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Ramos-Vázquez JR, Sánchez-Montes S, Esparza-González SC, Romero-Salas D, Pardio-Sedas V, Estrada-Coates AT, Alva-Trujillo M, Ballados-González GG, Grostieta E, Becker I, Cruz-Romero A. Isolation and molecular identification of Leptospira santarosai and Leptospira interrogans in equines from eastern Mexico. Acta Trop 2024; 256:107242. [PMID: 38782111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease with a worldwide distribution, which represents a major challenge in animal production across developing countries, mainly in tropical areas. Horses are particularly susceptible to the disease, presenting manifestations ranging from subclinical to the development of uveitis that compromises the visual health of the animals. In recent years, serological studies have been carried out in equid populations from America, demonstrating high exposure. For this reason, the aim of this study was to demonstrate microbiologically and molecularly the presence of the members of the genus Leptospira in urine samples from equids in an endemic state of leptospirosis in Mexico, and to detect the serological presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in the sampled animals. For this reason, blood and urine samples were collected from 28 horses and one mule from three localities in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Urine samples were inoculated in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium, and the recovered isolates were typed using a short Multi Locus Sequence Typing scheme. Amplifications of the expected size were subjected to sequencing, and the recovered sequences were compared with those of reference deposited in GenBank using the BLAST tool. To identify their phylogenetic position, we performed a phylogenetic reconstruction using the maximum likelihood method. Additionally, Microscopic Agglutination test was performed on the serum samples to identify anti-Leptospira antibodies. We recovered 16 urine isolates which tested positive for the presence of Leptospira DNA. The phylogenetic reconstruction and the MLST analysis confirmed the presence of several genotypes of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira santarosai. An overall serological frequency of 97.1 % was detected. Our results represent the first record of the presence of Leptospira through bacteriological isolates in equids from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Ramos-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, región Poza Rica-Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano, Veracruz, Mexico; Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | | | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Violeta Pardio-Sedas
- Laboratorio de Seguridad Agroalimentaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Alejandro T Estrada-Coates
- Hospital de Grandes Especies, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Miriam Alva-Trujillo
- Hospital de Grandes Especies, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Gerardo G Ballados-González
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Estefanía Grostieta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anabel Cruz-Romero
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Onafruo D, Klein J, Erume J, Kankya C, Jubara A, Kokas I, Odoch T, Munyeme M, Alinaitwe L, Kitale E, Marin P, Sabbath E, Dreyfus A. Molecular and serological prevalence of Leptospira spp. among slaughtered cattle and associated risk factors in the Bahr El Ghazal region of South Sudan. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:296. [PMID: 38971746 PMCID: PMC11227130 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis is a neglected emerging and zoonotic disease reported worldwide. This study sought to determine the molecular and serological prevalence of Leptospira spp. and the associated risk factors in slaughtered cattle from the Bahr El Ghazal region of South Sudan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 16th and February 25th, 2023, blood and urine samples were collected from 402 cattle at the Lokoloko Municipal Slaughterhouse in Western Bahr El-Ghazal State. Serum samples were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), with a panel of 12 serovars (sv) from 12 serogroups (sg) and 4 species (spp) of Leptospira spp. These serovars had been previously identified in Sudan and the East African region. Simultaneously, 400 corresponding urine samples were screened using qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the shedding of Leptospira spp. in urine. To identify the associated risk factors, the age, sex, breed and body condition score of each sampled cattle was noted at the time of sampling and subsequently analysed using logistic regression models. RESULTS Among the 402 serum samples screened, a substantial 81.8% (329/402, 95% CI 77.9-85.3) displayed seropositivity for Leptospira spp. with a MAT titre ≥ 100. The prevalence of urine shedding determined by PCR was 6% (23/400, 95% CI 3.8-8.4), while probable recent leptospirosis with a MAT ≥ 1:800 was observed in 33.1% (133/402, 95% CI 28.6-37.8) of the cattle. Multiple reactions were detected in 34.8% (140/402, 95% CI 30.6-39.5) serum samples. The seropositivity was against L. borgpetersenii sg. Tarassovi (78.6%; 316/402, 95% CI 74.4-82.3), followed by L. borgpetersenii sg. Ballum at 20.4% (82/402, 95% CI, 16.7-24.4%), L. kirschneri sg. Autumnalis At 8.7% (35/402, 95% CI 5.7-11.7), L. interrogans sg. of Pomona at 7.0% (28/402, 95% CI 4.5-9.5), and L. interrogans sg. Hebdomadis was 5.0% (20/402, 95% CI 2.8-7.2). Several risk factors are associated with seropositivity. Older animals (≥ 2 years) had 2.0 times greater odds (95% CI 1.14-3.5) of being seropositive than younger animals (< 2 years), P-value = 0.016. Female animals demonstrated 2.1 times greater odds (95% CI 1.2-3.6) of seropositivity than males did (P-value = 0.008). Additionally, Felata/Mbororo cattle exhibited 2.4 times greater odds (95% CI 1.3-4.5) of being seropositive than did local Nilotic cattle (P-value = 0.005). The agreement between the MAT and PCR results was poor, as indicated by a kappa statistic value of 0.001 and a P-value of 0.913. But there was a moderate agreement between MAT high titres ≥ 800 and PCR positivity with a kappa statistic value = 0.501 and a P-value < 0.001. CONCLUSION In addition to the high seroprevalence, Leptospira spp. were found in the urine of slaughtered cattle, suggesting that leptospirosis is endemic to the study area. This finding underscores the significance of cattle as potential sources of infection for slaughterhouse workers, the general public, and other animal species. To address this issue effectively in the Bahr El Ghazal Region and South Sudan, a comprehensive strategy involving a multidisciplinary approach is essential to minimize disease among animals, hence reducing potential zoonotic risks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Onafruo
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG), P.O Box 30, Wau, South Sudan.
