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Arzt J, Sanderson MW, Stenfeldt C. Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2024; 40:191-203. [PMID: 38462419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral infection of livestock that is an important determinant of global trade in animal products. The disease causes a highly contagious vesicular syndrome of cloven-hoofed animals. Successful control of FMD is dependent upon early detection and recognition of the clinical signs, followed by appropriate notification and response of responsible government entities. Awareness of the clinical signs of FMD amongst producers and veterinary practitioners is therefore the key in protecting US agriculture from the catastrophic impacts of an FMD outbreak. This review summarizes key clinical and epidemiologic features of FMD from a US perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Michael W Sanderson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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2
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Tweyongyere R, Nkamwesiga J, Etiang P, Mugezi I, Wamala H, Wasswa AT, Kamusiime M, Ainebyoona S, Abizera H, Mwiine FN, Muhanguzi D. Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in cattle from Karamoja region, North-eastern Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:97. [PMID: 38461244 PMCID: PMC10924401 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia [CBPP] is a transboundary animal disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides [Mmm]. CBPP causes severe economic losses to livestock producers in sub-Saharan Africa mainly due to high mortality, morbidity, reduction in productivity as well as livestock trade restrictions. This study aimed at determining seroprevalence of Mmm in cattle from Karamoja region, north-eastern Uganda; data that are required to design and implement risk based CBPP control program. METHODS We randomly collected blood samples from 2,300 cattle spread across Karamoja region. Serum was extracted and screened for antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides [Mmm] using the competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [cELISA]. RESULTS A quarter [25.4%; 95% CI: 23.7-27.3] of the screened cattle [n = 2,300] were sero-positive for Mmm. Amudat and Kaabong districts recorded the lowest [12.3%] and highest [30.7%] Mmm seroprevalence respectively. Increasing age, overnight stay in cattle kraals and location [certain districts, villages, herds and sub counties] of the cattle herds, the factors that promote animal commingling, were the most significant risk factors of seroconversion with Mmm. CONCLUSION Results from this study indicated a higher seroprevalence of Mmm in Karamoja region cattle herds. This could be due to the increased frequency of CBPP outbreaks in recent years. To be effective, CBPP vaccination programs should target high risk herds along the international borders and other hotspot areas [e.g., parishes or sub counties] where cattle commingling is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tweyongyere
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Nkamwesiga
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Etiang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema University, P.O.Box 236, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Israel Mugezi
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P.O.Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Production, Trade and Tourism Planning, National Planning Authority, P.O.Box 21434, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Wamala
- Mercy Corps Uganda, Clock Tower, P.O.Box 32021, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Auther Tamale Wasswa
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Mercy Corps Uganda, Clock Tower, P.O.Box 32021, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Solomon Ainebyoona
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harriet Abizera
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Nizeyimana G, Vudriko P, Erume J, Mubiru F, Eneku W, Biryomumaisho S, Mwebe R, Arinaitwe E, Ademun R, Atim S, Ayebazibwe C, Muhanguzi D, Tweyongyere R. Spatio-temporal analysis of sheep and goat pox outbreaks in Uganda during 2011-2022. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:224. [PMID: 37891597 PMCID: PMC10612334 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sheep and goat pox (SGP) caused by sheep poxvirus (SPV) and goat poxvirus (GPV) respectively; are transboundary and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)-notifiable viral diseases. There is barely any coherent information about the distribution and prevalence of SGP for Uganda. We therefore conducted this study to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of SGP suspected outbreaks in Uganda for the period 2011-2020 as well as serologically confirm presence of SGP antibodies in suspected SGP outbreaks reported in 2021-2022. RESULTS Thirty-seven [37] SGP outbreaks were reported across the country during the study period. North-eastern region [that comprises of Karamoja region] had the highest number of outbreaks [n = 17, 45%]; followed by Central [n = 9, 2.4%], Northern [n = 8, 2.2%] and Western region [n = 3, 0.08%]. Reports from district veterinary personnel indicate that the prevalence of; and mortality rate and case fatality rate associated with SGP were 0.06%, 0.02% and 32% respectively. There was a steady increase in the number of reported SGP outbreaks [x̄ = 4] over the study period. Seropositivity