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Martínez CI, Iriarte LS, Salas N, Alonso AM, Pruzzo CI, dos Santos Melo T, Pereira-Neves A, de Miguel N, Coceres VM. Prolonged survival of venereal Tritrichomonas foetus parasite in the gastrointestinal tract, bovine fecal extract, and water. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0042923. [PMID: 37800972 PMCID: PMC10714773 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00429-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nowadays, the routine herd diagnosis is usually performed exclusively on bulls, as they remain permanently infected, and prevention and control of Tritrichomonas foetus transmission are based on identifying infected animals and culling practices. The existence of other forms of transmission and the possible role of pseudocysts or cyst-like structures as resistant forms requires rethinking the current management and control of this parasitic disease in the future in some livestock regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian I. Martínez
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia S. Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nehuen Salas
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés M. Alonso
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Cesar I. Pruzzo
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias, FCV-UNLP, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Tuanne dos Santos Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira-Neves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica M. Coceres
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Shiratori M, Patel A, Gerhold RW, Sullivan SA, Carlton JM. Persistent Trichomonas vaginalis infections and the pseudocyst form. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:1023-1031. [PMID: 37806787 PMCID: PMC10844888 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of trichomoniasis [the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in humans] can establish persistent infections in the vagina. T. vaginalis infections are often asymptomatic but can have adverse consequences such as increased risk of HIV-1 infection and cervical cancer. Despite this, it remains an understudied infection. A potential agent of persistent infections is the 'pseudocyst', a spherical form of T. vaginalis identified by several laboratories and linked to persistence in related species such as the avian parasite Trichomonas gallinae and cattle parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. Additional robust and reproducible research on pseudocysts and persistent T. vaginalis infections is required, which may ultimately shed light on how to better diagnose and treat trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Shiratori
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York City, NY 10003, USA
| | - Abhishek Patel
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York City, NY 10003, USA
| | - Richard W Gerhold
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Steven A Sullivan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York City, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York City, NY 10003, USA.
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Popovic A, Cao EY, Han J, Nursimulu N, Alves-Ferreira EVC, Burrows K, Kennard A, Alsmadi N, Grigg ME, Mortha A, Parkinson J. The commensal protist Tritrichomonas musculus exhibits a dynamic life cycle that induces extensive remodeling of the gut microbiota. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.528774. [PMID: 37090671 PMCID: PMC10120700 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.528774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Commensal protists and gut bacterial communities exhibit complex relationships, mediated at least in part through host immunity. To improve our understanding of this tripartite interplay, we investigated community and functional dynamics between the murine protist Tritrichomonas musculus ( T. mu ) and intestinal bacteria in healthy and B cell-deficient mice. We identified dramatic, protist-driven remodeling of resident microbiome growth and activities, in parallel with T. mu functional changes, accelerated in the absence of B cells. Metatranscriptomic data revealed nutrient-based competition between bacteria and the protist. Single cell transcriptomics identified distinct T. mu life stages, providing new evidence for trichomonad sexual replication and the formation of pseudocysts. Unique cell states were validated in situ through microscopy and flow cytometry. Our results reveal complex microbial dynamics during the establishment of a commensal protist in the gut, and provide valuable datasets to drive future mechanistic studies.
