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Furmanek Ł, Czarnota P, Tekiela A, Kapusta I, Seaward MRD. A spectrophotometric analysis of extracted water-soluble phenolic metabolites of lichens. PLANTA 2024; 260:40. [PMID: 38954049 PMCID: PMC11219455 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Rainwater most probably constitutes a relatively effective solvent for lichen substances in nature which have the potential to provide for human and environmental needs in the future. The aims were (i) to test the hypothesis on the potential solubility of lichen phenolic compounds using rainwater under conditions that partly reflect the natural environment and (ii) to propose new and effective methods for the water extraction of lichen substances. The results of spectrophotometric analyses of total phenolic metabolites in rainwater-based extracts from epigeic and epiphytic lichens, employing the Folin-Ciocalteu (F.-C.) method, are presented. The water solvent was tested at three pH levels: natural, 3, and 9. Extraction methods were undertaken from two perspectives: the partial imitation of natural environmental conditions and the potential use of extraction for economic purposes. From an ecological perspective, room-temperature water extraction ('cold' method) was used for 10-, 60-, and 120-min extraction periods. A variant of water extraction at analogous time intervals was an 'insolation' with a 100W light bulb to simulate the heat energy of the sun. For economic purposes, the water extraction method used the Soxhlet apparatus and its modified version, the 'tea-extraction' method ('hot' ones). The results showed that those extractions without an external heat source were almost ineffective, but insolation over 60- and 120-min periods proved to be more effective. Both tested 'hot' methods also proved to be effective, especially the 'tea-extraction' one. Generally, an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds in water extracts resulted from an increasing solvent pH. The results show the probable involvement of lichen substances in biogeochemical processes in nature and their promising use for a variety of human necessities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Furmanek
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4 Street, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland.
- Unit for Assessment of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Documentation, Department for Assessment of Medicinal Products Documentation, The Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products, Al. Jerozolimskie 181C, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Czarnota
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4 Street, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Agata Tekiela
- Department of Agroecology and Forest Utilization, University of Rzeszów, Ćwiklińskiej 1A Street, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszów, Ćwiklińskiej 1 Street, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mark R D Seaward
- School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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Furmanek Ł, Czarnota P, Seaward MRD. A review of the potential of lichen substances as antifungal agents: the effects of extracts and lichen secondary metabolites on Fusarium fungi. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:523. [PMID: 35881248 PMCID: PMC9325835 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis provides literature data on the effect of lichen extracts and single secondary metabolites used against Fusarium spp. moulds. Lichen extracts were obtained from 51 corticolous, 17 terricolous and 18 saxicolous lichen species and 37 secondary compounds were tested against eight fungal species, i.e., Fusarium acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. fujikuroi, F. oxysporum, F. roseum, F. solani and F. udum. The researchers used several test methods, mostly to determine MIC and IZ. Extracts were obtained using several solvents, mainly organic ones with use of the Soxhlet apparatus. The most frequently tested species was F. oxysporum, against which lichen substances from Alectoria sarmentosa, Cladonia mitis, C. rangiferina, Flavoparmelia caperata, Hypotrachyna cirrhata, Leucodermia leucomelos, Parmotrema austrosinense, P. reticulatum, Physcia aipolia, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Roccella montagnei and Umbilicaria nylanderiana and secondary metabolites such as 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid, atranorin, lecanoric and (+)-usnic acids showed the highest antifungal potential. These agencies could compete with the potential of fungicides, such as flucytosine and fluconazole. Other species have been poorly investigated. Statistical analysis of literature data showed that the fungistatic potential of lichen extracts is significantly different from individual secondary metabolites. Similarly, the potential of secondary metabolites often differs significantly from that of non-lichen substances. This meta-analysis indicates the potential of lichen substances as future anti-fusarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Furmanek
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Czarnota
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Mark R D Seaward
- School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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3
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Zheng C, Shao Y, Hao L, Shi Y, Zhu J, Zhao C, Jiang Q, Yi J, Lu J. Extraction, characterization and biological activities of a polysaccharide from
Poria cocos
peels. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqiang Zheng
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yiwen Shao
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Limin Hao
- Institute of Quartermaster Engineering and Technology Academy of Military Sciences PLA China,Beijing 100010 China
| | - Yanling Shi
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Jiaqing Zhu
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Changcheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Anhui Jinzhai Qiaokang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Liuan Anhui China
| | - Juanjuan Yi
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Jike Lu
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan China
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4
