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John Babu D, Balumahendra K, Venkateswarulu TC, Sathish T. Statistical optimization and sequential scale-up of α-galactosidase production by Actinoplanes utahensis B1 from shake flask to pilot scale. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38713771 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2344500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase (α-GAL) is a class of hydrolase that releases galactose from galacto-oligosaccharides and synthetic substrates such as pNPG. In this study, the production of α-GAL by Actinoplanes utahensis B1 in submerged fermentation was enhanced by using statistical methods. The effects of temperature, pH, and inoculum percentage on enzyme secretion were optimized using BBD of RSM. The optimized process was scaled up from the shake flask to the laboratory scale (5 L) and to pilot scale (30 L) using KLa based scale-up strategy. By using BBD, a maximum yield of 62.5 U/mL was obtained at a temperature of 28 °C, a pH of 6.9, and an inoculum of 6.4%. Scale-up was performed successfully and achieved a yield of 74.4 U/mL and 76.8 U/mL in laboratory scale and pilot scale fermenters. The TOST was performed to validate the scale-up strategy and the results showed a confidence level of 95% for both scales indicating the perfect execution of scale-up procedure. Through the implementation of BBD and scale-up strategy, the overall enzyme yield has been significantly increased to 76%. This is the first article to explore the scale-up of α-GAL from the A. utahensis B1 strain and provide valuable insights for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D John Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, India
| | - K Balumahendra
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, India
| | - T C Venkateswarulu
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, India
| | - T Sathish
- Aurovaccines Private Limited, Hyderabad, India
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Balumahendra K, Venkateswarulu TC, Babu DJ. Enhancement of α-galactosidase production using novel Actinoplanes utahensis B1 strain: sequential optimization and purification of enzyme. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:91. [PMID: 38345638 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase is an important exoglycosidase belonging to the hydrolase class of enzymes, which has therapeutic and industrial potential. It plays a crucial role in hydrolyzing α-1,6 linked terminal galacto-oligosaccharide residues such as melibiose, raffinose, and branched polysaccharides such as galacto-glucomannans and galactomannans. In this study, Actinoplanes utahensis B1 was explored for α-galactosidase production, yield improvement, and activity enhancement by purification. Initially, nine media components were screened using the Plackett-Burman design (PBD). Among these components, sucrose, soya bean flour, and sodium glutamate were identified as the best-supporting nutrients for the highest enzyme secretion by A. Utahensis B1. Later, the Central Composite Design (CCD) was implemented to fine-tune the optimization of these components. Based on sequential statistical optimization methodologies, a significant, 3.64-fold increase in α-galactosidase production, from 16 to 58.37 U/mL was achieved. The enzyme was purified by ultrafiltration-I followed by multimode chromatography and ultrafiltration-II. The purity of the enzyme was confirmed by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) which revealed a single distinctive band with a molecular weight of approximately 72 kDa. Additionally, it was determined that this process resulted in a 2.03-fold increase in purity. The purified α-galactosidase showed an activity of 2304 U/mL with a specific activity of 288 U/mg. This study demonstrates the isolation of Actinoplanes utahensis B1 and optimization of the process for the α-galactosidase production as well as single-step purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Balumahendra
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur District, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - T C Venkateswarulu
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur District, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - D John Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur District, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Othman AM, Elshafei AM, Elsayed MA, Ibrahim GE, Hassan MM, Mehanna NS. Biochemical characterization and insights into the potency of the acidic Aspergillus niger NRC114 purified α-galactosidase in removing raffinose family oligosaccharides from soymilk yogurt. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:3. [PMID: 36721204 PMCID: PMC9887927 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because humans lack α-galactosidase, foods containing certain oligosaccharides from the raffinose family, such as soybeans and other legumes, may disrupt digestion and cause flatulence. RESULTS Aspergillus niger NRC114 α-galactosidase was purified using protein precipitation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography steps, which resulted in a 123-fold purification. The purified enzyme was found to be 64 kDa using the SDS-PAGE approach. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified α-galactosidase were detected at pH 3.5 and 60 ºC, respectively. The pure enzyme exhibited potent acidic pH stability at pH 3.0 and pH 4.0 for 2 h, and it retained its full activity at 50 ºC and 60 ºC for 120 min and 90 min, respectively. The enzyme was activated using 2.5 mM of K+, Mg2+, Co2+, or Zn2+ by 14%, 23%, 28%, and 11%, respectively. The Km and Vmax values of the purified enzyme were calculated to be 0.401 µM and 14.65 μmol min-1, respectively. The soymilk yogurt showed an increase in its total phenolic content and total flavonoids after enzyme treatment, as well as several volatile compounds that were detected and identified using GC-MS analysis. HPLC analysis clarified the enzymatic action in the hydrolysis of raffinose family oligosaccharides. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate the importance of A. niger NRC114 α-galactosidase enzyme for future studies, especially its applications in a variety of biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmageed M. Othman