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Hazra S, Kalyan Dinda S, Kumar Mondal N, Hossain SR, Datta P, Yasmin Mondal A, Malakar P, Manna D. Giant cells: multiple cells unite to survive. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1220589. [PMID: 37790914 PMCID: PMC10543420 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1220589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated Giant Cells (MGCs) are specialized cells that develop from the fusion of multiple cells, and their presence is commonly observed in human cells during various infections. However, MGC formation is not restricted to infections alone but can also occur through different mechanisms, such as endoreplication and abortive cell cycle. These processes lead to the formation of polyploid cells, eventually resulting in the formation of MGCs. In Entamoeba, a protozoan parasite that causes amoebic dysentery and liver abscesses in humans, the formation of MGCs is a unique phenomenon and not been reported in any other protozoa. This organism is exposed to various hostile environmental conditions, including changes in temperature, pH, and nutrient availability, which can lead to stress and damage to its cells. The formation of MGCs in Entamoeba is thought to be a survival strategy to cope with these adverse conditions. This organism forms MGCs through cell aggregation and fusion in response to osmotic and heat stress. The MGCs in Entamoeba are thought to have increased resistance to various stresses and can survive longer than normal cells under adverse conditions. This increased survival could be due to the presence of multiple nuclei, which could provide redundancy in case of DNA damage or mutations. Additionally, MGCs may play a role in the virulence of Entamoeba as they are found in the inflammatory foci of amoebic liver abscesses and other infections caused by Entamoeba. The presence of MGCs in these infections suggests that they may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Overall, this article offers valuable insights into the intriguing phenomenon of MGC formation in Entamoeba. By unraveling the mechanisms behind this process and examining its implications, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the complex biology of Entamoeba and potentially identify new targets for therapeutic interventions. The study of MGCs in Entamoeba serves as a gateway to exploring the broader field of cell fusion in various organisms, providing a foundation for future investigations into related cellular processes and their significance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasee Hazra
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Suman Kalyan Dinda
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Naba Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Sk Rajjack Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Pratyay Datta
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Afsana Yasmin Mondal
- Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pushkar Malakar
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
| | - Dipak Manna
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Kolkata, India
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Iriarte LS, Martinez CI, de Miguel N, Coceres VM. Tritrichomonas foetus Cell Division Involves DNA Endoreplication and Multiple Fissions. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0325122. [PMID: 36728437 PMCID: PMC10100903 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03251-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis are extracellular flagellated parasites that inhabit animals and humans, respectively. Cell division is a crucial process in most living organisms that leads to the formation of 2 daughter cells from a single mother cell. It has been assumed that T. vaginalis and T. foetus modes of reproduction are exclusively by binary fission. However, here, we showed that multinuclearity is a phenomenon regularly observed in different T. foetus and T. vaginalis strains in standard culture conditions. Additionally, we revealed that nutritional depletion or nutritional deprivation led to different dormant phenotypes. Although multinucleated T. foetus are mostly observed during nutritional depletion, numerous cells with 1 larger nucleus have been observed under nutritional deprivation conditions. In both cases, when the standard culture media conditions are restored, the cytoplasm of these multinucleated cells separates, and numerous parasites are generated in a short period of time by the fission multiple. We also revealed that DNA endoreplication occurs both in large and multiple nuclei of parasites under nutritional deprivation and depletion conditions, suggesting an important function in stress nutritional situations. These results provide valuable data about the cell division process of these extracellular parasites. IMPORTANCE Nowadays, it's known that T. foetus and T. vaginalis generate daughter cells by binary fission. Here, we report that both parasites are also capable of dividing by multiple fission under stress conditions. We also demonstrated, for the first time, that T. foetus can increase its DNA content per parasite without concluding the cytokinesis process (endoreplication) under stress conditions, which represents an efficient strategy for subsequent fast multiplication when the context becomes favorable. Additionally, we revealed the existence of novel dormant forms of resistance (multinucleated or mononucleated polyploid parasites), different than the previously described pseudocysts, that are formed under stress conditions. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the role of these structures in the parasites' transmission in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrecia S. Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian I. Martinez
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica M. Coceres