of SGPV antibodies in outbreak sheep and goats that were investigated during the study period [2021-2022] was [n = 41, 27%, 95 CI;] CONCLUSION: Our analyses of SGPV passive and active reports indicate that SGP is present in Uganda with a decade long average of four outbreaks per annum. During this period, about a third of all SGPV-clinically infected animals died. SPG is therefore a major constraint to small ruminant health and productivity in Uganda. Introduction of animals from infected herds and breach in farm biosecurity were the most important predictors of SGP outbreaks. In addition to the already existing SGP commercial vaccines, small ruminant screening for SGPV before introducing them to naïve herds and ensuring on farm biosecurity should be part of the SGP control tool pack for Ugandan small ruminant farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Nizeyimana
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Erume
- Department of Bimolecular and Bio Lab Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frank Mubiru
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Wilfred Eneku
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Savino Biryomumaisho
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Mwebe
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eugene Arinaitwe
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rose Ademun
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stella Atim
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Chrisostom Ayebazibwe
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- Department of Bimolecular and Bio Lab Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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Nazari Ashani M, Alesheikh AA, Neisani Samani Z, Lotfata A, Bayat S, Alipour S, Hoseini B. Socioeconomic and environmental determinants of foot and mouth disease incidence: an ecological, cross-sectional study across Iran using spatial modeling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13526. [PMID: 37598281 PMCID: PMC10439931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious animal disease caused by a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, with significant economic costs and uneven distribution across Asia, Africa, and South America. While spatial analysis and modeling of FMD are still in their early stages, this research aimed to identify socio-environmental determinants of FMD incidence in Iran at the provincial level by studying 135 outbreaks reported between March 21, 2017, and March 21, 2018. We obtained 46 potential socio-environmental determinants and selected four variables, including percentage of population, precipitation in January, percentage of sheep, and percentage of goats, to be used in spatial regression models to estimate variation in spatial heterogeneity. In our analysis, we employed global models, namely ordinary least squares (OLS), spatial error model (SEM), and spatial lag model (SLM), as well as local models, including geographically weighted regression (GWR) and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR). The MGWR model yielded the highest adjusted [Formula: see text] of 90%, outperforming the other local and global models. Using local models to map the effects of environmental determinants (such as the percentage of sheep and precipitation) on the spatial variability of FMD incidence provides decision-makers with helpful information for targeted interventions. Our findings advocate for multiscale and multidisciplinary policies to reduce FMD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Nazari Ashani
- Department of Geospatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Alesheikh
- Department of Geospatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Neisani Samani
- Department of Geospatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aynaz Lotfata
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Sayeh Bayat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Siamak Alipour
- Department of Geospatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Benyamin Hoseini
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Woldemariyam FT, Kariuki CK, Kamau J, De Vleeschauwer A, De Clercq K, Lefebvre DJ, Paeshuyse J. Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040969. [PMID: 37112947 PMCID: PMC10143177 DOI: 10.3390/v15040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Horn of Africa is a large area of arid and semi-arid land, holding about 10% of the global and 40% of the entire African livestock population. The region's livestock production system is mainly extensive and pastoralist. It faces countless problems, such as a shortage of pastures and watering points, poor access to veterinary services, and multiple endemic diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide and is endemic in most developing countries. Within Africa, five of the seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) are described, but serotype C is not circulating anymore, a burden unseen anywhere in the world. The enormous genetic diversity of FMDV is favored by an error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, intra-typic and inter-typic recombination, as well as the quasi-species nature of the virus. This paper describes the epidemiological dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease in the Horn of Africa with regard to the serotypes and topotypes distribution of FMDV, the livestock production systems practiced, animal movement, the role of wildlife, and the epidemiological complexity