| | - Jörn Klein
- Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South -Eastern (USN), and Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern (USN), PO BOX 235, Porsgrunn, Norway
| | - Joseph Erume
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ambrose Jubara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG), P.O Box 30, Wau, South Sudan
| | - Ikwap Kokas
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Terence Odoch
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Africa Centre of Excellent for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lordrick Alinaitwe
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Estella Kitale
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG), P.O Box 30, Wau, South Sudan
| | - Peter Marin
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Public Health, College of Public and Environmental Health, University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG), P.O Box 30, Wau, South, Sudan
| | - Esther Sabbath
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health (BEP), College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Bahr El Ghazal (UBG), P.O Box 30, Wau, South Sudan
| | - Anou Dreyfus
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, P.O Box 1931, Zurich, Switzerland
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Díaz EA, Arroyo G, Sáenz C, Mena L, Barragán V. Leptospirosis in horses: Sentinels for a neglected zoonosis? A systematic review. Vet World 2023; 16:2110-2119. [PMID: 38023277 PMCID: PMC10668546 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2110-2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Leptospirosis is considered a neglected tropical zoonosis in low-income countries due to surveillance system limitations and non-specificity of symptoms. Humans become infected through direct contact with carrier animals or indirectly through Leptospira-contaminated environments. Conventionally, equines have been considered an uncommon source of leptospirosis, but recent publications in Latin America suggest that their role in the maintenance and dispersion of the bacteria could be more relevant than expected, as horses are susceptible to a wide variety of zoonotic Leptospira spp. from domestic and wild animals with which they share the environment. A systematic review of the published literature was conducted to compile the available information on Leptospira spp. in Ecuador, with a special focus on equine leptospirosis, to better understand the epidemiology of the bacterium and identify possible knowledge gaps. Materials and Methods A systematic review of the published literature was conducted in PubMed, SciELO and Web of Science databases to compile the available information on Leptospira spp. in Ecuador, with a special focus on equine leptospirosis, to better understand the epidemiology of the bacterium. We used a combination of the terms (Leptospira OR Leptospirosis) AND Ecuador, without restrictions on language or publication date. Results Our literature review reveals that published scientific information is very scarce. Eighteen full-text original scientific articles related to Leptospira or leptospirosis cases in Ecuador were included in the systematic review. Most of the studies reported data obtained from one of the four regions (Coast), and specifically from only one of the 24 Provinces of Ecuador (Manabí), which evidence a large information bias at the geographical level. Furthermore, only the studies focused on humans included clinical signs of leptospirosis and there is only one study that analyzes the presence of Leptospira spp. in water or soil as a risk factor for pathogen transmission. Finally, only one study investigated Leptospira in horses. Conclusion Since sentinel species can provide useful data on infectious diseases when epidemiologic al information is lacking, and horses could be considered excellent sentinel species to reveal circulating serovars, we propose developing a nationwide surveillance system using horses. This cost-effective epidemiological survey method provides a baseline for implementing specific prevention and control programs in Ecuador and neighboring developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A. Díaz
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego Robles, Quito, 170157, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela Arroyo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego Robles, Quito, 170157, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Sáenz
- Hospital de Fauna Silvestre Tueri, Instituto iBIOTROP, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego Robles, Quito, 170157, Ecuador
| | - Luis Mena
- Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo ESPOCH, Riobamba, 060155, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Barragán
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Microbiología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego Robles, Quito, 170157, Ecuador