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Peixoto JF, dos Santos DG, Ribeiro L, de Oliveira VSC, Nunes-da-Fonseca R, Nepomuceno-Silva JL. Establishment of suitable reference genes for studying relative gene expression during the transition from trophozoites to cyst-like stages and first evidences of stress-induced expression of meiotic genes in Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitology 2021; 148:934-946. [PMID: 33827719 PMCID: PMC11010144 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite of the human urogenital tract and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease of worldwide importance. This parasite is usually found as a motile flagellated trophozoite. However, when subjected to stressful microenvironmental conditions, T. vaginalis trophozoites can differentiate into peculiar cyst-like stages, which exhibit notable physiological resistance to unfavourable conditions. Although well documented in morphological and proteomic terms, patterns of gene expression changes involved in the cellular differentiation into cyst-like stages are mostly unknown. The real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is recognized as a sensitive and accurate method for quantification of gene expression, providing fluorescence-based data that are proportional to the amount of a target RNA. However, the reliability of relative expression studies depends on the validation of suitable reference genes, which RNAs exhibit a minimum of variation between tested conditions. Here, we attempt to determine suitable reference genes to be used as controls of invariant expression during cold-induced in vitro differentiation of T. vaginalis trophozoites into cyst-like forms. Furthermore, we reveal that the mRNA from the meiotic recombinase Dmc1 is upregulated during this process, indicating that cryptic sexual events may take place in cyst-like stages of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Figueiredo Peixoto
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM/UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé/RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Graças dos Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM/UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé/RJ, Brazil
| | - Lupis Ribeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais (LICM), Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM/UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé/RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor Silva Cândido de Oliveira
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM/UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé/RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes-da-Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais (LICM), Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM/UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé/RJ, Brazil
| | - José Luciano Nepomuceno-Silva
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM/UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé/RJ, Brazil
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In Vitro Susceptibility to Metronidazole of Tritrichomonas foetus Bovine Isolates from Argentina. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:232-235. [PMID: 30783992 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tritrichomonas foetus is the etiologic agent of the sexually transmitted disease Bovine Trichomonosis (BT). In Argentina, BT is endemic and represents a relevant health problem that causes reproductive inefficiency in cattle and large economic losses. Metronidazole is the drug of choice in the treatment of BT. Treatment has been associated with a temporary resolution of the clinical signs but is not able to control the disease. In recent years, the apparition of in vivo and in vitro aerobic and anaerobic resistance leading to ineffective treatments has been reported. AIMS Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the susceptibility of six different isolates of T. foetus under aerobic (AC) and anaerobic (ANC) conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Six isolates of T. foetus were obtained from samples of preputial smegma of bovine origin. Values of minimum lethal concentration and minimum inhibitory concentration were higher than those observed in other works and represent current data in Argentina and provide information to establish new treatment protocols.
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Flow cytometry evaluation of in vitro susceptibility of bovine isolates of Tritrichomonas foetus to metronidazole. Vet Parasitol 2019; 267:84-89. [PMID: 30878091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Trichomonosis, an endemic sexually transmitted disease in countries with extensive livestock and natural service, represents one of the most common causes of reproductive failure. 5-nitroimidazoles and their derivatives are used for its treatment, mainly metronidazole (Mz). The emergence of resistance mechanisms adopted by the parasites against the drug and failure of the treatments suggest the need to investigate susceptibility and obtain current values. The available information of in vitro susceptibility of these drugs comes from the use of a diversity of methodologies and criteria, especially observation of the mobility of the parasite under the optical microscope to evaluate its viability. These techniques are arduous and time consuming and lead to a subjective assessment dependent on the operator, the methodology used, and the morphology adopted by the protozoan. In this sense, flow cytometry has proven to be a fast and efficient method to evaluate viability in other protozoa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of six bovine isolates of Tritrichomonas foetus to Mz in aerobic (AC) and anaerobic (ANC) conditions by means of the calculation of the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), by flow cytometry, and also to analyze minimum lethal concentration (MLC) by means of recovery tests post-treatment in vitro. IC50 values ranged from 1.06 to 1.25 μM in ANC and from 1.44 to 3.03 μM in AC, these being the only ones reported at 48 h for these protozoa. With respect to MLC at 48 h, the results were from 3.67 to 7.35 μM in ANC, and from 7.35 to 14.7 μM for AC, where two isolates (Tf0 and Tf2) for AC and one (Tf2) for ANC showed higher values than those described in the literature. Flow cytometry has proven to be an effective, rapid and objective methodology and very useful in susceptibility tests. The data obtained through these tests allow us to describe the susceptibility exhibited by these protozoa, this being valuable information when establishing dosages in Mz treatments.
