when lactating, a large nursery pen, a small number of pens per fattening room and lack of all-in all-out management in the fattening section significantly reduced the age-time to seroconversion. A small range of temperatures controlling ventilation rate in the nursery room was also associated with time to PRRSV seroconversion. Infection by Mhp and a high PCV2 infection pressure were associated with a shorter time to seroconversion. Biosecurity measures minimising the risk of introducing PRRSV into the herd, management practices reducing contacts between animals from different batches and within batches and favourable climatic conditions should be implemented to better control PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fablet
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France.
| | - C Marois-Créhan
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Mycoplasmologie Bactériologie, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - B Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - G Simon
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - N Rose
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
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13
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Galán-Relaño A, Luque I, Gómez-Gascón L, Morales-Partera A, Tarradas C, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Seroprevalence against selected pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex in free-range fattening pigs in Spain. Vet Rec 2015; 177:466. [PMID: 26497058 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Galán-Relaño
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Department, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 'International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3', Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - I Luque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Department, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 'International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3', Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - L Gómez-Gascón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Department, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 'International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3', Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | | | - C Tarradas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Department, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 'International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3', Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - L Carrasco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Anatomy and Comparative Pathology Department, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 'International Excellence Agrifood Campus, CeiA3', Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Laguna
- CICAP - Food Research Centre, Pozoblanco, Córdoba 14400, Spain
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14
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Gutiérrez AM, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ. Diagnostic accuracy of porcine acute phase proteins in meat juice for detecting disease at abattoir. Vet Rec 2015; 177:15. [PMID: 26101294 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate whether acute phase protein (APP) determinations could assist Official Veterinarians carrying out work in slaughterhouses. To test this hypothesis, the diagnostic accuracy of APP determinations in meat juice of pigs was analysed to differentiate between healthy and diseased pigs. One hundred and one pigs of two different origins were classified into two groups according to their health status (healthy and diseased pigs), which was determined by a veterinary clinical examination on the farm. To assess the pigs' immune status, against the main porcine diseases, serological analyses were monitored. A general idea of the degree of disease coverage was analysed by examining organ lesions postmortem. Haptoglobin (Hp) and C reactive protein (CRP) were measured in meat juice samples. 72.13 per cent of pigs appeared to be seropositive for the porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, and almost 86.2 per cent of them had concomitant infections with other pathogens, such as Porcine circovirus type 2 or Swine influenza virus. Median Hp and CRP concentrations were significantly higher in diseased animals at different stages of the production chain, when compared with levels found in healthy finishing pigs (P<0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed the highest sensitivity-specificity pairs, nearly 80-90 per cent, at cut-off levels of 83 and 10 µg/ml for Hp and CRP determinations, respectively, with high AUCs 0.9. This cut-off could be useful for veterinary inspections at the time of slaughter, to differentiate between the carcase of a healthy animal and the carcase of an animal suffering from a systemic disease, which should be completely condemned.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence, "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence, "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence, "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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