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Pires BC, Dos Santos JBF, de Almeida Ferreira Dos Santos JP, Silva DM, Dos Reis TFM, Cuccato LP, Ciuffa AZ, Rezende LM, Ribeiro RAC, Lima AMC. Occurrence of serological reactions for Leptospira spp. in donkeys and mules from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:258. [PMID: 37400748 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Research concerning leptospirosis in donkeys and mules has been neglected around the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological situation of the prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in donkeys and mules from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood serum samples were collected from 180 animals (109 donkeys and 71 mules) in two rural properties from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and then submitted to a microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Urea and creatinine values were also quantified. Epidemiological variables such as age, breeding system, contact with other animal species, source of water and food, vaccination against leptospirosis, presence of reproductive alterations, and rodent control were also investigated. From 180 samples collected, 39 (21.67%) showed positive results in the MAT, at a dilution ≥ 1:100. Some animals were reactive for more than one serovar. The serovar Tarassovi was the most frequent (14.07%), followed by Hardjo (11.85%) and Wolffi (11.11%). There was a statistically significant difference between animals from 0 to 3 years of age reactive in the MAT in comparison to the other age groups. Most of the animals had urea and creatinine concentrations within the acceptable reference limit; however, there was a significant increase in creatinine levels in some of the test animals. The studied properties showed differences in some epidemiological aspects such as vaccination of the animals, presence of reproductive problems in the herd, and rodent control. Such aspects pointed as risk factors that may influence the frequency of positive serological results in property 1. The present study demonstrated that the prevalence of leptospirosis in donkeys and mules is high and several serovars are being maintained by these animals, representing a potential public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cabral Pires
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil.
| | - João Batista Ferreira Dos Santos
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - João Paulo de Almeida Ferreira Dos Santos
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Danilo Mundim Silva
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda Martins Dos Reis
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Lígia Pinho Cuccato
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Andreia Zago Ciuffa
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Laís Miguel Rezende
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Rosanne Aparecida Capanema Ribeiro
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Anna Monteiro Correia Lima
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
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Equine genital leptospirosis: Evidence of an important silent chronic reproductive syndrome. Theriogenology 2022; 192:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wollanke B, Gerhards H, Ackermann K. Infectious Uveitis in Horses and New Insights in Its Leptospiral Biofilm-Related Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:387. [PMID: 35208842 PMCID: PMC8875353 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is a sight-threatening eye disease in equids known worldwide that leads to considerable pain and suffering. By far the most common type of uveitis in Germany and neighboring countries is classical equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), which is caused by chronic intraocular leptospiral infection and is the main cause of infectious uveitis in horses. Other infectious causes are extremely rare and are usually clinically distinguishable from ERU. ERU can be treated very effectively by vitreous cavity lavage (vitrectomy). For proper indications of this demanding surgery, it is necessary to differentiate ERU from other types of uveitis in which vitrectomy is not helpful. This can be conducted on the basis of anamnesis in combination with ophthalmologic findings and by aqueous humor examination. During vitrectomy, vitreous material is obtained. These vitreous samples have historically been used for numerous etiologic studies. In this way, a chronic intraocular leptospiral infection has been shown to be the cause of typical ERU and, among other findings, ERU has also been recognized as a biofilm infection, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of ERU and explaining some thus far unexplainable phenomena of ERU. ERU may not only have transmissible aspects to some types of uveitis in humans but may also serve as a model for a spontaneously occurring biofilm infection. Vitreous material obtained during therapeutically indicated vitrectomy can be used for further studies on in vivo biofilm formation, biofilm composition and possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wollanke
- Equine Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (H.G.); (K.A.)
