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Merdzo Z, Narmontaite E, Gonzalez-Alfonso JL, Poveda A, Jimenez-Barbero J, Plou FJ, Fernández-Lobato M. Insights into the transglucosylation activity of α-glucosidase from Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:443. [PMID: 39153091 PMCID: PMC11330417 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The α-glucosidase from Schwanniomyces occidentalis (GAM1p) was expressed in Komagataella phaffii to about 70 mg/L, and its transferase activity studied in detail. Several isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOS) were formed using 200 g/L maltose. The major production of IMOS (81.3 g/L) was obtained when 98% maltose was hydrolysed, of which 34.8 g/L corresponded to isomaltose, 26.9 g/L to isomaltotriose, and 19.6 g/L to panose. The addition of glucose shifted the IMOS synthesis towards products containing exclusively α(1 → 6)-linkages, increasing the production of isomaltose and isomaltotriose about 2-4 fold, enabling the formation of isomaltotetraose, and inhibiting that of panose to about 12 times. In addition, the potential of this enzyme to glycosylate 12 possible hydroxylated acceptors, including eight sugars and four phenolic compounds, was evaluated. Among them, only sucrose, xylose, and piceid (a monoglucosylated derivative of resveratrol) were glucosylated, and the main synthesised products were purified and characterised by MS and NMR. Theanderose, α(1 → 4)-D-glucosyl-xylose, and a mixture of piceid mono- and diglucoside were obtained with sucrose, xylose, and piceid as acceptors, respectively. Maximum production of theanderose reached 81.7 g/L and that of the glucosyl-xylose 26.5 g/L, whereas 3.4 g/L and only 1 g/L were produced of the piceid mono- and diglucoside respectively. KEY POINTS: • Overexpression of a yeast α-glucosidase producing novel molecules. • Yeast enzyme producing the heterooligosaccharides theanderose and glucosyl-xylose. • Glycosylation of the polyphenol piceid by a yeast α-glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Merdzo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Egle Narmontaite
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Poveda
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Jesus Jimenez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque. Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (CSIC), C/ Marie Curie, 2., 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Cherian S, Hacisayidli KM, Kurian R, Mathews A. Therapeutically important bioactive compounds of the genus Polygonum L. and their possible interventions in clinical medicine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:301-327. [PMID: 36757388 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing literature data have suggested that the genus Polygonum L. possesses pharmacologically important plant secondary metabolites. These bioactive compounds are implicated as effective agents in preclinical and clinical practice due to their pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiaging, neuroprotective or immunomodulatory properties among many others. However, elaborate pharmacological and clinical data concerning the bioavailability, tissue distribution pattern, dosage and pharmacokinetic profiles of these compounds are still scanty. KEY FINDINGS The major bioactive compounds implicated in the therapeutic effects of Polygonum genus include phenolic and flavonoid compounds, anthraquinones and stilbenes, such as quercetin, resveratrol, polydatin and others, and could serve as potential drug leads or as adjuvant agents. Data from in-silico network pharmacology and computational molecular docking studies are also highly helpful in identifying the possible drug target of pathogens or host cell machinery. SUMMARY We provide an up-to-date overview of the data from pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic profiles and preclinical (in-vitro and in-vivo) investigations and the available clinical data on some of the therapeutically important compounds of genus Polygonum L. and their medical interventions, including combating the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cherian
- Indian Society for Plant Physiology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kushvar Mammadova Hacisayidli
- Department of Hygiene and Food Safety, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Azerbaijan State Agricultural University, Ganja City, Azerbaijan
| | - Renju Kurian
- Department of Pathology, Manipal University College, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Allan Mathews
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia
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Tang D, Zhang Q, Duan H, Ye X, Liu J, Peng W, Wu C. Polydatin: A Critical Promising Natural Agent for Liver Protection via Antioxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9218738. [PMID: 35186191 PMCID: PMC8853764 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9218738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polydatin, one of the natural active small molecules, was commonly applied in protecting and treating liver disorders in preclinical studies. Oxidative stress plays vital roles in liver injury caused by various factors, such as alcohol, viral infections, dietary components, drugs, and other chemical reagents. It is reported that oxidative stress might be one of the main reasons in the progressive development of alcohol liver diseases (ALDs), nonalcoholic liver diseases (NAFLDs), liver injury, fibrosis, hepatic failure (HF), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this paper, we comprehensively summarized the pharmacological effects and potential molecular mechanisms of polydatin for protecting and treating liver disorders via regulation of oxidative stress. According to the previous studies, polydatin is a versatile natural compound and exerts significantly protective and curative effects on oxidative stress-associated liver diseases via various molecular mechanisms, including amelioration of liver function and insulin resistance, inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, lipid accumulation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), as well as increase of antioxidant enzymes (such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)). In addition, polydatin acts as a free radical scavenger against reactive oxygen species (ROS) by its phenolic and ethylenic bond structure. However, further clinical investigations are still needed to explore the comprehensive molecular mechanisms and confirm the clinical treatment effect of polydatin in liver diseases related to regulation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Huxinyue Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xun Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China
