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Khan MA, Haider N, Singh T, Bandopadhyay R, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Taha M, Ahmad J, Mishra A. Promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the management of Parkinson's disease: recent advancements and contemporary research. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:873-919. [PMID: 36807081 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the progressive neurological diseases which affect around 10 million population worldwide. The clinical manifestation of motor symptoms in PD patients appears later when most dopaminergic neurons have degenerated. Thus, for better management of PD, the development of accurate biomarkers for the early prognosis of PD is imperative. The present work will discuss the potential biomarkers from various attributes covering biochemical, microRNA, and neuroimaging aspects (α-synuclein, DJ-1, UCH-L1, β-glucocerebrosidase, BDNF, etc.) for diagnosis, recent development in PD management, and major limitations with current and conventional anti-Parkinson therapy. This manuscript summarizes potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, based on available preclinical and clinical evidence, for better management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Nafis Haider
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murtada Taha
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Kamrup, Changsari, Assam, 781101, India.
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Cornacchia C, Marinelli L, Di Rienzo A, Dimmito MP, Serra F, Di Biase G, De Filippis B, Turkez H, Mardinoglu A, Bellezza I, Di Stefano A, Cacciatore I. Development of l-Dopa-containing diketopiperazines as blood-brain barrier shuttle. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114746. [PMID: 36099749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In our overall goal to develop anti-Parkinson drugs, we designed novel diketopiperazines (DKP1-6) aiming to both reach the blood-brain barrier and counteract the oxidative stress related to Parkinson's Disease (PD). The anti-Parkinson properties of DKP 1-6 were evaluated using neurotoxin-treated PC12 cells, as in vitro model of PD, while their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potentials were investigated in newborn rat cerebral cortex (RCC) and primary human whole blood (PHWB) cell cultures. The response against free radicals was evaluated by the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay. Comet assay was used to detect DNA damage while the content of 8-hydroxyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) was determined as a marker of oxidative DNA damage. PAMPA-BBB and Caco-2 assays were employed to evaluate the capability of DKP1-6 to cross the membranes. Stability studies were conducted in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and human plasma. Results showed that DKP5-6 attenuate the MPP + -induced cell death on a nanomolar scale, but a remarkable effect was observed for DKP6 on Nrf2 activation that leads to the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response thus increasing glutathione biosynthesis and ROS buffering. DKP5-6 resulted in no toxicity for RCC neurons and PHWB cells exposed to 10-500 nM concentrations during 24 h as determined by MTT and LDH assays and TAC levels were not altered in both cultured cell types. No significant difference in the induction of DNA damage was observed for DKP5-6. Both DKPs resulted stable in simulated gastric fluids (t1/2 > 22h). In simulated intestinal fluids, DKP5 underwent immediate hydrolysis while DKP6 showed a half-life higher than 3 h. In human plasma, DKP6 resulted quite stable. DKP6 displayed both high BBB and Caco-2 permeability confirming that the DKP scaffold represents a useful tool to improve the crossing of drugs through the biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Cornacchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Rienzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Federica Serra
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Biase
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Barbara De Filippis
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 24075, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, P.le L. Severi 1, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
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Gouda NA, Elkamhawy A, Cho J. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson’s Disease and Future Prospects: A 2021 Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020371. [PMID: 35203580 PMCID: PMC8962417 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically distinguished by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia are all clinical motor hallmarks of PD. Several pathways have been implicated in PD etiology, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, and neuroinflammation, but how these factors interact remains incompletely understood. Although many breakthroughs in PD therapy have been accomplished, there is currently no cure for PD, only trials to alleviate the related motor symptoms. To reduce or stop the clinical progression and mobility impairment, a disease-modifying approach that can directly target the etiology rather than offering symptomatic alleviation remains a major unmet clinical need in the management of PD. In this review, we briefly introduce current treatments and pathophysiology of PD. In addition, we address the novel innovative therapeutic targets for PD therapy, including α-synuclein, autophagy, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and others. Several immunomodulatory approaches and stem cell research currently in clinical trials with PD patients are also discussed. Moreover, preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of novel and repurposed therapeutic agents and their pragmatic applications with encouraging outcomes are summarized. Finally, molecular biomarkers under active investigation are presented as potentially valuable tools for early PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. Gouda
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Alterations of Sphingolipid and Phospholipid Pathways and Ornithine Level in the Plasma as Biomarkers of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030395. [PMID: 35159203 PMCID: PMC8834036 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain to be investigated. This work aimed to identify blood biomarkers for PD using targeted metabolomics analysis. We quantified the plasma levels of 255 metabolites in 92 PD patients and 60 healthy controls (HC). PD patients were sub-grouped into early (Hoehn–Yahr stage ≤ 2, n = 72) and advanced (Hoehn–Yahr stage > 2, n = 20) stages. Fifty-nine phospholipids, 3 fatty acids, 3 amino acids, and 7 biogenic amines, demonstrated significant alterations in PD patients. Six of them, dihydro sphingomyelin (SM) 24:0, 22:0, 20:0, phosphatidylethanolamine-plasmalogen (PEp) 38:6, and phosphatidylcholine 38:5 and 36:6, demonstrated lowest levels in PD patients in the advanced stage, followed by those in the early stage and HC. By contrast, the level of ornithine was highest in PD patients at the advanced stage, followed by those at the early stage and HC. These biomarker candidates demonstrated significant correlations with scores of motor disability, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and quality of daily life. The support vector machine algorithm using α-synuclein, dihydro SM 24:0, and PEp 38:6 demonstrated good ability to separate PD from HC (AUC: 0.820). This metabolomic analysis demonstrates new plasma biomarker candidates for PD and supports their role in participating PD pathogenesis and monitoring disease progression.