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Geiger T, Gerhards H, Wollanke B. Detection of Anti-LipL32 Antibodies in Serum Samples from Horses with Chronic Intraocular Infection with Leptospira spp. Pathogens 2021; 10:1325. [PMID: 34684272 PMCID: PMC8537251 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is typically caused by chronic intraocular leptospiral infection in warm-blooded horses in central Europe. The most effective therapy for leptospiral-induced ERU is the surgical removal of diseased vitreous (vitrectomy). Since vitrectomy is a highly specialized and invasive surgery, the indication must be determined very carefully. In order to obtain evidence of intraocular leptospiral infection by laboratory diagnostics in questionable leptospiral ERU-cases, sampling of aqueous humor is required, because serum tests using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) are too unspecific. The SNAP Lepto is a cross-species rapid test for the detection of anti-Lipl32 antibodies that has a high sensitivity (0.97) and specificity (1.00) for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies using aqueous humor or vitreous samples, which is comparable to MAT. To evaluate sensitivity and specificity of SNAP Lepto using serum, serum samples from 90 horses with confirmed leptospiral ERU and from 103 ocularly healthy horses were tested by both MAT and SNAP Lepto. Sensitivity was similar for both tests (0.82 vs. 0.79), but specificity was lower for MAT (0.52 vs. 0.95). Sensitivity and specificity are therefore lower in serum samples compared to intraocular samples, however, the SNAP Lepto is far superior to MAT and suitable as a screening method using equine serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Geiger
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany;
| | - Hartmut Gerhards
- Equine Clinic, Clinical Department, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Bettina Wollanke
- Equine Clinic, Clinical Department, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany;
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Zilch TJ, Lee JJ, Saleem MZ, Zhang H, Cortese V, Voris N, McDonough SP, Divers TJ, Chang YF. Equine leptospirosis: Experimental challenge of Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava fails to establish infection in naïve horses. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:845-854. [PMID: 33617667 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available about experimental inoculation of leptospirosis in horses and the pathogenicity of Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava in this host. OBJECTIVES To determine the serological, clinical, pathological and haematological responses of horses to L. interrogans serovar Bratislava strain PigK151. STUDY DESIGN Randomised controlled in vivo experiment. METHODS Ten seronegative female foals were divided into 2 groups, control (n = 4) and challenged (n = 6). The challenged group received 1 × 109 leptospires divided equally between topical ocular and intraperitoneal injections. Blood and urine samples were analysed. The temperature was recorded daily for the first 9 days, then weekly. Sera were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Automated complete blood count, differential and chemistry panel were performed. Histopathological analysis was performed on sections of liver, kidney, urinary bladder, uterine body and pineal gland. Sample culturing was performed from blood, urine, liver, kidney, reproductive tract and vitreous humour. RESULTS No pyrexia was noted. PCR and culture were negative from all samples. Differences between groups were found in CBC, differential counts and serum biochemistry panel (or profile), suggesting that leptospiral challenge triggered an inflammatory response. No evidence of leptospirosis was found from histopathological analysis. All challenged foals developed a humoral response. The MAT allowed the confirmation of the infecting serovar at a later stage, but it also revealed cross-reactive results that were further explained by genomic analysis. MAIN LIMITATIONS This experimental challenge had two main limitations: (a) the results might have varied if another strain from the same serovar had been used and (b) the use of another route of infection and a higher bacterial dose might have achieved colonisation. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, it may suggest that L. interrogans serovar Bratislava is neither pathogenic nor host-adapted serovar for horses, although these results might have varied if another strain from the same serovar had been used instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J Zilch
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jen-Jie Lee
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad Zain Saleem
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guanfzhou, China
| | | | | | - Sean P McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Marami LM, Gebremedhin EZ, Sarba EJ, Tola GK, Endalew SS, Melkamsew AT, Di Marco Lo Presti V, Vitale M. Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Canine Leptospira and Brucella Species Infection in West Shewa Zone, Central Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:33-42. [PMID: 33665154 PMCID: PMC7924131 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s297155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Canine leptospirosis and brucellosis are significant zoonotic gram-negative bacterial diseases that affect humans and animal species. This study was aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and assess associated risk factors of canine Leptospira and Brucella species infections in Ambo, Bako, and Gojo Towns, West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Methods A total of 385 serum samples were collected from randomly selected dogs. Antibodies against Brucella and Leptospira species infection were tested using the Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent Assay technique (ELISA). A structured questionnaire survey was administered to each dog-owning household to gather information on potential risk factors. The association between independent and outcome variables was analyzed using the Chi-square test followed by univariable, and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results The overall seroprevalence of Brucella and Leptospira species infections were found to be 15.06% (95% confidence interval (ci): 11.64–19.04%) and 4.16% (95% ci: 2.39–6.67%), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the town was the significant risk factor of Brucella species infection seropositivity. Accordingly, dogs found in Gojo ((odds ratio (OR)): 17.72 CI: 1.17–117.54, p=0.036) and Bako (OR: 7.99, 95% CI: 0.96–66.37), p=0.054 towns were more at risk to be infected with Brucella species than dogs living in Ambo. Conclusion The seroprevalence of Leptospira and Brucella species infections in dogs of the West Shewa Zone was high and moderate, respectively, suggesting the possible transmission of the disease between dogs and other animals. These infections might be an under-recognized threat to public health and animal welfare. Further research on the identification of the serovars of Leptospira and biotypes of Brucella circulating in dogs is encouraged. Finally, knowledge of the comprehensive epidemiology of these diseases is an invaluable input for veterinarians, healthcare professionals, and policy-makers to avoid or manage canine leptospirosis and brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lencho Megersa Marami