of FMD. Within this review, outbreak investigation data and serological studies confirm the endemicity of the disease in the Horn of Africa. Multiple topotypes of FMDV are described in the literature as circulating in the region, with further evolution of virus diversity predicted. A large susceptible livestock population and the presence of wild ungulates are described as complicating the epidemiology of the disease. Further, the husbandry practices and legal and illegal trading of livestock and their products, coupled with poor biosecurity practices, are also reported to impact the spread of FMDV within and between countries in the region. The porosity of borders for pastoralist herders fuels the unregulated transboundary livestock trade. There are no systematic control strategies in the region except for sporadic vaccination with locally produced vaccines, while literature indicates that effective control measures should also consider virus diversity, livestock movements/biosecurity, transboundary trade, and the reduction of contact with wild, susceptible ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia
| | - Christopher Kinyanjui Kariuki
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kamau
- Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197, Kenya
| | | | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Service for Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David J Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Service for Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Begovoeva M, Ehizibolo DO, Adedeji AJ, Oguche MO, Oyekan O, Ijoma SI, Atai RB, Wungak Y, Dogonyaro BB, Lazarus DD, Samson M, Ularamu H, Muhammad M, Rosso F, Sumption KJ, Beard PM, Ludi AB, Stevens KB, Limon G. Factors associated with foot-and-mouth disease seroprevalence in small ruminants and identification of hot-spot areas in northern Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2023; 212:105842. [PMID: 36706557 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many small ruminants infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remain asymptomatic, with the capacity to promote silent viral spread within domestic and wildlife species. However, little is known about the epidemiological role played by small ruminants in FMD. In particular, there are few studies that examine FMD seroprevalence, spatial patterns and risk factors for exposure in small ruminants. A cross-sectional study was conducted in northern Nigeria (Bauchi, Kaduna, and Plateau States) to determine the true seroprevalence of FMD in backyard small ruminants, identify factors associated with FMD seroconversion at animal and household levels, and identify spatial patterns for FMD virus exposure. Data on animal (n = 1800) and household (n = 300) characteristics were collected using a standardised questionnaire. Sera samples from 1800 small ruminants were tested for antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMD virus. True seroprevalence was estimated stochastically to account for variability and uncertainty in the test sensitivity and specificity previously reported. Risk factors for FMD seropositivity were identified at animal and household levels and spatial patterns were determined. The overall true seroprevalence for FMD virus, in the small ruminant population tested, was estimated to be 10.2 % (95 % Credible Interval (CrI) 0.0-19.0), while State-level estimates were 17.3 % (95 % CrI 0.0-25.8) for Kaduna, 6.9 % (95% CrI 0.0-15.8) for Bauchi, and 3.6 % (95 % CrI 0.0-12.6) for Plateau. State and species were the main risk factors identified at animal level, with interaction detected between them. Compared to goats in Plateau, the odds of testing positive were higher for goats in Bauchi (Odds Ratio (OR)= 1.83, 95 % CI 1.13-2.97, p = 0.01) and Kaduna (OR=2.97, 95 % CI 1.89-4.67, p < 0.001), as well as for sheep in Plateau (OR=3.78, 95 % CI 2.08-6.87, p < 0.001), Bauchi (OR=1.61, 95 % CI 0.91-2.84, p = 0.10), and Kaduna (OR=3.11, 95 % CI 1.61-6.01, p = 0.001). Households located in Kaduna were more likely to have a higher number of seropositive SR compared to those in Plateau (Prevalence Ratio (PR)= 1.75, 95 % CI 1.30-2.36, p < 0.001), and households keeping sheep flocks were more likely to be seropositive (from 1 to 10 sheep: PR=1.39, 95 % CI 1.05-1.82, p = 0.02; more than 10 sheep: PR=1.55, 95 % CI 1.12-2.15, p = 0.008) compared to those that did not keep sheep. A hot-spot was detected in Kaduna, and a cold-spot in Plateau. These results reveal that small ruminants had been recently exposed to FMD virus with spatial heterogeneity across the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Begovoeva
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, 10154, Italy.
| | - David O Ehizibolo
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Moses O Oguche
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Olumuyiwa Oyekan
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Sandra I Ijoma
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Rebecca B Atai
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Yiltawe Wungak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | | | - David D Lazarus
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Mark Samson
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Hussaini Ularamu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Maryam Muhammad
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Fabrizio Rosso
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy.
| | - Keith J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy.