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Bastos BF, Almeida FMD, Brener B. What is known about Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:1-11. [PMID: 30892464 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a parasite that has been definitively identified as an agent of trichomonosis, a disease characterized by chronic diarrhea. T. foetus colonizes portions of the feline large intestine, and manifests as chronic and recurrent diarrhea with mucus and fresh blood, which is often unresponsive to common drugs. Diagnosis of a trichomonad infection is made by either the demonstration of the trophozoite on a direct fecal smear, fecal culture and subsequent microscopic examination of the parasite, or extraction of DNA in feces and amplification by the use of molecular tools. T. foetus is commonly misidentified as other flagellate protozoa such as Giardia duodenalis and Pentatrichomonas hominis. Without proper treatment, the diarrhea may resolve spontaneously in months to years, but cats can remain carriers of the parasite. This paper intends to serve as a source of information for investigators and veterinarians, reviewing the most important aspects of feline trichomonosis, such as trichomonad history, biology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, world distribution, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethânia Ferreira Bastos
- Departamento de Clínica e Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Flavya Mendes de Almeida
- Departamento de Clínica e Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Brener
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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Dias-Lopes G, Wiśniewski JR, de Souza NP, Vidal VE, Padrón G, Britto C, Cuervo P, De Jesus JB. In-Depth Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Trophozoites and Pseudocysts of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3704-3718. [PMID: 30239205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted anaerobic parasite that infects humans causing trichomoniasis, a common and ubiquitous sexually transmitted disease. The life cycle of this parasite possesses a trophozoite form without a cystic stage. However, the presence of nonproliferative and nonmotile, yet viable and reversible spherical forms with internalized flagella, denominated pseudocysts, has been commonly observed for this parasite. To understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of pseudocysts, we performed a mass spectrometry-based high-throughput quantitative proteomics study using a label-free approach and functional assays by biochemical and flow cytometric methods. We observed that the morphological transformation of trophozoite to pseudocysts is coupled to (i) a metabolic shift toward a less glycolytic phenotype; (ii) alterations in the abundance of hydrogenosomal iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly machinery; (iii) increased abundance of regulatory particles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system; (iv) significant alterations in proteins involved in adhesion and cytoskeleton reorganization; and (v) arrest in G2/M phase associated with alterations in the abundance of regulatory proteins of the cell cycle. These data demonstrate that pseudocysts experience important physiological and structural alterations for survival under unfavorable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek R Wiśniewski
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction , Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Batista De Jesus
- Departamento de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São João del Rei , 36301-160 São João del Rei , Minas Gerais Brazil
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New advances in scanning microscopy and its application to study parasitic protozoa. Exp Parasitol 2018; 190:10-33. [PMID: 29702111 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy has been used to observe and study parasitic protozoa for at least 40 years. However, field emission electron sources, as well as improvements in lenses and detectors, brought the resolution power of scanning electron microscopes (SEM) to a new level. Parallel to the refinement of instruments, protocols for preservation of the ultrastructure, immunolabeling, exposure of cytoskeleton and inner structures of parasites and host cells were developed. This review is focused on protozoan parasites of medical and veterinary relevance, e.g., Toxoplasma gondii, Tritrichomonas foetus, Giardia intestinalis, and Trypanosoma cruzi, compilating the main achievements in describing the fine ultrastructure of their surface, cytoskeleton and interaction with host cells. Two new resources, namely, Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM) and Slice and View, using either Focused Ion Beam (FIB) abrasion or Microtome Serial Sectioning (MSS) within the microscope chamber, combined to backscattered electron imaging of fixed (chemically or by quick freezing followed by freeze substitution and resin embedded samples is bringing an exponential amount of valuable information. In HIM there is no need of conductive coating and the depth of field is much higher than in any field emission SEM. As for FIB- and MSS-SEM, high resolution 3-D models of areas and volumes larger than any other technique allows can be obtained. The main results achieved with all these technological tools and some protocols for sample preparation are included in this review. In addition, we included some results obtained with environmental/low vacuum scanning microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy, both promising, but not yet largely employed SEM modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bradic