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Resveratrol and cyclodextrins, an easy alliance: Applications in nanomedicine, green chemistry and biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107844. [PMID: 34626788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most drugs or the natural substances reputed to display some biological activity are hydrophobic molecules that demonstrate low bioavailability regardless of their mode of absorption. Resveratrol and its derivatives belong to the chemical group of stilbenes; while stilbenes are known to possess very interesting properties, these are limited by their poor aqueous solubility as well as low bioavailability in animals and humans. Among the substances capable of forming nanomolecular inclusion complexes which can be used for drug delivery, cyclodextrins show spectacular physicochemical and biomedical implications in stilbene chemistry for their possible application in nanomedicine. By virtue of their properties, cyclodextrins have also demonstrated their possible use in green chemistry for the synthesis of stilbene glucosylated derivatives with potential applications in dermatology and cosmetics. Compared to chemical synthesis and genetically modified microorganisms, plant cell or tissue systems provide excellent models for obtaining stilbenes in few g/L quantities, making feasible the production of these compounds at a large scale. However, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is only possible in the presence of the so-called elicitor compounds, the most commonly used of which are cyclodextrins. We also report here on the induction of resveratrol production by cyclodextrins or combinatory elicitation with methyljasmonate in plant cell systems as well as the mechanisms by which they are able to trigger a stilbene response. The present article therefore discusses the role of cyclodextrins in stilbene chemistry both at the physico-chemical level as well as the biomedical and biotechnological levels, emphasizing the notion of "easy alliance" between these compounds and stilbenes.
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Lin L, Gong H, Li R, Huang J, Cai M, Lan T, Huang W, Guo Y, Zhou Z, An Y, Chen Z, Liang L, Wang Y, Shuai X, Zhu K. Nanodrug with ROS and pH Dual-Sensitivity Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis via Multicellular Regulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903138. [PMID: 32274310 PMCID: PMC7140994 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis currently represents a global health problem without effective pharmacotherapeutic strategies. The clinical translation of polydatin, a promising natural anti-fibrotic drug candidate with broad anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, remains a major challenge due to its limited water solubility and tissue absorption. Herein, a polydatin-loaded micelle (PD-MC) based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pH dual-sensitive block polymer PEG-P(PBEM-co-DPA) is developed. The micelle exerts great potential in improving the biocompatibility of polydatin and shows highly efficient liver-targeted drug release in response to the fibrotic microenvironment. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that PD-MC can significantly suppress inflammatory response and oxidative stress, reduce hepatocyte apoptosis, and avert activation of macrophages and hepatic stellate cells. More excitingly, the blank micelle itself promotes the hepatic ROS consumption at the pathologic site to provide anti-inflammatory benefits. These favorable therapeutic virtues of targeting multiple cell types endow PD-MC with remarkable efficacy with minimal side effects in liver fibrosis treatment. Thus, PD-MC holds great potential to push forward the clinical application of polydatin in pharmacotherapeutic approaches against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liteng Lin
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
| | - Hengye Gong
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of EducationSchool of Material Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Rui Li
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
| | - Jingjun Huang
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
| | - Mingyue Cai
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
| | - Tian Lan
- School of PharmacyGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Wensou Huang
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
| | - Yongjian Guo
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
| | - Zhimei Zhou
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
| | - Yongcheng An
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
| | - Licong Liang
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of EducationSchool of Material Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Kangshun Zhu
- Laboratory of Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of RadiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510260China