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ali M. Elshafei
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Maysa A. Elsayed
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Gamil E. Ibrahim
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Chemistry of Flavor and Aroma Department, Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Hassan
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Nayra S. Mehanna
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Dairy Sciences Department, Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki 12622 Giza, Egypt
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Long C, Qi XL, Venema K. Chemical and nutritional characteristics, and microbial degradation of rapeseed meal recalcitrant carbohydrates: A review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:948302. [PMID: 36245487 PMCID: PMC9554435 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.948302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 35% of rapeseed meal (RSM) dry matter (DM) are carbohydrates, half of which are water-soluble carbohydrates. The cell wall of rapeseed meal contains arabinan, galactomannan, homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I, type II arabinogalactan, glucuronoxylan, XXGG-type and XXXG-type xyloglucan, and cellulose. Glycoside hydrolases including in the degradation of RSM carbohydrates are α-L-Arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55), endo-α-1,5-L-arabinanases (EC 3.2.1.99), Endo-1,4-β-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78), β-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25), α-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22), reducing-end-disaccharide-lyase (pectate disaccharide-lyase) (EC 4.2.2.9), (1 → 4)-6-O-methyl-α-D-galacturonan lyase (pectin lyase) (EC 4.2.2.10), (1 → 4)-α-D-galacturonan reducing-end-trisaccharide-lyase (pectate trisaccharide-lyase) (EC 4.2.2.22), α-1,4-D-galacturonan lyase (pectate lyase) (EC 4.2.2.2), (1 → 4)-α-D-galacturonan glycanohydrolase (endo-polygalacturonase) (EC 3.2.1.15), Rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase, Rhamnogalacturonan lyase (EC 4.2.2.23), Exo-β-1,3-galactanase (EC 3.2.1.145), endo-β-1,6-galactanase (EC 3.2.1.164), Endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), α-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.177), β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), exo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.91), and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21). In conclusion, this review summarizes the chemical and nutritional compositions of RSM, and the microbial degradation of RSM cell wall carbohydrates which are important to allow to develop strategies to improve recalcitrant RSM carbohydrate degradation by the gut microbiota, and eventually to improve animal feed digestibility, feed efficiency, and animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Long
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University - Campus Venlo, Venlo, Netherlands
| | - Xiao-Long Qi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Koen Venema
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University - Campus Venlo, Venlo, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Koen Venema
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Elango D, Rajendran K, Van der Laan L, Sebastiar S, Raigne J, Thaiparambil NA, El Haddad N, Raja B, Wang W, Ferela A, Chiteri KO, Thudi M, Varshney RK, Chopra S, Singh A, Singh AK. Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides: Friend or Foe for Human and Plant Health? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:829118. [PMID: 35251100 PMCID: PMC8891438 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.829118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are widespread across the plant kingdom, and their concentrations are related to the environment, genotype, and harvest time. RFOs are known to carry out many functions in plants and humans. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of RFOs, including their beneficial and anti-nutritional properties. RFOs are considered anti-nutritional factors since they cause flatulence in humans and animals. Flatulence is the single most important factor that deters consumption and utilization of legumes in human and animal diets. In plants, RFOs have been reported to impart tolerance to heat, drought, cold, salinity, and disease resistance besides regulating seed germination, vigor, and longevity. In humans, RFOs have beneficial effects in the large intestine and have shown prebiotic potential by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria reducing pathogens and putrefactive bacteria present in the colon. In addition to their prebiotic potential, RFOs have many other biological functions in humans and animals, such as anti-allergic, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cryoprotection. The wide-ranging applications of RFOs make them useful in food, feed, cosmetics, health, pharmaceuticals, and plant stress tolerance; therefore, we review the composition and diversity of RFOs, describe the metabolism and genetics of RFOs, evaluate their role in plant and human health, with a primary focus in grain legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinakaran Elango