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane M. Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Collántes-Fernández E, Fort MC, Ortega-Mora LM, Schares G. Trichomonas. PARASITIC PROTOZOA OF FARM ANIMALS AND PETS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122547 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The most widely known trichomonad in veterinary medicine is Tritrichomonas foetus. It is the etiologic agent of bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease in extensively managed herds throughout many geographic regions worldwide. The same trichomonad species is also regarded as the causative agent of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat, although more recent studies observed molecular differences between bovine- and feline-derived T. foetus. Trichomonosis in cats has a worldwide distribution and is mainly present among cats from high-density housing environments. Other trichomonads are found as inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract in birds, such as Trichomonas gallinae. Particularly, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes, and wild Passeriformes can be severely affected by avian trichomonads. Diagnosis of trichomonosis is often complicated by the fragility of the parasite. To ensure valid test results, it is essential to collect and handle specimens in the right way prior to analysis. Cultivation tests, the specific amplification of parasites, or a combination of both test methods is the most efficient and most commonly used way to diagnose trichomonosis in animals. Bovine tritrichomonosis is mainly controlled by the identification and withdrawal of infected animals from bovine herds. The control of feline and avian trichomonosis relies mainly on preventive measures.
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Dias-Lopes G, Saboia-Vahia L, Margotti ET, Fernandes NDS, Castro CLDF, Oliveira FO, Peixoto JF, Britto C, Silva FCE, Cuervo P, Jesus JBD. Morphologic study of the effect of iron on pseudocyst formation in Trichomonas vaginalis and its interaction with human epithelial cells. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:664-673. [PMID: 28953994 PMCID: PMC5607515 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis is the aetiological agent of human trichomoniasis, which is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in humans. Iron is an important element for the survival of this parasite and the colonisation of the host urogenital tract. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the effects of iron on parasite proliferation in the dynamics of pseudocyst formation and morphologically characterised iron depletion-induced pseudocysts. METHODS We performed structural and ultrastructural analyses using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. FINDINGS It was observed that iron depletion (i) interrupts the proliferation of T. vaginalis, (ii) induces morphological changes in typical multiplicative trophozoites to spherical non-proliferative, non-motile pseudocysts, and (iii) induces the arrest of cell division at different stages of the cell cycle; (iv) iron is the fundamental element for the maintenance of typical trophozoite morphology; (v) pseudocysts induced by iron depletion are viable and reversible forms; and, finally, (vi) we demonstrated that pseudocysts induced by iron depletion are able to interact with human epithelial cells maintaining their spherical forms. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that pseudocysts could be induced as a response to iron nutritional stress and could have a potential role in the transmission and infection of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovane Dias-Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Eliane Trindade Margotti
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil
| | - Nilma de Souza Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Francisco Odencio Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Juliana Figueiredo Peixoto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Constança Britto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernando Costa E Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - José Batista de Jesus
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil
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15
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Candiani D, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Trichomonosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04992. [PMID: 32625289 PMCID: PMC7009924 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of trichomonosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of trichomonosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to trichomonosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, trichomonosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in sections 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for trichomonosis according to Article 8(3) criteria is cattle as susceptible and reservoir.