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK; School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Kim B Stevens
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Georgina Limon
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
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Hasahya E, Thakur K, Dione MM, Kerfua SD, Mugezi I, Lee HS. Analysis of patterns of livestock movements in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda for risk-based surveillance of infectious diseases. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1095293. [PMID: 36756309 PMCID: PMC9899994 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1095293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The knowledge of animal movements is key to formulating strategic animal disease control policies and carrying out targeted surveillance. This study describes the characteristics of district-level cattle, small ruminant, and pig trade networks in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda between 2019 and 2021. Methodology The data for the study was extracted from 7,043 animal movement permits (AMPs) obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) of Uganda. Most of the data was on cattle (87.2%), followed by small ruminants (11.2%) and pigs (1.6%). Two types of networks representing animal shipments between districts were created for each species based on monthly (n = 30) and seasonal (n = 10) temporal windows. Measures of centrality and cohesiveness were computed for all the temporal windows and our analysis identified the most central districts in the networks. Results The median in-degree for monthly networks ranged from 0-3 for cattle, 0-1 for small ruminants and 0-1 for pigs. The highest median out-degrees for cattle, small ruminant and pig monthly networks were observed in Lira, Oyam and Butambala districts, respectively. Unlike the pig networks, the cattle and small ruminant networks were found to be of small-world and free-scale topologies. Discussion The cattle and small ruminant trade movement networks were also found to be highly connected, which could facilitate quick spread of infectious animal diseases across these networks. The findings from this study highlighted the significance of characterizing animal movement networks to inform surveillance, early detection, and subsequent control of infectious animal disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Hasahya
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Krishna Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada,*Correspondence: Krishna Thakur ✉
| | - Michel M. Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Susan D. Kerfua
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Israel Mugezi
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Hu Suk Lee ✉ ; ✉
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Complete Coding Genome Sequences of Five Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Belonging to Serotype O, Isolated from Cattle in Uganda in 2015 to 2016. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0044522. [PMID: 35863055 PMCID: PMC9387231 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00445-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete coding genome sequences of five foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O strains that were isolated from the field between 2015 and 2016 showed five lineages within the EA-2 topotype circulating in four different regions (northern, western, eastern, and central) of Uganda. The genomic diversity may help in devising FMDV control strategies for Uganda.
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Ecological and Anthropogenic Spatial Gradients Shape Patterns of Dispersal of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050524. [PMID: 35631045 PMCID: PMC9143568 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Using georeferenced phylogenetic trees, phylogeography allows researchers to elucidate interactions between environmental heterogeneities and patterns of infectious disease spread. Concordant with the increasing availability of pathogen genetic sequence data, there is a growing need for tools to test epidemiological hypotheses in this field. In this study, we apply tools traditionally used in ecology to elucidate the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in Uganda. We analyze FMDV serotype O genetic sequences and their corresponding spatiotemporal metadata from a cross-sectional study of cattle. We apply step selection function (SSF) models, typically used to study wildlife habitat selection, to viral phylogenies to show that FMDV is more likely to be found in areas of low rainfall. Next, we use a novel approach, a resource gradient function (RGF) model, to elucidate characteristics of viral source and sink areas. An RGF model applied to our data reveals that areas of high cattle density and areas near livestock markets may serve as sources of FMDV dissemination in Uganda, and areas of low rainfall serve as viral sinks that experience frequent reintroductions. Our results may help to inform risk-based FMDV control strategies in Uganda. More broadly, these tools advance the phylogenetic toolkit, as they may help to uncover patterns of spread of other organisms for which genetic sequences and corresponding spatiotemporal metadata exist.