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Karthika Rajendran
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Liza Van der Laan
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sheelamary Sebastiar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Joscif Raigne
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Noureddine El Haddad
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
- Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Bharath Raja
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Wanyan Wang
- Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Antonella Ferela
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kevin O. Chiteri
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mahendar Thudi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, India
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Crop Research Innovation Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Surinder Chopra
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Asheesh K. Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Delgado-Fernandez P, Plaza-Vinuesa L, Lizasoain-Sánchez S, de Las Rivas B, Muñoz R, Jimeno ML, García-Doyagüez E, Moreno FJ, Corzo N. Hydrolysis of Lactose and Transglycosylation of Selected Sugar Alcohols by LacA β-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7040-7050. [PMID: 32476420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production, biochemical characterization, and carbohydrate specificity of LacA β-galactosidase (locus lp_3469) belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 42 from the probiotic organism Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 are addressed. The β-d-galactosidase activity was maximal in the pH range of 4.0-7.0 and at 30-37 °C. High hydrolysis capacity toward the β(1 → 4) linkages between galactose and glucose (lactose) or fructose (lactulose) was found. High efficiency toward galactosyl derivative formation was observed when lactose and glycerol, xylitol, or erythritol were used. Galactosyl derivatives of xylitol were characterized for the first time as 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-xylitol and 1-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-xylitol, displaying high preference of LacA β-galactosidase for the transfer of galactosyl residues from lactose to the C1 or C3 hydroxyl group of xylitol. These results indicate the feasibility of using LacA β-galactosidase for the synthesis of different galactosyl-polyols, which could be promising candidates for beneficial and appealing functional and technological applications such as novel prebiotics or hypocaloric sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Delgado-Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Plaza-Vinuesa
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Lizasoain-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca de Las Rivas
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Jimeno
- Centro de Química Orgánica "Lora Tamayo" (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa García-Doyagüez
- Centro de Química Orgánica "Lora Tamayo" (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Corzo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Unravelling the carbohydrate specificity of MelA from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1: An α-galactosidase displaying regioselective transgalactosylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:1070-1079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Bhatia S, Singh A, Batra N, Singh J. Microbial production and biotechnological applications of α-galactosidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1294-1313. [PMID: 31747573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase, (E.C. 3.2.1.22) is an exoglycosidase that target galactooligosaccharides such as raffinose, melibiose, stachyose and branched polysaccharides like galactomannans and galacto-glucomannans by catalysing the hydrolysis of α-1,6 linked terminal galactose residues. The enzyme has been isolated and characterized from microbial, plant and animal sources. This ubiquitous enzyme possesses physiological significance and immense industrial potential. Optimization of the growth conditions and efficient purification strategies can lead to a significant increase in the enzyme production. To boost commercial productivity, cloning of novel α-galactosidase genes and their heterologous expression in suitable host has gained popularity. Enzyme immobilization leads to its greater reutilization, superior thermostability, pH tolerance and increased activity. The enzyme is well explored in food industry in the removal of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soymilk and sugar crystallization process. It also improves animal feed quality and biomass processing. Applications of the enzyme is in the area of biomedicine includes therapeutic advances in treatment of Fabry disease, blood group conversion and removal of α-gal type immunogenic epitopes in xenotransplantation. With considerable biotechnological applications, this enzyme has been vastly commercialized and holds greater