- Ambo University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin
- Ambo University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Edilu Jorga Sarba
- Ambo University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Kebebew Tola
- Ambo University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Shiferaw Endalew
- Ambo University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Asamenew Tesfaye Melkamsew
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Department of Immunology, Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | | | - Maria Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sicily, Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Palermo, Italy
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Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, Benschop J, Collins-Emerson JM, Adams B, Scarfe KR, Gee EK. Seroprevalence of Leptospira in Racehorses and Broodmares in New Zealand. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111952. [PMID: 33114082 PMCID: PMC7690811 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira in a cohort of horses and to evaluate potential risk factors for Leptospira seropositivity in horses in New Zealand. The convenience sample included 499 Thoroughbred racing and breeding horses from 25 commercial properties in North Island, New Zealand. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic data on horses and property-level information on grazing and management practices, pest (rodent) management, access to natural waterways, other livestock on the property, and possible contact with wildlife. The microscopic agglutination test was used to test sera for serovars Ballum, Copenhageni, Hardjo (bovis), Pomona, and Tarassovi. Logistic regression was used to investigate the risk factors for Leptospira seropositivity to at least one serovar and for each serovar individually. A total of 124 (25%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 21-29%) horses had positive titres to any one of the five serovars. The seroprevalence of Ballum, Copenhageni, Hardjo (bovis), Pomona, and Tarassovi was 5% (95% CI 3-7%), 9% (95% CI 7-12%), 6% (95% CI 4-8%), 6% (95% CI 4-8%), and 6% (95% CI 4-8%), respectively. Broodmares, compared to racehorses and alternately grazing horses with sheep, increased the odds of exposure to any one serovar, whilst grazing the same time as sheep and alternately grazing horses with cattle increased the odds of exposure to Ballum and Hardjo (bovis), respectively. Historical exposure to Leptospira in racing and breeding horses was identified, and risk factors were consistent with pasture-based exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte F. Bolwell
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (C.W.R.); (J.B.); (J.M.C.-E.); (B.A.); (E.K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-6-356-9099
| | - Chris W. Rogers
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (C.W.R.); (J.B.); (J.M.C.-E.); (B.A.); (E.K.G.)
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jackie Benschop
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (C.W.R.); (J.B.); (J.M.C.-E.); (B.A.); (E.K.G.)
| | - Julie M. Collins-Emerson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (C.W.R.); (J.B.); (J.M.C.-E.); (B.A.); (E.K.G.)
| | - Brooke Adams
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (C.W.R.); (J.B.); (J.M.C.-E.); (B.A.); (E.K.G.)
| | - Katherine R. Scarfe
- IDEXX Laboratories (NZ) ULC, School of Veterinary Science Complex, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Erica K. Gee
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (C.W.R.); (J.B.); (J.M.C.-E.); (B.A.); (E.K.G.)
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Leptospira spp. in horses in southern Brazil: Seroprevalence, infection risk factors, and influence on reproduction. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101552. [PMID: 33035771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis in horses is often associated with reproductive disorders. In the southern states of Brazil, horses are used for various jobs and cultural practices; nevertheless, serological surveillance for Leptospira is rare. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in horses in southern Brazil, as well as to identify the risk factors for infection and its impacts on reproduction. We performed microscopic agglutination tests for 12 serovars that corresponding 9 serogroup (Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Pyrogenes, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Tarassovi and Ballum) in 595 samples from 60 herds. A brief history was obtained to analyze risk factors for reproductive disorders. A total of 45.9% of the tested horses were seropositive, of which the most frequent serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae (Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni serovars) and Ballum (Ballum serovar). Simple infections were found in 45.4% of seropositive animals, while mixed infections occurred in 54.6% of horses. There was a correlation between seropositivity and age and sex, that is, seropositivity was more frequent in animals over 6 years old and in females. There was no correlation between seropositivity and reproductive disorders. We conclude that there is a high seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in southern Brazil with predominance of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, mainly in older animals. Location, breeds, contact with dogs or other domestic animals are not risk factors, whereas gender is a risk factor. Reproductive disorders are not due to leptospirosis in the study region.