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Nkamwesiga J, Korennoy F, Lumu P, Nsamba P, Mwiine FN, Roesel K, Wieland B, Perez A, Kiara H, Muhanguzi D. Spatio-temporal cluster analysis and transmission drivers for Peste des Petits Ruminants in Uganda. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1642-e1658. [PMID: 35231154 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary, highly contagious, and fatal disease of small ruminants. PPR causes global annual economic losses of between USD 1.5-2.0 billion across more than 70 affected countries. Despite the commercial availability of effective PPR vaccines, lack of financial and technical commitment to PPR control coupled with a dearth of refined PPR risk profiling data in different endemic countries has perpetuated PPR virus transmission. In Uganda, over the past five years, PPR has extended from north-eastern Uganda (Karamoja) with sporadic incursions in other districts /regions. To identify disease cluster hotspot trends that would facilitate the design and implementation of PPR risk-based control methods (including vaccination), we employed the space-time cube approach to identify trends in the clustering of outbreaks in neighbouring space-time cells using confirmed PPR outbreak report data (2007-2020). We also used negative binomial and logistic regression models and identified high small ruminant density, extended road length, low annual precipitation and high soil water index as the most important drivers of PPR in Uganda. The study identified (with 90 - 99% confidence) five PPR disease hotspot trend categories across subregions of Uganda. Diminishing hotspots were identified in the Karamoja region whereas consecutive, sporadic, new, and emerging hotspots were identified in central and southwestern districts of Uganda. Inter-district and cross-border small ruminant movement facilitated by longer road stretches and animal comingling precipitate PPR outbreaks as well as PPR virus spread from its initial Karamoja focus to the central and south-western Uganda. There is therefore urgent need to prioritize considerable vaccination coverage to obtain the required herd immunity among small ruminants in the new hotspot areas to block transmission to further emerging hotspots. Findings of this study provide a basis for more robust timing and prioritization of control measures including vaccination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Nkamwesiga
- Dahlem Research School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b, Berlin, 14163, Germany.,International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and human health program, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fedor Korennoy
- Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Yur'evets, Vladimir, 600901, Russia
| | - Paul Lumu
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P.O Box 102, Plot, Lugard Avenue, Entebbe, 16-18, Entebbe Uganda
| | - Peninah Nsamba
- School of Biosecurity, Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences (SBLS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frank Nobert Mwiine
- School of Biosecurity, Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences (SBLS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kristina Roesel
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and human health program, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse, Mittelhäusern, 2933147, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Henry Kiara
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and human health program, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- School of Biosecurity, Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences (SBLS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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11
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Adamchick J, Rich KM, Perez AM. Assessment of the Risk of Foot and Mouth Disease among Beef Cattle at Slaughter from East African Production Systems. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122407. [PMID: 34960676 PMCID: PMC8706184 DOI: 10.3390/v13122407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic foot and mouth disease (FMD) in East African cattle systems is one factor that limits access to export markets. The probability of FMD transmission associated with export from such systems have never been quantified and there is a need for data and analyses to guide strategies for livestock exports from regions where FMD remains endemic. The probability of infection among animals at slaughter is an important contributor to the risk of FMD transmission associated with the final beef product. In this study, we built a stochastic model to estimate the probability that beef cattle reach slaughter while infected with FMD virus for four production systems in two East African countries (Kenya and Uganda). Input values were derived from the primary literature and expert opinion. We found that the risk that FMD-infected animals reach slaughter under current conditions is high in both countries (median annual probability ranging from 0.05 among cattle from Kenyan feedlots to 0.62 from Ugandan semi-intensive systems). Cattle originating from feedlot and ranching systems in Kenya had the lowest overall probabilities of the eight systems evaluated. The final probabilities among cattle from all systems were sensitive to the likelihood of acquiring new infections en route to slaughter and especially the probability and extent of commingling with other cattle. These results give insight into factors that could be leveraged by potential interventions to lower the probability of FMD among beef cattle at slaughter. Such interventions should be evaluated considering the cost, logistics, and tradeoffs of each, ultimately guiding resource investment that is grounded in the values and capacity of each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Adamchick
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Karl M. Rich
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ferguson College of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Andres M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA;
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12