future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhinashi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Aulitto M, Fusco S, Limauro D, Fiorentino G, Bartolucci S, Contursi P. Galactomannan degradation by thermophilic enzymes: a hot topic for biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bakunina I, Likhatskaya G, Slepchenko L, Balabanova L, Tekutyeva L, Son O, Shubina L, Makarieva T. Effect of Pentacyclic Guanidine Alkaloids from the Sponge Monanchora pulchra on Activity of α-Glycosidases from Marine Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E22. [PMID: 30609674 PMCID: PMC6356649 DOI: 10.3390/md17010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of monanchomycalin B, monanhocicidin A, and normonanhocidin A isolated from the Northwest Pacific sample of the sponge Monanchora pulchra was investigated on the activity of α-galactosidase from the marine γ-proteobacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. KMM 701 (α-PsGal), and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from the marine bacterium Arenibacter latericius KMM 426T (α-NaGa). All compounds are slow-binding irreversible inhibitors of α-PsGal, but have no effect on α-NaGa. A competitive inhibitor d-galactose protects α-PsGal against the inactivation. The inactivation rate (kinact) and equilibrium inhibition (Ki) constants of monanchomycalin B, monanchocidin A, and normonanchocidin A were 0.166 ± 0.029 min-1 and 7.70 ± 0.62 μM, 0.08 ± 0.003 min-1 and 15.08 ± 1.60 μM, 0.026 ± 0.000 min-1, and 4.15 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. The 2D-diagrams of α-PsGal complexes with the guanidine alkaloids were constructed with "vessel" and "anchor" parts of the compounds. Two alkaloid binding sites on the molecule of α-PsGal are shown. Carboxyl groups of the catalytic residues Asp451 and Asp516 of the α-PsGal active site interact with amino groups of "anchor" parts of the guanidine alkaloid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bakunina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Galina Likhatskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Lubov Slepchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
- Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Larissa Balabanova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
- Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Liudmila Tekutyeva
- Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Oksana Son
- Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Larisa Shubina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Tatyana Makarieva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
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12
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Zhao R, Zhao R, Tu Y, Zhang X, Deng L, Chen X. A novel α-galactosidase from the thermophilic probiotic Bacillus coagulans with remarkable protease-resistance and high hydrolytic activity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197067. [PMID: 29738566 PMCID: PMC5940202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel α-galactosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 36 was cloned from Bacillus coagulans, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and characterized. The purified enzyme Aga-BC7050 was 85 kDa according to SDS-PAGE and 168 kDa according to gel filtration, indicating that its native structure is a dimer. With p-nitrophenyl-α-d- galactopyranoside (pNPGal) as the substrate, optimal temperature and pH were 55 °C and 6.0, respectively. At 60 °C for 30 min, it retained > 50% of its activity. It was stable at pH 5.0–10.0, and showed remarkable resistance to proteinase K, subtilisin A, α-chymotrypsin, and trypsin. Its activity was not inhibited by glucose, sucrose, xylose, or fructose, but was slightly inhibited at galactose concentrations up to 100 mM. Aga-BC7050 was highly active toward pNPGal, melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose. It completely hydrolyzed melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose in < 30 min. These characteristics suggest that Aga-BC7050 could be used in feed and food industries and sugar processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yishuai Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Liping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Characterization of a novel GH36 α-galactosidase from Bacillus megaterium and its application in degradation of raffinose family oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Al Loman A, Ju LK. Enzyme-based processing of soybean carbohydrate: Recent developments and future prospects. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 106:35-47. [PMID: 28859808 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is well known for its high-value oil and protein. Carbohydrate is, however, an underutilized major component, representing almost 26-30% (w/w) of the dried bean. The complex soybean carbohydrate is not easily hydrolyzable and can cause indigestibility when included in food and feed. Enzymes can be used to hydrolyze the carbohydrate for improving soybean processing and value of soybean products. Here the enzyme-based processing developed for the following purposes is reviewed: hydrolysis of different carbohydrate-rich by/products from soybean processing, improvement of soybean oil extraction, and increase of nutritional value of soybean-based food and animal feed. Once hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars, soybean carbohydrate can find more value-added applications and further improve the overall economics of soybean processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA.