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12
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Bauso J, Simoncini MS, Chiani Y, Schmeling MF, Larriera A, Vanasco NB, Piña CI. Presence of Leptospira spp. in Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) populations in Santa Fe, Argentina. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03837. [PMID: 32420469 PMCID: PMC7218011 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, transmitted by wild and domestic animals. Rodents play a fundamental role in the transmission cycle of this zoonosis but the function of reptiles is unknown. For example, crocodilians could play an important role in the transmission of this disease by living in ideal environments (bodies of shallow water and high temperatures) for the colonization of this bacterium. However, few studies have documented the presence of zoonotic diseases in caiman populations. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of antibodies to leptospira and the presence of Leptospira spp. in wild and captive Caiman latirostris. Blood samples were taken from 45 individuals (20 wild and 25 captive). Before extraction, we cleaned each caiman's neck in order to prevent contamination of samples. We determined the presence of antibodies in serum by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect DNA of the bacteria. We excluded 9 of the 45 samples analyzed by MAT because 5 had lipemic serum and 4 were contaminated (colonized by other organisms). Of the 36 caimans studied by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 56% (20/36) were considered reactive (titers ≥50). In 74% (14/19) of captive samples and 35% (6/17) of wild samples, antibodies to leptospira were detected by MAT. The serogroup with highest occurrence was Pyrogenes (85%, n = 17/20), presenting coagglutinations with Icterohaemorrhagiae (25%, n = 5/20). One sample from a captive animal was positive for PCR, and we could not isolate leptospires because of agar contamination. Of the 45 blood agar media, 17.8% were contaminated and the rest were negative. This work determined the presence of Leptospira spp. in one caiman and a high prevalence of antibodies in captive caiman relative to wild individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín Bauso
- CICYTTP (CONICET- Prov. de Entre Ríos-UAdER), FCyT, España 149, CP 3105, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Proyecto Yacaré-Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MASPyMA), Av. Aristobulo de Valle 8700, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Melina S. Simoncini
- CICYTTP (CONICET- Prov. de Entre Ríos-UAdER), FCyT, España 149, CP 3105, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Proyecto Yacaré-Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MASPyMA), Av. Aristobulo de Valle 8700, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Yosena Chiani
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) “Dr. Emilio Coni”, Av. Blas Parera 8260, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María F. Schmeling
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) “Dr. Emilio Coni”, Av. Blas Parera 8260, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Larriera
- Proyecto Yacaré-Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MASPyMA), Av. Aristobulo de Valle 8700, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Norma B. Vanasco
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) “Dr. Emilio Coni”, Av. Blas Parera 8260, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos I. Piña
- CICYTTP (CONICET- Prov. de Entre Ríos-UAdER), FCyT, España 149, CP 3105, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Proyecto Yacaré-Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MASPyMA), Av. Aristobulo de Valle 8700, CP 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Fouché N, Graubner C, Lanz S, Schweighauser A, Francey T, Gerber V. Acute kidney injury due to Leptospira interrogans in 4 foals and use of renal replacement therapy with intermittent hemodiafiltration in 1 foal. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1007-1012. [PMID: 31999382 PMCID: PMC7096627 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Four 2‐month‐old foals were presented to an equine hospital with acute kidney injury caused by Leptospira interrogans infection. Clinical signs were nonspecific and included lethargy, fever, and unwillingness to nurse. The most important hematologic and clinicopathologic findings were azotemia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyponatremia, and hypochloremia. The diagnosis was based on urinary real‐time PCR, serology using a microscopic agglutination test, or both. The most important serovars involved were L. interrogans serogroup australis serovar Bratislava and Australis. Treatment consisted of IV fluid therapy and antimicrobial treatment. Renal replacement therapy with hemodiafiltration was performed in 1 of the foals. All foals survived to discharge. This report highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in foals with acute kidney injury caused by L. interrogans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fouché
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Graubner
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Lanz
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Schweighauser
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Francey
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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Vera E, Taddei S, Cavirani S, Schiavi J, Angelone M, Cabassi CS, Schiano E, Quintavalla F. Leptospira Seroprevalence in Bardigiano Horses in Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010023. [PMID: 31877658 PMCID: PMC7022626 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out in Bardigiano horses in the Province of Parma, Northern Italy, to assess the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. and to investigate risk factors associated with the infection. A representative sample of 134 horses from 43 farms was selected by stratified systematic randomization. Blood sera were examined by MAT for the presence of antibodies against seven Leptospira serovars. Ninety animals (67.2%; 95% Confidence Interval 63.2-71.1) and 41 farms (95.3%; 95% CI 92.2-98.5%) were found positive to at least one of the serovars. The most frequently detected reactions were against serovar Bratislava (41.8%), followed by Canicola (36.6%), Tarassovi (28.4%), Copenhageni (17.9%), Pomona (10.4%) and Hardjo (2.2%). None of the sera reacted against serovar Grippothyphosa. Forty-eight horses (53.3% of the seropositives) were positive for more than one serovar and 21 (15.7% of the seropositives) had serum titres ≥ 1000. Bratislava was the serovar providing the highest antibody titres. Prevalence was significantly higher between adult horses and in farms lacking rodent control (p = 0.006 and p = 0.025, respectively). No significant gender or housing-related difference in seroprevalence was found. The anamnestic data suggest that the infection in Bardigiano horses is subclinical in most of the cases. The high seroprevalence indicates that Bardigiano horses living in the investigated area are at high risk of exposure and infection by Leptospira spp.