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Xiao Z, Li J, Wang H, Zhang Q, Ge Q, Mao J, Sha R. Hemicellulosic Polysaccharides From Bamboo Leaves Promoted by Phosphotungstic Acids and Its Attenuation of Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells. Front Nutr 2022; 9:917432. [PMID: 35769382 PMCID: PMC9234559 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.917432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we exploited an efficient method to release hemicellulosic polysaccharides (BLHP) from bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) leaves assisted by a small amount of phosphotungstic acid. Structural unit analysis proved that BLHP-A1 and BLHP-B1 samples possessed abundant low-branch chains in →4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→ skeleton mainly consisting of Xylp, Manp, Glcp, Galp, and Araf residues. According to the results of the antioxidant activity assays in vitro, both of the two fractions demonstrated the activity for scavenging DPPH⋅ and ABTS+ radicals and exhibited relatively a high reducing ability compared to the recently reported polysaccharides. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of purified polysaccharides were evaluated against H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in HepG2 cells. BLHP-B1 showed more activity for preventing damages from H2O2 in HepG2 cells by improving the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and decreasing the production of MDA as well as suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. This study implied that BLHP could demonstrate its attenuation ability for oxidative stress in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqian Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhuqian Xiao,
| | - Jiajie Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongpeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Sha
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Immunostimulatory effects of a polysaccharide from Pimpinella anisum seeds on RAW264.7 and NK-92 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:546-554. [PMID: 35660044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from Pimpinella anisum were isolated using water at elevated temperature and DEAE Sepharose FF chromatography to examine their chemical structure and activation capacity on immune cells. P. anisum fractions (PAF1, PAF2 and PAF3) were mainly composed of neutral sugars (84.0-98.2%) and uronic acids (2.1-11.8%) with weight average molecular weight (Mw) ranging from 186.6 to 5474.5 × 103 g/mol. Polysaccharides induced a significant inflammatory response in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells releasing nitric oxide and expressing TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines. The induction of NK-92 natural killer cells resulted in TNF-α and IFN-γ production and activation of GrB/perforin-, NKG2D- and FasL-mediated cytotoxicity. Polysaccharides triggered the phosphorylation of NF-κB, ERK, JNK and p38 proteins in RAW264.7 and NK-92 cells indicating the involvement of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. The most active polysaccharide was a galactoarabinan with complex structure.
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Liang YY, Zan XY, Sun L, Fu X, Cui FJ, Tan M, Shao ZY, Sun WJ. A uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferase GFUGT88A1 derived from edible mushroom Grifola frondosa extends oligosaccharide chains. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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The effect of lichen secondary metabolites on Aspergillus fungi. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:100. [PMID: 34964912 PMCID: PMC8716355 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review of literature data on the antifungal potential of extracted lichen compounds and individual secondary metabolites against mold species of the genus Aspergillus is provided. Crude extracts from 49 epiphytic, 16 epigeic and 22 epilithic species of lichens and 44 secondary metabolites against 10 species, Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, A. restrictus, A. stellatus and A. ustus, were analysed. Several measuring techniques were employed for such analyses. Lichen substances were extracted with alcoholic and other organic solvents mainly using the Soxhlet apparatus. Among the three most-studied mold species, the results showed that the crude extracts from the thalli of the lichens Cladonia foliacea, Hypotrachyna cirrhata, Leucodermia leucomelos, Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea against Aspergillus flavus, from C. foliacea, Nephroma arcticum and Parmelia sulcata against A. fumigatus and from Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Umbilicaria cylindrica and Variospora dolomiticola against A. niger have the greatest antifungal potential. The lichen secondary metabolites showed a higher inhibitory potential, e.g. protolichesterinic acid against A. flavus, lecanoric acid against A. fumigatus and orsellinic acid against A. niger; the other seven species of Aspergillus have been poorly studied and require further investigation. A comparison of the inhibitory potential of the tested mixtures of lichen substances and their secondary metabolites shows that they can compete with commonly used antifungal substances, such as ketoconazole and clotrimazole against A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger and A. parasiticus and fluconazole in the case of A. fumigatus.
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Surayot U, Wangtueai S, You S, Palanisamy S, Krusong W, Brennan CS, Barba FJ, Phimolsiripol Y, Seesuriyachan P. Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanitahemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:683. [PMID: 34575721 PMCID: PMC8468940 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5-93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40-7.20%), and sulphates (1.40-9.30%). Determination of the monosaccharide composition revealed that glucose was the major unit, followed by galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0-479.4 × 103 g/mol. Interestingly, the crude extract, and fractions did not cause any toxic effect in RAW264.7 cells. However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utoomporn Surayot
- College of Maritime Studies and Management, Chiang Mai University, Samut Sakhon 74000, Thailand; (U.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Sutee Wangtueai
- College of Maritime Studies and Management, Chiang Mai University, Samut Sakhon 74000, Thailand; (U.S.); (S.W.)
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon 210-702, Korea; (S.Y.); (S.P.)