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15
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Characterization of a thermostable glycoside hydrolase family 36 α-galactosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:289-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Yan JK, Wang YY, Qiu WY, Ma H, Wang ZB, Wu JY. Three-phase partitioning as an elegant and versatile platform applied to nonchromatographic bioseparation processes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2416-2431. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1327418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haile Ma
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Jian-Yong Wu
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology in Shenzhen, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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17
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Thermus thermophilus as source of thermozymes for biotechnological applications: homologous expression and biochemical characterization of an α-galactosidase. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:28. [PMID: 28193276 PMCID: PMC5307791 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Thermus, which has been considered for a long time as a fruitful source of biotechnological relevant enzymes, has emerged more recently as suitable host to overproduce thermozymes. Among these, α-galactosidases are widely used in several industrial bioprocesses that require high working temperatures and for which thermostable variants offer considerable advantages over their thermolabile counterparts. Results Thermus thermophilus HB27 strain was used for the homologous expression of the TTP0072 gene encoding for an α-galactosidase (TtGalA). Interestingly, a soluble and active histidine-tagged enzyme was produced in larger amounts (5 mg/L) in this thermophilic host than in Escherichia coli (0.5 mg/L). The purified recombinant enzyme showed an optimal activity at 90 °C and retained more than 40% of activity over a broad range of pH (from 5 to 8). Conclusions TtGalA is among the most thermoactive and thermostable α-galactosidases discovered so far, thus pointing to T. thermophilus as cell factory for the recombinant production of biocatalysts active at temperature values over 90 °C. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0638-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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18
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Characterization of two novel heat-active α-galactosidases from thermophilic bacteria. Extremophiles 2016; 21:85-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-016-0885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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19
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Purification and characterisation of intracellular alpha-galactosidases from Acinetobacter sp. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:925-932. [PMID: 28324395 PMCID: PMC4624142 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two alpha-galactosidases (Ag-I & Ag-II) were purified from Acinetobacter sp. Both the enzymes were monomeric with pH optima
of 7.0 and molecular weight of 65 kDa for Ag-I and 37 kDa for Ag-II. The temperature optima for Ag-I was between 50 and 60 °C and that of Ag-II was 40 °C. Both the enzymes were strongly inhibited by metal ions Ag2+ and Hg+, pCMB and SDS (1 %). The enzymes were found to be active on both natural and synthetic substrates. Artificial substrate, pNPGal, has shown more affinity to enzyme than natural substrate raffinose. The half-life (t1/2) of Ag-I varied from 1.85 h at 90 °C to 7.6 h at 70 °C.
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20
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Shimokawa M, Kitahara K, Fujita K. Characterization of a β-L-Arabinopyranosidase from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2014_006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Shimokawa
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Kanefumi Kitahara
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Kiyotaka Fujita
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
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21
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Bayraktar H, Önal S. Concentration and purification of α-galactosidase from watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) by three phase partitioning. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Katrolia P, Rajashekhara E, Yan Q, Jiang Z. Biotechnological potential of microbial α-galactosidases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:307-17. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.794124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Merceron R, Foucault M, Haser R, Mattes R, Watzlawick H, Gouet P. The molecular mechanism of thermostable α-galactosidases AgaA and AgaB explained by x-ray crystallography and mutational studies. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:39642-52. [PMID: 23012371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-galactosidase AgaA from the thermophilic microorganism Geobacillus stearothermophilus has great industrial potential because it is fully active at 338 K against raffinose and can increase the yield of manufactured sucrose. AgaB has lower affinity for its natural substrates but is a powerful tool for the enzymatic synthesis of disaccharides by transglycosylation. These two enzymes have 97% identity and belong to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family GH36 for which few structures are available. To understand the structural basis underlying the differences between these two enzymes, we determined the crystal structures of AgaA and AgaB by molecular replacement at 3.2- and 1.8 Å-resolution, respectively. We also solved a 2.8-Å structure of the AgaA(A355E) mutant, which has enzymatic properties similar to those of AgaB. We observe that residue 355 is located 20 Å away from the active site and that the A355E substitution causes structural rearrangements resulting in a significant displacement of the invariant Trp(336) at catalytic subsite -1. Hence, the active cleft of AgaA is narrowed in comparison with AgaB, and AgaA is more efficient than AgaB against its natural substrates. The structure of AgaA(A355E) complexed with 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin reveals an induced fit movement; there is a rupture of the electrostatic interaction between Glu(355) and Asn(335) and a return of Trp(336) to an optimal position for ligand stacking. The structures of two catalytic mutants of AgaA(A355E) complexed with raffinose and stachyose show that the binding interactions are stronger at subsite -1 to enable the binding of various α-galactosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Merceron