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16
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McBurney S, Kelly-Clark WK, Forzán MJ, Vanderstichel R, Teather K, Greenwood SJ. Persistence of Trichomonas gallinae in Birdseed. Avian Dis 2017; 61:311-315. [DOI: 10.1637/11545-113016-regr1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott McBurney
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Whitney K. Kelly-Clark
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - María J. Forzán
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Raphaël Vanderstichel
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Kevin Teather
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Spencer J. Greenwood
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
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17
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Iriarte LS, Midlej V, Frontera LS, Moros Duarte D, Barbeito CG, de Souza W, Benchimol M, de Miguel N, Coceres VM. TfVPS32 Regulates Cell Division in the Parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:28-37. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucrecia S. Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM; Chascomús B7130IWA Argentina
| | - Victor Midlej
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer; Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitaria; Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373 - G1-019 - Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Lorena S. Frontera
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM; Chascomús B7130IWA Argentina
| | - Daniel Moros Duarte
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM; Chascomús B7130IWA Argentina
| | - Claudio G. Barbeito
- Histology and Embryology Department; Veterinary Medicine School; National University of La Plata (UNLP); P.O. Box 296 1900 La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer; Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitaria; Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373 - G1-019 - Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Marlene Benchimol
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer; Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitaria; Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373 - G1-019 - Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902 Brazil
- Universidade do Grande Rio, UNIGRANRIO; Rua Professor José de Souza Herdy 1160 - Jardim Vinte e Cinco de Agosto Duque de Caxias RJ 25070-000 Brazil
| | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM; Chascomús B7130IWA Argentina
| | - Veronica M. Coceres
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM; Chascomús B7130IWA Argentina
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18
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Pereira-Neves A, Menna-Barreto RFS, Benchimol M. The fungal metabolite gliotoxin inhibits proteasome proteolytic activity and induces an irreversible pseudocystic transformation and cell death in Tritrichomonas foetus. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3057-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Santos CSD, Jesus VLTD, McIntosh D, Berto BP, Lopes CWG. Co-infection by Tritrichomonas foetus and Pentatrichomonas hominis in asymptomatic cats. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2015001200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Tritrichomonas foetus, a parasite well known for its significance as a venereally transmitted pathogen in cattle, has been identified as a cause of chronic large bowel diarrhea in domestic cats in many countries of the world. In Brazil, several studies on the diagnosis of bovine trichomoniasis have been performed, but until now, no study was made regarding feline trichomoniasis. Thus, this is the first study to report the occurrence of T. foetus and Pentatrichomonas hominis in cats using morphological and molecular analysis. Feces from 77 cats were examined, four of which (5.2%) were positive for the presence of parabasalids. Morphological analysis of stained smears revealed piriform trophozoites showing the three anterior flagella, elongated nucleus and axostyle ending abruptly in fillet, characteristic of T. foetus. In scanning and transmission electron microscopy, identification characters similar to those previously reported for T. foetus were observed. The cultures containing trophozoites were submitted for molecular analysis, which resulted positive for T. foetus DNA using specific primers (TFR3 and TFR4), and all samples were positive and subjected to sequencing in which they showed 99.7-100% similarity with another isolate sequencing of T. foetus (JX960422). Although no trophozoite with consistent morphology of P. hominis has been visualized in the samples, differential diagnosis was performed using specific primers for P. hominis (TH3 and TH5) amplicon. In three of the four samples (3.89%) sequencing revealed 100% similarity when compared with another sequence of P. hominis deposited in Genbank (KC623939). Therefore, the present study revealed through the diagnostic techniques employed the simultaneous infection by T. foetus and P. hominis in the feces of cats. However, it was necessary to use more than one technique for the diagnosis of the co-infection. These results demonstrate the importance of a correct diagnosis to allow an appropriate treatment by the veterinarian.