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Peixoto Ribeiro TM, Correia L, Hofstaetter Spohr KA, Aguiar DM, Martins G, de Sá Jayme V. Risk Factors Associated With Seroreactivity Against Leptospira sp. in Horses From Brazilian Amazon. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 68:59-62. [PMID: 31256890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the risk factors associated with seroreactivity to Leptospira sp. in horses from Brazilian Amazon. Blood samples were collected and microscopic agglutination test was performed, and univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted for association with risk factors. General seroprevalence was 32.7% and the most prevalent serogroup observed was Sejroe (5.9%). Seroreactivity was associated with age, sex, activity (work, leisure, or both), feed supplementation, trash accumulation, and presence of felines. Epidemiology of leptospirosis remains poorly understood in Amazon region, particularly in livestock, requiring more studies to improve control and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Correia
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Moura Aguiar
- Laboratório de Virologia e Rickettsioses, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Martins
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Sá Jayme
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Leptospirose, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Epidemiological characterization of Leptospira spp. infection in working horses and in an occupationally exposed population in six Colombian police stations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 39:19-34. [PMID: 31529846 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v39i1.4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Police working horses are in close contact with their managers and the general population during recreational and patrol activities, which can favor the transmission of leptospirosis among the horses and the occupationally exposed personnel.
Objective. To characterize epidemiologically leptospirosis through serology, urine culture and PCR in working horses and in the occupationally exposed population in six police stations in Colombia.
Materials and methods. We tested 153 castrated male horses and 123 people in six police stations in the municipalities of Manizales, Pereira, Armenia, Ibagué, Tuluá, and Cali. Three structured formats were applied and blood samples were obtained from people and horses, which were processed with the Macroscopic Agglutination Test, (MAT) for 24 serogroups. Horses were subject to a clinical examination, and urine samples were obtained for urine culture and conventional PCR.
Results. The seroprevalence of human Leptospira spp. was 3.25% (n=4) while in horses it was 85% (n=130). Among the horses, serogroups Djasiman and Shermani were the most prevalent. The urine culture was positive in 64.7% (99/153) of the samples, whereas PCR analyzes were negative. A statistically significant association was found between the frequency of exiting the facilities (p=0.009) and the presence of wildlife (p=0.0051) with the infection by serogroup Shermani.
Conclusion. The epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in horses suggest an endemic presentation of the infection and its role as reservoirs of the bacteria; however, it is necessary to elucidate the pathogenesis of the disease with complementary studies.
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Cruz-Romero A, Romero-Salas D, Alvarado-Félix ÁO, Aguilar-Domínguez M, Ochoa-Valencia JL, Alvarado-Esquivel D, Hernández-Tinoco J, Zamarripa-Barboza JA, Sánchez-Anguiano LF. Apparently high Leptospira antibody seropositivity in donkeys for slaughter in three municipalities in Durango, Mexico. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:929-932. [PMID: 30239293 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718800358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the seropositive percentage and the determinants of Leptospira exposure in domestic donkeys presented for slaughter in the State of Durango, Mexico. We examined 194 donkeys in 4 gathering premises. Sera of donkeys were analyzed for anti- Leptospira IgG antibodies using a microscopic agglutination assay with a panel of 7 Leptospira antigens. The association between Leptospira seropositivity and general characteristics of donkeys was assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses. Antibodies against Leptospira (for at least 1 of the 7 Leptospira serovars examined) were found in 151 of 194 (77.8%) donkeys. Seropositive donkeys were found in all regions, municipalities, and premises examined. The predominant serovar was L. interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae ( n = 117; 60.3%), followed by L. interrogans Sejroe ( n = 96; 49.5%), L. interrogans Canicola ( n = 10; 5.2%), L. kirschneri Grippotyphosa ( n = 6; 3.1%), L. borgpetersenii Ballum ( n = 5; 2.6 %), L. biflexa Semaranga ( n = 3; 1.5%), and L. noguchii Panama ( n = 2; 1%). Leptospira seropositivity was associated with gathering premises (OR = 2.64; 95% CI: 1.27-5.46; p = 0.009) and municipalities (OR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01-0.78; p = 0.02). Our results demonstrate an apparently high seropositive percentage of Leptospira infection in the donkeys studied in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Anabel Cruz-Romero
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Ángel Osvaldo Alvarado-Félix
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - José Luis Ochoa-Valencia
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Domingo Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Jesús Hernández-Tinoco
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - José Alfredo Zamarripa-Barboza
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