- Biocrystallography and Structural Biology of Therapeutic Targets, Bases Moléculaires et Structurales des Systèmes Infectieux-Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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24
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Liu CQ, He GQ. Multiple α-galactosidases from Aspergillus foetidus ZU-G1: purification, characterization and application in soybean milk hydrolysis. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Purification of α-galactosidase from pepino (Solanum muricatum) by three-phase partitioning. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Immobilization and stabilization of α-galactosidase on Sepabeads EC-EA and EC-HA. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:855-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Ferreira JG, Reis AP, Guimarães VM, Falkoski DL, Fialho LDS, de Rezende ST. Purification and characterization of Aspergillus terreus α-galactosidases and their use for hydrolysis of soymilk oligosaccharides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 164:1111-25. [PMID: 21331589 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidases has the potential to hydrolyze α-1-6 linkages in raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO). Aspergillus terreus cells cultivated on wheat bran produced three extracellular forms of α-galactosidases (E1, E2, and E3). E1 and E2 α-galactosidases presented maximal activities at pH 5, while E3 α-galactosidase was more active at pH 5.5. The E1 and E2 enzymes showed stability for 6 h at pH 4-7. Maximal activities were determined at 60, 55, and 50 °C, for E1, E2, and E3 α-galactosidase, respectively. E2 α-galactosidase retained 90% of its initial activity after 70 h at 50 °C. The enzymes hydrolyzed ρNPGal, melibiose, raffinose and stachyose, and E1 and E2 enzymes were able to hydrolyze guar gum and locust bean gum substrates. E1 and E3 α-galactosidases were completely inhibited by Hg²⁺, Ag⁺, and Cu²⁺. The treatment of RFO present in soy milk with the enzymes showed that E1 α-galactosidase reduced the stachyose content to zero after 12 h of reaction, while E2 promoted total hydrolysis of raffinose. The complete removal of the oligosaccharides in soy milk could be reached by synergistic action of both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gasperazzo Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36.570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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28
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Ibrahim MM. Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes of N,N-bis(2-picolyl)glycine as structural phosphotriestrase models: The catalyzed detoxification of paraoxon. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Cloning and functional expression of α-galactosidase cDNA from Penicillium janczewskii zaleski. Biologia (Bratisl) 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Anisha G, John RP, Prema P. Substrate specificities and mechanism of action of multiple α-galactosidases from Streptomyces griseoloalbus. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Viana PA, Rezende ST, Meza AN, Gomide FT, Nagem RA, Santos AM, Santoro MM, Guimarães VM. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic properties of Debaryomyces hansenii UFV-1 α-galactosidases. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 46:298-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Okutucu B, Çelem EB, Önal S. Immobilization of α-galactosidase on galactose-containing polymeric beads. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Çalci E, Demir T, Biçak Çelem E, Önal S. Purification of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) α-galactosidase by three-phase partitioning and its characterization. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Biochemical and hydrolytic properties of multiple thermostable α-galactosidases from Streptomyces griseoloalbus: Obvious existence of a novel galactose-tolerant enzyme. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Falkoski DL, Guimarães VM, de Queiroz MV, de Araújo EF, de Almeida MN, de Barros EG, de Rezende ST. Covalent Immobilization of α-Galactosidase from Penicillium griseoroseum and its Application in Oligosaccharides Hydrolysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 158:540-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Fialho LDS, Guimarães VM, Callegari CM, Reis AP, Barbosa DS, Borges EEDL, Moreira MA, de Rezende ST. Characterization and biotechnological application of an acid alpha-galactosidase from Tachigali multijuga Benth. seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2579-2585. [PMID: 18834998 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tachigali multijuga Benth. seeds were found to contain protein (364 mg g(-1)dwt), lipids (24 mg g(-1)dwt), ash (35 mg g(-1)dwt), and carbohydrates (577 mg g(-1)dwt). Sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose concentrations were 8.3, 3.0, and 11.6 mg g(-1)dwt, respectively. alpha-Galactosidase activity increased during seed germination and reached a maximum level at 108 h after seed imbibition. The alpha-galactosidase purified from germinating seeds had an M(r) of 38,000 and maximal activity at pH 5.0-5.5 and 50 degrees C. The enzyme was stable at 35 degrees C and 40 degrees C, but lost 79% of its activity after 30 min at 50 degrees C. The activation energy (E(a)) values for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-d-galactopyranoside (pNPGal) and raffinose were 13.86 and 4.75 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The K(m) values for pNPGal, melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose were 0.45, 5.37, 39.62 and 48.80 mM, respectively. The enzyme was sensitive to inhibition by HgCl(2), SDS, AgNO(3), CuSO(4), and melibiose. d-Galactose was a competitive inhibitor (K(i)=2.74 mM). In addition to its ability to hydrolyze raffinose and stachyose, the enzyme also hydrolyzed galactomannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian da Silva Fialho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular - BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
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37
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Jiang W, Xu B, Lin Q, Li J, Liu F, Zeng X, Chen H. Metal-promoted hydrolysis of bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate by trivalent manganese complexes with Schiff base ligands in Gemini micellar solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Active site directed chemical modification of α-galactosidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (NCIM 5146): Involvement of lysine, tryptophan and carboxylate residues in catalytic site. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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