1
|
Berovic M, Zhong JJ. Advances in Production of Medicinal Mushrooms Biomass in Solid State and Submerged Bioreactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:125-161. [PMID: 36592190 DOI: 10.1007/10_2022_208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Production of mushroom fruit bodies using farming technology could hardly meet the increasing demand of the world market. During the last several decades, there have been various basic and applied studies on fungal physiology, metabolism, process engineering, and (pre)clinical studies. The fundamental aspects of solid-state cultivation of various kinds of medicinal mushroom mycelia in various types of bioreactors were established. Solid-state cultivation of medicinal mushrooms for their biomass and bioactive metabolites production appear very suitable for veterinary use. Development of comprehensive submerged technologies using stirred tank and airlift bioreactors is the most promising technology for fast and large-scale production of medicinal fungi biomass and their pharmaceutically active products for human need. The potentials initiate the development of new drugs and some of the most attractive over-the-counter human and veterinary remedies. This article is to overview the engineering achievements in solid state and submerged cultivations of medicinal mushrooms in bioreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Berovic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meng Q, Chuai S, Chen L, Wang L, Cai G, Mao J, Gu Z, Shi G, Ding Z. Effect of surfactants on the production of polysaccharides from Schizophyllum commune through submerged fermentation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:210-218. [PMID: 34619278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune (S. commune) polysaccharides are biomacromolecules with multiple biological activities and wide applications. In this study, polysaccharide production through submerged fermentation of S. commune using different surfactants was investigated. The addition of 1 g/L of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) at the beginning of the fermentation showed the best promotional effects on collective exopolysaccharide (EPS) production (which increased by 37.17%) while shortening the production cycle by 2 days. The monosaccharide composition of the EPS produced when the added Tween 80 was similar to that of the control; however, the molecular weight (Mw) was lower. Notably, the addition of Tween 80 significantly increased the ATP levels and the transcription levels of phosphoglucomutase and β-glucan synthase genes in the polysaccharide synthesis pathway. The addition of Tween 80 reduced the pellet size of the mycelium compared to that of the control, but did not significantly change the microstructure of the mycelial cells. This study proposes an efficient strategy for the production of polysaccharides through submerged fermentation of S. commune, and elucidates the detailed mechanism of using Tween 80 as a fermentation stimulatory reagent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - ShiChen Chuai
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guolin Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Nantong 226500, China
| | - Jinsheng Mao
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Nantong 226500, China
| | - Zhenghua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ozdal M. A new strategy for the efficient production of pyocyanin, a versatile pigment, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa OG1 via toluene addition. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:374. [PMID: 31588398 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce pyocyanin, which is an extracellular secondary metabolite and multifunctional pigment. In this study, the effects of several surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80 and Triton X-100) and organic solvents (toluene and chloroform) on pyocyanin production and cell growth were investigated in submerged culture of P. aeruginosa OG1. Organic solvents were found to be more effective in the production of pyocyanin. The maximum production of pyocyanin (33 mg/L) was achieved when 0.2% toluene was added at the stationary growth phase (30 h), corresponding to significant increase of 312% compared with the control (8 mg/L). With the addition of toluene, pyocyanin production was significantly increased, but bacterial biomass reduced. Production of alkaline protease was also affected by toluene addition. It was found that the ratio of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids in the bacterial biomass significantly increased when toluene addition to the medium. This study revealed that with a novel strategy, the addition of toluene to the fermentation medium significantly increased pyocyanin production. These findings suggest that solvent-assisted fermentation strategy can be used in microbial fermentations to increase the production of biotechnological products such as industrially important pigment and enzyme. This study is a first investigation on the stimulation of pyocyanin release in the medium of P. aeruginosa cultures by the addition of toluene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ozdal
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu X, Zhao W, Shen M. Antioxidant activity of liquid cultured Inonotus obliquus polyphenols using tween-20 as a stimulatory agent: Correlation of the activity and the phenolic profiles. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
