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Katsiotis CS, Tikhomirov E, Strømme M, Lindh J, Welch K. Combinatorial 3D printed dosage forms for a two-step and controlled drug release. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023:106486. [PMID: 37277047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS) are two of the most employed additive manufacturing (AM) techniques within the pharmaceutical research field. Despite the numerous advantages of different AM methods, their respective drawbacks have yet to be fully addressed, and therefore combinatorial systems are starting to emerge. In the present study, hybrid systems comprising SLS inserts and a two-compartment FDM shell are developed to achieve controlled release of the model drug theophylline. Via the use of SLS a partial amorphization of the drug is demonstrated, which can be advantageous in the case of poorly soluble drugs, and it is shown that sintering parameters can regulate the dosage and release kinetics of the drug from the inserts. Furthermore, via different combinations of inserts within the FDM-printed shell, various drug release patterns, such as a two-step or prolonged release, can be achieved. The study serves as a proof of concept, highlighting the advantages of combining two AM techniques, both to overcome their respective shortcomings and to develop modular and highly tunable drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S Katsiotis
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden.
| | - Evgenii Tikhomirov
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden.
| | - Maria Strømme
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Lindh
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden.
| | - Ken Welch
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, Uppsala SE-751 03, Sweden.
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2
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Laser Sintering Approaches for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122336. [PMID: 35745911 PMCID: PMC9229946 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques into the medical space has revolutionised tissue engineering. Depending upon the tissue type, specific AM approaches are capable of closely matching the physical and biological tissue attributes, to guide tissue regeneration. For hard tissue such as bone, powder bed fusion (PBF) techniques have significant potential, as they are capable of fabricating materials that can match the mechanical requirements necessary to maintain bone functionality and support regeneration. This review focuses on the PBF techniques that utilize laser sintering for creating scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Optimal scaffold requirements are explained, ranging from material biocompatibility and bioactivity, to generating specific architectures to recapitulate the porosity, interconnectivity, and mechanical properties of native human bone. The main objective of the review is to outline the most common materials processed using PBF in the context of BTE; initially outlining the most common polymers, including polyamide, polycaprolactone, polyethylene, and polyetheretherketone. Subsequent sections investigate the use of metals and ceramics in similar systems for BTE applications. The last section explores how composite materials can be used. Within each material section, the benefits and shortcomings are outlined, including their mechanical and biological performance, as well as associated printing parameters. The framework provided can be applied to the development of new, novel materials or laser-based approaches to ultimately generate bone tissue analogues or for guiding bone regeneration.
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3
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A review of protein adsorption and bioactivity characteristics of poly ε-caprolactone scaffolds in regenerative medicine. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Understanding the Effect of Energy Density and Formulation Factors on the Printability and Characteristics of SLS Irbesartan Tablets-Application of the Decision Tree Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111969. [PMID: 34834384 PMCID: PMC8621390 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a rapid prototyping technique for the production of three-dimensional objects through selectively sintering powder-based layer materials. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of energy density (ED) and formulation factors on the printability and characteristics of SLS irbesartan tablets. The correlation between formulation factors, ED, and printability was obtained using a decision tree model with an accuracy of 80%. FT-IR results revealed that there was no interaction between irbesartan and the applied excipients. DSC results indicated that irbesartan was present in an amorphous form in printed tablets. ED had a significant influence on tablets’ physical, mechanical, and morphological characteristics. Adding lactose monohydrate enabled faster drug release while reducing the possibility for printing with different laser speeds. However, formulations with crospovidone were printable with a wider range of laser speeds. The adjustment of formulation and process parameters enabled the production of SLS tablets with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with complete release in less than 30 min. The results suggest that a decision tree could be a useful tool for predicting the printability of pharmaceutical formulations. Tailoring the characteristics of SLS irbesartan tablets by ED is possible; however, it needs to be governed by the composition of the whole formulation.
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A QbD Approach for Evaluating the Effect of Selective Laser Sintering Parameters on Printability and Properties of Solid Oral Forms. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101701. [PMID: 34683997 PMCID: PMC8539463 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of process parameters on the printability of a formulation containing copovidone and paracetamol, and on the properties of solid oral forms 3D-printed through selective laser sintering. Firstly, the influence of the heating temperature was evaluated individually, and it was revealed that this parameter was critical for printability, as a sufficiently high temperature (100 °C) is necessary to avoid curling. Secondly, the effects of laser power, scan speed, and layer thickness were determined using a Box-Behnken design. The measured responses, printing yield, height, weight, hardness, disintegration time, and percentage of drug release at 10 min showed the following ranges of values: 55.6-100%, 2.92-3.96 mm, 98.2-187.2 mg, 9.2-83.4 N, 9.7-997.7 s, and 25.8-99.9%, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) proved that the generated quadratic models and the effect of the three-process parameters were significant (p < 0.05). Yield improved at high laser power, low scan speed, and increased layer thickness. Height was proportional to laser power, and inversely proportional to scan speed and layer thickness. Variations in the other responses were related to the porosity of the SOFs, which were dependent on the value of energy density. Low laser power, fast scan speed, and high layer thickness values favored a lower energy density, resulting in low weight and hardness, rapid disintegration, and a high percentage of drug release at 10 min. Finally, an optimization was performed, and an additional experiment validated the model. In conclusion, by applying a Quality by Design approach, this study demonstrates that process parameters are critical for printability, but also offer a way to personalize the properties of the SOFs.