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Kaulpiboon J, Rudeekulthamrong P. Biosynthesis of methyl glucoside and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2019.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nazir S, Sulistyo J, Hashmi MI, Ho AL, Khan MS. Enzymatic synthesis of polyphenol glycosides catalyzed by transglycosylation reaction of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase derived from Trichoderma viride. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 55:3026-3034. [PMID: 30065412 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Present study was conducted to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma viride as a source of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase that has shown transglycosylation activity in the presence of polyphenolic constituents extracted from Moringa oleifera leaves as its acceptor and wheat flour as its substrate to catalyze synthesis of polyphenolic glycosides as transglycosylation (transfer) reaction products. The enzymatic synthesized polyphenolic glycosides were then purified using octa-dodecyl-functionalized silica gel column chromatography prior to analysis using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography and identified using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The high performance liquid chromatogram performed that the isolated transglycosylation products had retention times and concentration at 1.446 min (0.0017 mg/ml), 1.431 min (0.14 mg/ml), and 1.474 min (0.012 mg/ml), respectively, compared to the retention time of arbutin (1.474 min) that was applied as authentic standard for polyphenol glycoside. Moreover, observation using 1H NMR as well as 13C NMR showed that structures of the transglycosylation products were identified as gallic acid-4-O-β-glucopyranoside, ellagicacid-4-O-β-glucopyranoside, and catechin-4'-O-glucopyranoside, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Nazir
- 1Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Joko Sulistyo
- 1Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Hashmi
- 1Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Ai Ling Ho
- 1Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Shaheen Khan
- 2Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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Li S, Yuan L, Zhang B, Zhou W, Wang X, Bai D. Photostability and antioxidant activity studies on the inclusion complexes of trans-polydatin with β-cyclodextrin and derivatives. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25941-25948. [PMID: 35541971 PMCID: PMC9082899 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inclusion complexes of trans-polydatin and three cyclodextrins (CDs), namely β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD) and (2-hydroxy) propyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Li Yuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Bing Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Dongsheng Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Department of Chemistry
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Charoensapyanan R, Ito K, Rudeekulthamrong P, Kaulpiboon J. Enzymatic synthesis of propyl-α-glycosides and their application as emulsifying and antibacterial agents. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Rather MY, Ara KZG, Nordberg Karlsson E, Adlercreutz P. Characterization of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases (CGTases) and their application for synthesis of alkyl glycosides with oligomeric head group. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Elbaz AF, Sobhi A, ElMekawy A. Purification and characterization of cyclodextrin β-glucanotransferase from novel alkalophilic bacilli. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:767-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Mathew S, Adlercreutz P. Regioselective glycosylation of hydroquinone to α-arbutin by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Thermoanaerobacter sp. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mora-Pale M, Sanchez-Rodriguez SP, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS, Koffas MAG. Metabolic engineering and in vitro biosynthesis of phytochemicals and non-natural analogues. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 210:10-24. [PMID: 23849109 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, natural products from plants and their non-natural derivatives have shown to be active against different types of chronic diseases. However, isolation of such natural products can be limited due to their low bioavailability, and environmental restrictions. To address these issues, in vivo and in vitro reconstruction of plant metabolic pathways and the metabolic engineering of microbes and plants have been used to generate libraries of compounds. Significant advances have been made through metabolic engineering of microbes and plant cells to generate a variety of compounds (e.g. isoprenoids, flavonoids, or stilbenes) using a diverse array of methods to optimize these processes (e.g. host selection, operational variables, precursor selection, gene modifications). These approaches have been used also to generate non-natural analogues with different bioactivities. In vitro biosynthesis allows the synthesis of intermediates as well as final products avoiding post-translational limitations. Moreover, this strategy allows the use of substrates and the production of metabolites that could be toxic for cells, or expand the biosynthesis into non-conventional media (e.g. organic solvents, supercritical fluids). A perspective is also provided on the challenges for generating novel chemical structures and the potential of combining metabolic engineering and in vitro biocatalysis to produce metabolites with more potent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Mora-Pale
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies (CBIS), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States
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