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Adamchick J, Rich KM, Perez AM. Self-Reporting of Risk Pathways and Parameter Values for Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Slaughter Cattle from Alternative Production Systems by Kenyan and Ugandan Veterinarians. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112112. [PMID: 34834919 PMCID: PMC8621966 DOI: 10.3390/v13112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Countries in which foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic may face bans on the export of FMD-susceptible livestock and products because of the associated risk for transmission of FMD virus. Risk assessment is an essential tool for demonstrating the fitness of one’s goods for the international marketplace and for improving animal health. However, it is difficult to obtain the necessary data for such risk assessments in many countries where FMD is present. This study bridged the gaps of traditional participatory and expert elicitation approaches by partnering with veterinarians from the National Veterinary Services of Kenya (n = 13) and Uganda (n = 10) enrolled in an extended capacity-building program to systematically collect rich, local knowledge in a format appropriate for formal quantitative analysis. Participants mapped risk pathways and quantified variables that determine the risk of infection among cattle at slaughter originating from each of four beef production systems in each country. Findings highlighted that risk processes differ between management systems, that disease and sale are not always independent events, and that events on the risk pathway are influenced by the actions and motivations of value chain actors. The results provide necessary information for evaluating the risk of FMD among cattle pre-harvest in Kenya and Uganda and provide a framework for similar evaluation in other endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Adamchick
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Karl M. Rich
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ferguson College of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Andres M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA;
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13
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Vudriko P, Ekiri AB, Endacott I, Williams S, Gityamwi N, Byaruhanga J, Alafiatayo R, Mijten E, Tweyongyere R, Varga G, Cook AJC. A Survey of Priority Livestock Diseases and Laboratory Diagnostic Needs of Animal Health Professionals and Farmers in Uganda. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:721800. [PMID: 34631853 PMCID: PMC8494769 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.721800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the investments made in veterinary diagnostic laboratory service delivery in Uganda, the scope and level of utilization remains low. This study aimed to determine the priority livestock diseases for which farmers and animal health professionals require veterinary diagnostic laboratory services, document the perceptions and opinions of key stakeholders on veterinary diagnostic laboratory services, and determine the factors that influence the delivery and utilization of animal disease diagnostic services in Uganda. Methods: A qualitative study approach involving a survey and key informant interviews was used to collect relevant data from four stakeholder groups: animal health workers, laboratory technologists and technicians, farmers, and key informants. The survey data were exported to excel, and descriptive statistics performed. The key informant interview recordings were transcribed, and thematic analysis performed. Results: The most reported diseases and conditions for which diagnostic services were needed were hemoparasites (including East Coast fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and trypanosomosis), viral (including Foot and mouth disease, lumpy skin disease, rift valley fever, and papillomatosis), bacteria (including brucellosis, colibacillosis, anthrax, leptospirosis, and paratuberculosis) and protozoa diseases (coccidiosis), endoparasites (helminths), and mastitis. The most common diagnostic laboratory tests requested by clients, but laboratories were unable to provide included: rapid tests for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Foot and mouth disease, Newcastle disease, acaricide analysis, culture and antimicrobial sensitivity test, serology, and complete blood count. The most frequently reported challenges to providing diagnostic laboratory services were poor or lack of relevant equipment, insufficient or lack of supplies and reagents, high cost of reagents, inadequate or lack of laboratory staff to perform tests, and inadequate training of laboratory staff. Conclusions: This study highlighted the need to improve provision of laboratory diagnostic services to meet the prioritized diagnostic needs of farmers and animal health professionals. Increased intersectoral engagement and funding support from the private, industry, and government sectors is necessary to help address the observed challenges to provision of diagnostic laboratory services, including equipping of the laboratories, provision of supplies, and hiring and training of laboratory staff. Finally, the findings also suggest that the education of farmers and animal health workers on the value and benefits of laboratory diagnostic services may contribute to increase in sample submission and subsequent demand for diagnostic laboratory services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vudriko
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abel B Ekiri
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Endacott
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sitira Williams
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Nyangi Gityamwi
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Byaruhanga
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Mijten
- Zoetis-ALPHA Initiative, Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Alasdair J C Cook
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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14