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Gueche YA, Sanchez-Ballester NM, Cailleaux S, Bataille B, Soulairol I. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), a New Chapter in the Production of Solid Oral Forms (SOFs) by 3D Printing. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1212. [PMID: 34452173 PMCID: PMC8399326 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing is a new emerging technology in the pharmaceutical manufacturing landscape. Its potential advantages for personalized medicine have been widely explored and commented on in the literature over recent years. More recently, the selective laser sintering (SLS) technique has been investigated for oral drug-delivery applications. Thus, this article reviews the work that has been conducted on SLS 3D printing for the preparation of solid oral forms (SOFs) from 2017 to 2020 and discusses the opportunities and challenges for this state-of-the-art technology in precision medicine. Overall, the 14 research articles reviewed report the use of SLS printers equipped with a blue diode laser (445-450 nm). The review highlights that the printability of pharmaceutical materials, although an important aspect for understanding the sintering process has only been properly explored in one article. The modulation of the porosity of printed materials appears to be the most interesting outcome of this technology for pharmaceutical applications. Generally, SLS shows great potential to improve compliance within fragile populations. The inclusion of "Quality by Design" tools in studies could facilitate the deployment of SLS in clinical practice, particularly where Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) for 3D-printing processes do not currently exist. Nevertheless, drug stability and powder recycling remain particularly challenging in SLS. These hurdles could be overcome by collaboration between pharmaceutical industries and compounding pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis A. Gueche
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France; (Y.A.G.); (N.M.S.-B.); (S.C.); (B.B.)
| | | | - Sylvain Cailleaux
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France; (Y.A.G.); (N.M.S.-B.); (S.C.); (B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nimes, France
| | - Bernard Bataille
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France; (Y.A.G.); (N.M.S.-B.); (S.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Ian Soulairol
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France; (Y.A.G.); (N.M.S.-B.); (S.C.); (B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nimes, France
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Awad A, Fina F, Goyanes A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Advances in powder bed fusion 3D printing in drug delivery and healthcare. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:406-424. [PMID: 33951489 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Powder bed fusion (PBF) is a 3D printing method that selectively consolidates powders into 3D objects using a power source. PBF has various derivatives; selective laser sintering/melting, direct metal laser sintering, electron beam melting and multi-jet fusion. These technologies provide a multitude of benefits that make them well suited for the fabrication of bespoke drug-laden formulations, devices and implants. This includes their superior printing resolution and speed, and ability to produce objects without the need for secondary supports, enabling them to precisely create complex products. Herein, this review article outlines the unique applications of PBF 3D printing, including the main principles underpinning its technologies and highlighting their novel pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The challenges and shortcomings are also considered, emphasising on their effects on the 3D printed products, whilst providing a forward-thinking view.
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Monfared V, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Ramakrishna S, Razzaghi M, Berto F. A Brief Review on Additive Manufacturing of Polymeric Composites and Nanocomposites. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060704. [PMID: 34208605 PMCID: PMC8234982 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this research article, a mini-review study is performed on the additive manufacturing (AM) of the polymeric matrix composites (PMCs) and nanocomposites. In this regard, some methods for manufacturing and important and applied results are briefly introduced and presented. AM of polymeric matrix composites and nanocomposites has attracted great attention and is emerging as it can make extensively customized parts with appreciably modified and improved mechanical properties compared to the unreinforced polymer materials. However, some matters must be addressed containing reduced bonding of reinforcement and matrix, the slip between reinforcement and matrix, lower creep strength, void configurations, high-speed crack propagation, obstruction because of filler inclusion, enhanced curing time, simulation and modeling, and the cost of manufacturing. In this review, some selected and significant results regarding AM or three-dimensional (3D) printing of polymeric matrix composites and nanocomposites are summarized and discuss. In addition, this article discusses the difficulties in preparing composite feedstock filaments and printing issues with nanocomposites and short and continuous fiber composites. It is discussed how to print various thermoplastic composites ranging from amorphous to crystalline polymers. In addition, the analytical and numerical models used for simulating AM, including the Fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing process and estimating the mechanical properties of printed parts, are explained in detail. Particle, fiber, and nanomaterial-reinforced polymer composites are highlighted for their performance. Finally, key limitations are identified in order to stimulate further 3D printing research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Monfared
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (H.R.B.-R.); (F.B.)
| | - Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran;
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (H.R.B.-R.); (F.B.)