5
|
Xu X, Quan L, Shen M. Effect of chemicals on production, composition and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides of Inonotus obliquus. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 77:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
6
|
Stimulatory Agents Simultaneously Improving the Production and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols from Inonotus obliquus by Submerged Fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:1237-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
7
|
Ślusarczyk J, Kuraś M, Malinowska E, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Głowniak K. Ultrastructural changes in the mycelium of Hericium erinaceum (Bull.; Fr.) Pers. under selenium-induced oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:2718-2725. [PMID: 24532295 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we examined the influence of various forms of selenium (organic and inorganic) on the vivacity of Hericium erinaceum mycelium and structural changes and ultrastructure occurring during its development in submerged culture. RESULTS The mycelium was grown on sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃), Selol (with 20 and 50 g kg⁻¹ Se, respectively) and a mixture of Na₂SeO₃ and Selol. Samples of the mycelium were collected on day 3 and day 24 of the incubation and viewed under an electron microscope. Selol at concentration 20 g kg⁻¹ did not cause any damage to the cell ultrastructure, but it contributed to the thickening of the cell wall, which implied an influence on polysaccharide production. In the other cases, degradation changes appeared in the protoplasm and the thickness of the cell wall did not increase. CONCLUSION The nature of the effect exerted by various sources of selenium in the culture medium on the formation of polysaccharides probably results from the differences in their chemical composition and differences in the toxicity of these compounds towards the cells, but is also connected with the decomposition of the wall surrounding degraded fungal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ślusarczyk
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Slusarczyk J, Malinowska E, Krzyczkowski W, Kuraś M. Influence of inorganic and organic selenium on number of living mycelial cells and their ultrastructure in culture of Hericium erinaceum (Bull.: Fr. Pers.). ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2013; 64:96-105. [PMID: 23567834 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.64.2013.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycelium of the white-rot fungus (Hericium erinaceum (Bull.: Fr. Pers.) produces polysaccharides showing anticancer and immunostimulating activity. In our previous works, we have shown that organic selenitetriglycerides (Selol) contribute to the increase of biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPS) having antioxidative properties and containing large amounts of selenium. The present work is a study of influence of inorganic and organic form of selenium on viability of H. erinaceum mycelium and on ultrastructural changes taking place during its development in submerged culture. The mycelium was grown on media containing sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), a mixture of Na2SeO3 + Selol2% and on control medium (no selenium added). It was shown that mycelium cultured for 3 days in control conditions on standard media contained almost 100% of living cells, with over 80% after 24 days. Treatment with 100 ppm of Na2SeO3 lowered the number of viable cells to 11.8% and 9.1% after 3 and 24 days, respectively. The addition of 2% Selol caused the amounts of living cells to remain at ca 90%. Apparently, Selol helped the cells to cope with the toxic activity of inorganic selenium ions. The addition of sodium selenite induced degradative changes in cell organelles. Such changes were not observed in the case of Na2SeO3 + Selol mixture, in which case cells contained numerous ribosomes and small lipid bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Slusarczyk
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma XK, Zhang H, Fam H. Influence of rutin, FeSO4, Tween 80, aspartate and complex vitamins on synthesis of fungal exopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:1188-96. [PMID: 23399145 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of several components on exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and antioxidative activity (TEAC, Trolox-Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) as well as their effects on the morphological development and cell viability of Phellinus sp. P0988 was determined. Rutin, FeSO(4), Tween 80 and complex vitamins were found to impose a stronger influence on EPS production and TEAC compared to their effects on the mycelia growth of Phellinus sp. P0988. The relative effects of these components on EPS activity were found to be different from that on EPS yield. Rutin and aspartate significantly affected EPS TEAC (P<0.05), while FeSO(4) and Tween 80 significantly influenced EPS production (P<0.05). These results yielded the optimum culture medium composition, with an EPS yield and TEAC of 6.2±0.2 g/L and 5.5±0.1 mM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kui Ma