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Buckle K, Bueno R, McFadden A, van Andel M, Spence R, Hamill C, Roe W, Vallee E, Castillo-Alcala F, Abila R, Verin B, Purevsuren B, Sutar A, Win HH, Thiha M, Lwin KO, Khounsy S, Phonthasy S, Souriya V, Keokhamphet C, Arzt J, Ludi A, Mioulet V. Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the Absence of Clinical Disease in Cattle and Buffalo in South East Asia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:691308. [PMID: 34368278 PMCID: PMC8342991 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.691308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is widespread throughout much of the world, including parts of South East Asia. Surveillance is often limited in endemic areas, relying predominantly on passive outbreak reporting. As part of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)'s South East Asia and China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Project (SEACFMD), field sampling was performed to help understand evidence of widespread virus exposure observed in previous studies. Serum and dry mucosal swabs were collected to evaluate the presence of FMDV RNA on the nasal, oral, and dorsal nasopharyngeal mucosal surfaces of 262 healthy cattle (n = 84 in Laos; n = 125 in Myanmar) and buffalo (n = 48 in Laos; n = 5 in Myanmar) immediately following slaughter in three slaughterhouses. Swabs and serum were tested by the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease (WRLFMD) using pan-serotypic real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) and serum was evaluated using the FMD PrioCHECK non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA. In total, 7.3% of animals had detectable FMDV RNA in one or more of the three sites including 5.3% of nasopharyngeal swabs, 2.3% of oral swabs, and 1.5% of nasal swabs. No FMDV RNA was detected in serum. Overall, 37.8% of animals were positive for NSP antibodies, indicating likely past natural exposure to FMDV. Results were comparable for Laos and Myanmar, and for both cattle and buffalo, and were not significantly different between age groups. Detectable FMDV RNA present on the oral and nasal mucosa of clinically-healthy large ruminants in Laos and Myanmar demonstrates the importance of sampling asymptomatic animals as part of surveillance, and may indicate that subclinical infection plays a role in the epidemiology of FMD in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Buckle
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Rudolfo Bueno
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Andrew McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Office of the Chief Departmental Scientist, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Richard Spence
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn Hamill
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Wendi Roe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emilie Vallee
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Ronel Abila
- OIE Sub-regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Blesilda Verin
- OIE Sub-regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Ashish Sutar
- OIE Sub-regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Htun Htun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Myo Thiha
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Khin Ohnmar Lwin
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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15
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Munsey A, Mwiine FN, Ochwo S, Velazquez-Salinas L, Ahmed Z, Maree F, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E, Perez A, Dellicour S, VanderWaal K. Phylogeographic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O dispersal and associated drivers in East Africa. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3815-3825. [PMID: 34008868 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The continued endemicity of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in East Africa has significant implications for livestock production and poverty reduction, yet its complex epidemiology in endemic settings remains poorly understood. Identifying FMDV dispersal routes and drivers of transmission is key to improved control strategies. Environmental heterogeneity and anthropogenic drivers (e.g., demand for animal products) can impact viral spread by influencing host movements. Here, we utilized FMDV serotype O VP1 genetic sequences and corresponding spatiotemporal data in order to (i) infer the recent dispersal history, and (II) investigate the impact of external factors (cattle density, human population density, proximity to livestock markets, and drought) on dispersal velocity, location, and direction of FMDV serotype O in East Africa. We identified statistical evidence of long-distance transmission events, and we found that FMDV serotype O tends to remain circulating in areas of high cattle density, high human population density, and in close proximity to livestock markets. The latter two findings highlight the influence of anthropogenic factors on FMDV serotype O spread in this region. These findings contribute to the understanding of FMDV epidemiology in East Africa and can help guide improved control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Munsey
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS), National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Francois Maree
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
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16