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon 210-720, Korea
| | - Subramanian Palanisamy
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon 210-702, Korea; (S.Y.); (S.P.)
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon 210-720, Korea
| | - Warawut Krusong
- Division of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Food Industry, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
| | - Charles S. Brennan
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia;
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Advanced Manufacturing and Management Technology Research Center (AM2Tech), Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Synthesis and Study of Antifungal Properties of New Cationic Beta-Glucan Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090838. [PMID: 34577538 PMCID: PMC8469811 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of positively charged polymers (polycations) with a biological membrane is considered to be the cause of the frequently observed toxicity of these macromolecules. If it is possible to obtain polymers with a predominantly negative effect on bacterial and fungal cells, such systems would have great potential in the treatment of infectious diseases, especially now when reports indicate the growing risk of fungal co-infections in COVID-19 patients. We describe in this article cationic derivatives of natural beta-glucan polymers obtained by reacting the polysaccharide isolated from Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) and Cetraria islandica (CI) with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTMAC). Two synthesis strategies were applied to optimize the product yield. Fungal diseases particularly affect low-income countries, hence the emphasis on the simplicity of the synthesis of such drugs so they can be produced without outside help. The three structures obtained showed selective anti-mycotic properties (against, i.e., Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Fusarium solani), and their toxicity established using fibroblast 3T3-L1 cell line was negligible in a wide range of concentrations. For one of the polymers (SB derivative), using in vivo model of Aspergillus brasiliensis infection in Galleria mellonella insect model, we confirmed the promising results obtained in the preliminary study.
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10
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Yang Y, Ye H, Zhao C, Ren L, Wang C, Georgiev MI, Xiao J, Zhang T. Value added immunoregulatory polysaccharides of Hericium erinaceus and their effect on the gut microbiota. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117668. [PMID: 33838836 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of H. erinaceus with 53.36 % total carbohydrates and 32.56 % uronic acid. To examine whether HEPs can alter the diversity and the abundance of gut microbiota, adult mice and middle-aged and old mice were fed with HEPs for 28 days. Based on the result of 16S sequencing of gut microbiota it was found that the relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Akkermansiaceae significantly increased, while the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae and Bacteroidaceae appeared to decrease. Bacterial solutions from different murine intestinal segments and feces were collected to ferment HEPs in vitro. It was found that HEPs remarkably promoted the production of NO, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ and TNF-α. Moreover, HEPs significantly increased phosphorylation of signaling molecules, indicating that the immunomodulatory activity was completed via NF-кB, MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Collectively, HEPs have potential to be developed as functional ingredients or foods to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Haiqing Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Changhui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Cuina Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, 59 Marasti Blvd, 011464, Bucharest, Romania; Laboratory of Metabolomics, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Boulevard, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, E-32004, Ourense, Spain.
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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11
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Epiphanies of well-known and newly discovered macromolecular carbohydrates – A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:51-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Cao RA, Ji R, Tabarsa M, Palanisamy S, Talapphet N, Yelithao K, Wang C, You S. Extraction, structural elucidation and immunostimulating properties of water-soluble polysaccharides from wheat bran. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13364. [PMID: 32643784 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble polysaccharide was extracted from wheat bran (WBP) and investigate their structural characteristics and immunostimulatory activities. The chemical composition of WBP and purified fraction (WBP-F) mainly consists of neutral sugars (91.2 ± 1.2 and 98.7 ± 1.2%), proteins (8.6 ± 0.3 and 0.2 ± 0.1%) and uronic acids (0.7 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.1%). The molecular weight (Mw ) of WBP and WBP-F was calculated as 911.7 and 510.2 × 103 g/mol, respectively. The WBP-F stimulates the RAW264.7 cells through the production of nitric oxide and various cytokines. The treatment of WBP-F facilitated the phosphorylation of P38, JNK, ERK, and NF-ƘB in RAW264.7 cells suggesting that they might stimulate RAW264.7 cells through the activation of NF-ƙB and MAPKs pathways. Furthermore, the structural details of WBP-F were studied by GC-MS and NMR spectrum, which confirms that the main backbone consists of 4-α-D-linked glucopyranosyl residues with branching points at C-6. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Wheat bran is a potential source of health-promoting compounds. It has been reported that polysaccharides of wheat bran containing numerous beneficial activities. In this study, the wheat bran polysaccharide was extracted, fractionated and investigated their immunostimulatory activities. The results found in this study revealed that the purified polysaccharide from wheat bran potentially enhanced the RAW264.7 cells activation. Hence, these polysaccharides could be utilized as a potent immunity-enhancing agent in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-An Cao
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - RuiXue Ji
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Mehdi Tabarsa
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Subramanian Palanisamy
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea.,East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchanok Talapphet
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Khamphone Yelithao
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYuan Wang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea.,East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
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