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, PR China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cui JD, Zhang YN. Evaluation of Metal Ions and Surfactants Effect on Cell Growth and Exopolysaccharide Production in Two-Stage Submerged Culture of Cordyceps militaris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1394-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Zhang BB, Cheung PCK. A mechanistic study of the enhancing effect of Tween 80 on the mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide production by Pleurotus tuber-regium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:8323-8326. [PMID: 21708463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several new observations related to the enhancement effect of Tween 80 on the mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide production by the submerged fermentation of Pleurotus tuber-regium were reported in the present study. Firstly, it was found that the addition of Tween 80 on the 5th day could significantly increase the glucose consumption rate at the later stage of the fermentation compared to the control. Secondly, addition of Tween 80 could maintain the intact structure of the mycelial pellets of P. tuber-regium with little signs of disintegration as observed under microscope and kept the pH value of the fermentation broth at an acidic level lower than that of the control. Thirdly, the oleic acid (C18:1) composition in the mycelial cell membrane was significantly increased from 2.6% (in the control) to 18.5% (with addition of Tween 80) coincided with a decrease in the concentration of Tween 80 in the culture medium. These new findings provide some important insight to the elucidation of the detailed mechanism by which Tween 80 is used as a stimulatory agent in the submerged fermentation of mushroom mycelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Bo Zhang
- Biology Program, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dyakov MY, Kamzolkina OV, Shtaer OV, Bis’ko NA, Poedinok NL, Mikhailova OB, Tikhonova OV, Tolstikhina TE, Vasil’eva BF, Efremenkova OV. Morphological characteristics of natural strains of certain species of basidiomycetes and biological analysis of antimicrobial activity under submerged cultural conditions. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
13
|
Zhang BB, Cheung PCK. Use of stimulatory agents to enhance the production of bioactive exopolysaccharide from pleurotus tuber-regium by submerged fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1210-1216. [PMID: 21280626 DOI: 10.1021/jf104425w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids, organic solvents and surfactants were investigated for their stimulatory effects on the growth of fungal mycelium and production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by submerged fermentation of an edible mushroom Pleurotus tuber-regium. Addition of 3.0 g/L Tween 80 at the late stage of exponential growth phase provided the best stimulatory effect on mycelial biomass and fungal EPS production with a 51.3 and 41.8% increase, respectively. The chemical structure of the EPS produced with addition of Tween 80 was found to be a glucomannan with similar monosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkages but a significantly lower molecular weight (3.18 ± 0.09 × 10(6) Da), compared to the control (4.30 ± 0.12 × 10(6) Da). These two EPS could significantly inhibit the growth of chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells in a dose dependent manner, with an estimated IC(50) value of 43.7 and 47.6 μg/mL, respectively. The use of stimulatory agents to enhance production of bioactive fungal EPS can be applied in other fungal fermentation processes for enhancing production of useful metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Bo Zhang
- Biology Program, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Papinutti L. Effects of nutrients, pH and water potential on exopolysaccharides production by a fungal strain belonging to Ganoderma lucidum complex. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:1941-1946. [PMID: 19846292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Ganoderma lucidum in response to different culture conditions was studied. Cellulose and glucose, in defined media, resulted in the more efficient enhancers of EPS production among the carbon sources tested. In natural media cultures containing glucose and malt extract exhibited a marked increase (up to 29-fold) respect to defined media. Subsequently, high malt extract and glucose concentrations were tested. G. lucidum produced two fractions of EPS, water-soluble and water-insoluble under these culture conditions. The maximum value (15 g L(-1)) was reached at 21 days in the medium containing 60 g L(-1) malt extract and 40 g L(-1) glucose. The incomplete utilization of reducing sugars by the fungus in these media suggested that not only did high malt extract and glucose concentrations play a role in EPS production but also the water activity might be involved. A factorial uniform experimental design to test the effect of malt extract, polyethylene glycol (PEG, as water activity depressor), and initial pH on specific EPS production was applied. G. lucidum showed to be a more efficient specific EPS (mg EPS per g mycelium) producer at pH 3.5 in cultures containing the highest PEG and malt extract concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Papinutti
- Laboratorio de Micología Experimental, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bioconversion of starch processing waste to Phellinus linteus mycelium in solid-state cultivation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:859-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|