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Matilla F, Velleman Y, Harrison W, Nevel M. Animal influence on water, sanitation and hygiene measures for zoonosis control at the household level: A systematic literature review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006619. [PMID: 30001331 PMCID: PMC6057674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs) have a significant impact on the livelihoods of the world's poorest populations, which often lack access to basic services. Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes are included among the key strategies for achieving the World Health Organization's 2020 Roadmap for Implementation for control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). There exists a lack of knowledge regarding the effect of animals on the effectiveness of WASH measures. OBJECTIVES This review looked to identify how animal presence in the household influences the effectiveness of water, hygiene and sanitation measures for zoonotic disease control in low and middle income countries; to identify gaps of knowledge regarding this topic based on the amount and type of studies looking at this particular interaction. METHODS Studies from three databases (Medline, Web of Science and Global Health) were screened through various stages. Selected articles were required to show burden of one or more zoonotic diseases, an animal component and a WASH component. Selected articles were analysed. A narrative synthesis was chosen for the review. RESULTS Only two studies out of 7588 met the inclusion criteria. The studies exemplified how direct or indirect contact between animals and humans within the household can influence the effectiveness of WASH interventions. The analysis also shows the challenges faced by the scientific community to isolate and depict this particular interaction. CONCLUSION The dearth of studies examining animal-WASH interactions is explained by the difficulties associated with studying environmental interventions and the lack of collaboration between the WASH and Veterinary Public Health research communities. Further tailored research under a holistic One Health approach will be required in order to meet the goals set in the NTDs Roadmap and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Matilla
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yael Velleman
- Policy and Campaigns Department, WaterAid, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Harrison
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Nevel
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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Martins G, Loureiro AP, Libonati H, Lilenbaum W. Humoral Response in Naturally Exposed Horses After Leptospiral Vaccination. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sohail ML, Khan MS, Avais M, Zahoor MY, Khattak I, Ashraf A, Naseer O. Molecular characterisation of Leptospira strains in Pakistan. J Vet Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Leptospirosis affects a wide range of mammals, humans, and even a few poikilothermic animal species. In Pakistan, serological studies of equine leptospirosis have reported a prevalence of over 40%, but no study has ever been conducted towards molecular detection of Leptospira in horses. Material and Methods: Blood samples from 128 horses were screened using ELISA and 41 positive samples were examined for the presence of leptospiral DNA using specific primers for 16S rRNA gene. Results: Out of 41 tested samples, 20 samples were found to be PCR-positive, revealing a fragment of 306 bp after gel electrophoresis. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of positive samples revealed circulation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Pakistani horses. No evidence of circulation of intermediate species was found in this study. Conclusion: This study reports the first molecular evidence of equine leptospirosis in Pakistan and lays ground for further research in this area. It also confirms the efficiency of 16S rRNA for the diagnosis of equine leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Luqman Sohail
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sarwar Khan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Avais
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Zahoor
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khattak
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqeela Ashraf
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Omer Naseer
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread bacterial zoonosis with highest burden in low-income populations living in tropical and subtropical regions, both in urban and in rural environments. Rodents are known as the main reservoir animals, but other mammals may also significantly contribute to human infections in some settings. Clinical presentation of leptospirosis is nonspecific and variable, and most of the early signs and symptoms point to the so-called “acute fever of unknown origin”, a major diagnostic challenge in tropical and subtropical areas. However, leptospirosis can rapidly evolve to life-threatening complications, especially if left untreated. There is a need for good awareness of leptospirosis and rapid antibiotic treatment based on clinical and epidemiological suspicion. Severe leptospirosis cases include renal and/or respiratory failure and shock, necessitating intensive care, also seldom available or with limited capacity. Confirmation of leptospirosis relies on biological diagnosis, which unfortunately uses tricky methods seldom available. This biological confirmation, however, is essential for surveillance and public health purpose. A good knowledge of leptospirosis epidemiology (eg, the reservoir animals involved, the Leptospira strains circulating, the seasonal and geographical patterns, and specific populations at risk) can be achieved through adequate surveillance and diagnosis. This can pave the way to prevention and intervention strategies and in turn alleviate the toll leptospirosis takes on affected populations. Over the past few years, leptospirosis has been increasingly recognized, as the need for multidisciplinary approaches in a One-Health perspective has been acknowledged, raising hope to successfully tackle the challenges of this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Goarant
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Nouméa, New Caledonia
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