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore;
| | - Mahmood Razzaghi
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran;
| | - Filippo Berto
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (H.R.B.-R.); (F.B.)
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Almeida HRO, Carvalho Patricio BF, Anjos Garcia Y, Silva TG, Pereira DB, Sarcinelli MA, Rocha HVA, Mendonça RH. Production of biodegradable rods of
polycaprolactone
/olanzapine for potential application in treatment of Schizophrenia. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Regina Oliveira Almeida
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais (LADEMAT) Programa de Pós‐graduação em Engenharia Química – Universidade Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Beatriz Ferreira Carvalho Patricio
- Laboratório de Micro e Nanotecnologia Farmanguinhos – FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do estado do Rio de Janeiro (Unirio) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Yasmin Anjos Garcia
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais (LADEMAT) Programa de Pós‐graduação em Engenharia Química – Universidade Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Talita Goulart Silva
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais (LADEMAT) Programa de Pós‐graduação em Engenharia Química – Universidade Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Debora Baptista Pereira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais (LADEMAT) Programa de Pós‐graduação em Engenharia Química – Universidade Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberta Helena Mendonça
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais (LADEMAT) Programa de Pós‐graduação em Engenharia Química – Universidade Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Shahbazi M, Jäger H. Current Status in the Utilization of Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing Process: A Systematic Review of the Materials, Processes, and Challenges. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:325-369. [PMID: 35014287 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a revolutionary additive manufacturing technique that allows rapid prototyping of objects with intricate architectures. This Review covers the recent state-of-the-art of biopolymers (protein and carbohydrate-based materials) application in pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food printing and main reinforcement approaches of biomacromolecular structure for the development of 3D constructs. Some perspectives and main important limitations with the biomaterials utilization for advanced 3D printing procedures are also provided. Because of the improved the ink's flow behavior and enhance the mechanical strength of resulting printed architectures, biopolymers are the most used materials for 3D printing applications. Biobased polymers by taking advantage of modifying the ink viscosity could improve the resolution of deposited layers, printing precision, and consequently, develop well-defined geometries. In this regard, the rheological properties of printable biopolymeric-based inks and factors affecting ink flow behavior related to structural properties of printed constructs are discussed. On the basis of successful applications of biopolymers in 3D printing, it is suggested that other biomacromolecules and nanoparticles combined with the matrix can be introduced into the ink dispersions to enhance the multifunctionality of 3D structures. Furthermore, tuning the biopolymer's structural properties offers the most common and essential approach to attain the printed architectures with precisely tailored geometry. We finish the Review by giving a viewpoint of the upcoming 3D printing process and recognize some of the existing bottlenecks facing the blossoming 3D pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyar Shahbazi
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Yang Y, Xu Y, Wei S, Shan W. Oral preparations with tunable dissolution behavior based on selective laser sintering technique. Int J Pharm 2021; 593:120127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Awad A, Fina F, Goyanes A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D printing: Principles and pharmaceutical applications of selective laser sintering. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Chandekar A, Mishra DK, Sharma S, Saraogi GK, Gupta U, Gupta G. 3D Printing Technology: A New Milestone in the Development of Pharmaceuticals. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:937-945. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190507115504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The global market of pharmaceuticals has witnessed a new revolution recently in the form of threedimensional
printing (3D) technology. 3D printing has its existence since the 1980s that uses a 3D printer to
manufacture the different dosage forms through computer-aided drug design technology. The need for 3D printing
is due to numerous advantages like personalized medicine, tailored doses, rapid disintegration in case of SLS
technique, incorporation of high doses and taste masking capacity. The different techniques used in 3D printing
are Powder based (PB), Semi-solid extrusion (EXT), Fused deposition modeling (FDM), Stereolithographic
(SLA) and Selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing. However, from the latest reports of association of pharmaceutical
3D printing technology, it is evidenced that this technology is still in its infancy and its potential is yet to
be fully explored. The present review includes sections for introduction and scope of 3D printing, personalized
medicines and their approaches, historical aspects, research milestones, and various 3D printing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Chandekar
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Dinesh K. Mishra
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Gaurav K. Saraogi
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
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Fina F, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Powder Bed Fusion: The Working Process, Current Applications and Opportunities. 3D PRINTING OF PHARMACEUTICALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90755-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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15
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Vieira ES, Salmoria GV, de Mello Gindri I, Kanis LA. Preparation of ibuprofen-loaded HDPE tubular devices for application as urinary catheters. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edna Silva Vieira
- NIMMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Gean Vitor Salmoria
- NIMMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
- Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory; University Hospital (HU), Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Izabelle de Mello Gindri
- Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory; University Hospital (HU), Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianópolis SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Kanis
- TECFARMA Group; University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL); Tubarão SC 88704-900 Brazil
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16
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Laser Printing of PCL/Progesterone Tablets for Drug Delivery Applications in Hormone Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40516-017-0040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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