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Squarzoni-Diaw C, Arsevska E, Kalthoum S, Hammami P, Cherni J, Daoudi A, Karim Laoufi M, Lezaar Y, Rachid K, Seck I, Ould Elmamy B, Yahya B, Dufour B, Hendrikx P, Cardinale E, Muñoz F, Lancelot R, Coste C. Using a participatory qualitative risk assessment to estimate the risk of introduction and spread of transboundary animal diseases in scarce-data environments: A Spatial Qualitative Risk Analysis applied to foot-and-mouth disease in Tunisia 2014-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1966-1978. [PMID: 33174371 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a participative and iterative qualitative risk assessment framework that can be used to evaluate the spatial variation of the risk of infectious animal disease introduction and spread on a national scale. The framework was developed through regional training action workshops and field activities. The active involvement of national animal health services enabled the identification, collection and hierarchization of risk factors. Quantitative data were collected in the field, and expert knowledge was integrated to adjust the available data at regional level. Experts categorized and combined the risk factors into ordinal levels of risk per epidemiological unit to ease implementation of risk-based surveillance in the field. The framework was used to perform a qualitative assessment of the risk of introduction and spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Tunisia as part of a series of workshops held between 2015 and 2018. The experts in attendance combined risk factors such as epidemiological status, transboundary movements, proximity to the borders and accessibility to assess the risk of FMD outbreaks in Tunisia. Out of the 2,075 Tunisian imadas, 23 were at a very high risk of FMD introduction, mainly at the borders; and 59 were at a very high risk of FMD spread. To validate the model, the results were compared to the FMD outbreaks notified by Tunisia during the 2014 FMD epizootic. Using a spatial Poisson model, a significant alignment between the very high and high-risk categories of spread and the occurrence of FMD outbreaks was shown. The relative risk of FMD occurrence was thus 3.2 higher for imadas in the very high and high spread risk categories than for imadas in the low and negligible spread risk categories. Our results show that the qualitative risk assessment framework can be a useful decision support tool for risk-based disease surveillance and control, in particular in scarce-data environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Squarzoni-Diaw
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Arsevska
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sana Kalthoum
- Centre national de veille zoosanitaire (CNVZ), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pachka Hammami
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jamel Cherni
- Centre national de veille zoosanitaire (CNVZ), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Assia Daoudi
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Alger, Algeria
| | | | - Yassir Lezaar
- Office National, Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires (ONSSA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kechna Rachid
- Office National, Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires (ONSSA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ismaila Seck
- Food and Agricultural organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Accra, Ghana.,Ministère de l'Élevage et des Productions Animales, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Bezeid Ould Elmamy
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l'Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania.,Regional Diseases Surveillance System Enhancement (REDISSE) in West Africa, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Barry Yahya
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l'Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Barbara Dufour
- USC EPIMAI Unit, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,ENSV-France Vétérinaire International, Lyon 69, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Facundo Muñoz
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Coste
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
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17
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The role of social structure and dynamics in the maintenance of endemic disease. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021; 75:122. [PMID: 34421183 PMCID: PMC8370858 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Social interactions are required for the direct transmission of infectious diseases. Consequently, the social network structure of populations plays a key role in shaping infectious disease dynamics. A huge research effort has examined how specific social network structures make populations more (or less) vulnerable to damaging epidemics. However, it can be just as important to understand how social networks can contribute to endemic disease dynamics, in which pathogens are maintained at stable levels for prolonged periods of time. Hosts that can maintain endemic disease may serve as keystone hosts for multi-host pathogens within an ecological community, and also have greater potential to act as key wildlife reservoirs of agricultural and zoonotic diseases. Here, we examine combinations of social and demographic processes that can foster endemic disease in hosts. We synthesise theoretical and empirical work to demonstrate the importance of both social structure and social dynamics in maintaining endemic disease. We also highlight the importance of distinguishing between the local and global persistence of infection and reveal how different social processes drive variation in the scale at which infectious diseases appear endemic. Our synthesis provides a framework by which to understand how sociality contributes to the long-term maintenance of infectious disease in wildlife hosts and provides a set of tools to unpick the social and demographic mechanisms involved in any given host-pathogen system. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00265-021-03055-8.
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18
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Assessing the impact of climate change on the spatio-temporal distribution of foot-and-mouth disease risk for elephants. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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19
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Mwiine FN, Ahmed Z, Ochwo S, Munsey A, Lutwama JJ, Perez AM, VanderWaal K, Rieder E. Genetic Diversity of Circulating Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda Cross-Sectional Study During 2014-2017. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:162. [PMID: 32270002 PMCID: PMC7109301 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Munsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Andres M. Perez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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