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Albi E, Alessenko AV. Nuclear sphingomyelin in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2028-2029. [PMID: 33642390 PMCID: PMC8343301 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice V. Alessenko
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Custodia A, Aramburu-Núñez M, Correa-Paz C, Posado-Fernández A, Gómez-Larrauri A, Castillo J, Gómez-Muñoz A, Sobrino T, Ouro A. Ceramide Metabolism and Parkinson's Disease-Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2021; 11:945. [PMID: 34202192 PMCID: PMC8301871 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid involved in numerous cellular processes. In addition to being the precursor of complex sphingolipids, ceramides can act as second messengers, especially when they are generated at the plasma membrane of cells. Its metabolic dysfunction may lead to or be a consequence of an underlying disease. Recent reports on transcriptomics and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis have demonstrated the variation of specific levels of sphingolipids and enzymes involved in their metabolism in different neurodegenerative diseases. In the present review, we highlight the most relevant discoveries related to ceramide and neurodegeneration, with a special focus on Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Custodia
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Marta Aramburu-Núñez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Adrián Posado-Fernández
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Ana Gómez-Larrauri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (A.G.-M.)
- Respiratory Department, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Antonio Gómez-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Alberto Ouro
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
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Alessenko AV, Albi E. Exploring Sphingolipid Implications in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2020; 11:437. [PMID: 32528400 PMCID: PMC7254877 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, it was found that relatively simple sphingolipids, such as ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and glucosylceramide play important roles in neuronal functions by regulating rates of neuronal growth and differentiation. Homeostasis of membrane sphingolipids in neurons and myelin is essential to prevent the loss of synaptic plasticity, cell death and neurodegeneration. In our review we summarize data about significant brain cell alterations of sphingolipids in different neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Gaucher's, Farber's diseases, etc. We reported results obtained in brain tissue from both animals in which diseases were induced and humans in autopsy samples. Moreover, attention was paid on sphingolipids in biofluids, liquor and blood, from patients. In Alzheimer's disease sphingolipids are involved in the processing and aggregation of β-amyloid and in the transmission of the cytotoxic signal β-amyloid and TNFα-induced. Recently, the gangliosides metabolism in transgenic animals and the relationship between blood sphingolipids changes and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease patients have been intensively studied. Numerous experiments have highlighted the involvement of ceramide and monohexosylceramide metabolism in the pathophysiology of the sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Moreover, gene mutations of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme were considered as responsible for Parkinson's disease via transition of the monomeric form of α-synuclein to an oligomeric, aggregated toxic form. Disturbances in the metabolism of ceramides were also associated with the appearance of Lewy's bodies. Changes in sphingolipid metabolism were found as a manifestation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, both sporadic and family forms, and affected the rate of disease development. Currently, fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, is the only drug undergoing clinical trials of phase II safety for the treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The use of sphingolipids as new diagnostic markers and as targets for innovative therapeutic strategies in different neurodegenerative disorders has been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V. Alessenko
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Taticchi A, Urbani S, Albi E, Servili M, Codini M, Traina G, Balloni S, Patria FF, Perioli L, Beccari T, Conte C. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Phenolic Compounds from Moraiolo Virgin Olive Oil (MVOO) in Brain Cells via Regulating the TLR4/NLRP3 Axis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244523. [PMID: 31835609 PMCID: PMC6943687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a feature of many classic neurodegenerative diseases. In the healthy brain, microglia cells are distributed throughout the brain and are constantly surveilling the central nervous system (CNS). In response to CNS injury, microglia quickly react by secreting a wide array of apoptotic molecules. Virgin olive oil (VOO) is universally recognized as a symbol of the Mediterranean diet. In the current study, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia, the anti-inflammatory effects of VOO phenolic extracts from Moraiolo cultivar (MVOO-PE) were investigated. The results showed that low concentration of MVOO-PE prevented microglia cell death and attenuated the LPS-induced activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) signaling cascade. The levels of TLR4 and NF-kB were diminished, as well as NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoenzyme and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) inflammatory mediator were also reduced. By modulating the TLR4/NLRP3 axis, MVOO-PE pretreatment was able to significantly down-regulate the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators and suppress the cytokine secretion. Finally, we showed protective effect of MVOO-PE in a transwell neuron-microglia co-culture system. In conclusion, these results suggest that MVOO-PE could exerts anti-inflammatory activity on brain cells and become a promising candidate for preventing several neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Taticchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.T.); (S.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefania Urbani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.T.); (S.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (M.C.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (F.F.P.); (L.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.T.); (S.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Michela Codini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (M.C.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (F.F.P.); (L.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Giovanna Traina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (M.C.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (F.F.P.); (L.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Stefania Balloni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (M.C.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (F.F.P.); (L.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Federica Filomena Patria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (M.C.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (F.F.P.); (L.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Luana Perioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (M.C.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (F.F.P.); (L.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (M.C.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (F.F.P.); (L.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Carmela Conte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (M.C.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (F.F.P.); (L.P.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-5857906
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