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20
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Pereira-Neves A, Gonzaga L, Menna-Barreto RFS, Benchimol M. Characterisation of 20S Proteasome in Tritrichomonas foetus and Its Role during the Cell Cycle and Transformation into Endoflagellar Form. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129165. [PMID: 26047503 PMCID: PMC4457923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes are intracellular complexes that control selective protein degradation in organisms ranging from Archaea to higher eukaryotes. These structures have multiple proteolytic activities that are required for cell differentiation, replication and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Here, we document the presence of the 20S proteasome in the protist parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. Complementary techniques, such as a combination of whole genome sequencing technologies, bioinformatics algorithms, cell fractionation and biochemistry and microscopy approaches were used to characterise the 20S proteasome of T. foetus. The 14 homologues of the typical eukaryotic proteasome subunits were identified in the T. foetus genome. Alignment analyses showed that the main regulatory and catalytic domains of the proteasome were conserved in the predicted amino acid sequences from T. foetus-proteasome subunits. Immunofluorescence assays using an anti-proteasome antibody revealed a labelling distributed throughout the cytosol as punctate cytoplasmic structures and in the perinuclear region. Electron microscopy of a T. foetus-proteasome-enriched fraction confirmed the presence of particles that resembled the typical eukaryotic 20S proteasome. Fluorogenic assays using specific peptidyl substrates detected presence of the three typical peptidase activities of eukaryotic proteasomes in T. foetus. As expected, these peptidase activities were inhibited by lactacystin, a well-known specific proteasome inhibitor, and were not affected by inhibitors of serine or cysteine proteases. During the transformation of T. foetus to endoflagellar form (EFF), also known as pseudocyst, we observed correlations between the EFF formation rates, increases in the proteasome activities and reduced levels of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. The growth, cell cycle and EFF transformation of T. foetus were inhibited after treatment with lactacystin in a dose-dependent manner. Lactacystin treatment also resulted in an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and caused increase in the amount of endoplasmic reticulum membranes in the parasite. Taken together, our results suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for cell cycle and EFF transformation in T. foetus.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/analogs & derivatives
- Acetylcysteine/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/drug effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/ultrastructure
- Flagella/metabolism
- Flagella/ultrastructure
- Life Cycle Stages/drug effects
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/classification
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Protozoan Proteins/ultrastructure
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spores, Protozoan/drug effects
- Spores, Protozoan/metabolism
- Spores, Protozoan/ultrastructure
- Tritrichomonas foetus/genetics
- Tritrichomonas foetus/growth & development
- Tritrichomonas foetus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pereira-Neves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Celular, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Cientifica (LNCC/MCT), Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marlene Benchimol
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- UNIGRANRIO- Universidade do Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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de Andrade Rosa I, de Souza W, Benchimol M. Changes in the structural organization of the cytoskeleton of Tritrichomonas foetus during trophozoite-pseudocyst transformation. Micron 2015; 73:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
: The human intestinal microbiome plays a critical role in human health and disease, including the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Numerous studies have identified altered bacterial diversity and abundance at varying taxonomic levels through biopsies and fecal samples of patients with IBD and diseased model animals. However, inconsistent observations regarding the microbial compositions of such patients have hindered the efforts in assessing the etiological role of specific bacterial species in the pathophysiology of IBD. These observations highlight the importance of minimizing the confounding factors associated with IBD and the need for a standardized methodology to analyze well-defined microbial sampling sources in early IBD diagnosis. Furthermore, establishing the linkage between microbiota compositions with their function within the host system can provide new insights on the pathogenesis of IBD. Such research has been greatly facilitated by technological advances that include functional metagenomics coupled with proteomic and metabolomic profiling. This review provides updates on the composition of the microbiome in IBD and emphasizes microbiota dysbiosis-involved mechanisms. We highlight functional roles of specific bacterial groups in the development and management of IBD. Functional analyses of the microbiome may be the key to understanding the role of microbiota in the development and chronicity of IBD and reveal new strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Evidence for repeated gene duplications in Tritrichomonas foetus supported by EST analysis and comparison with the Trichomonas vaginalis genome. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206:267-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pereira-Neves A, Rosales-Encina JL, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Benchimol M. Tritrichomonas foetus: Characterisation of ecto-phosphatase activities in the endoflagelar form and their possible participation on the parasite’s transformation and cytotoxicity. Exp Parasitol 2014; 142:67-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hosein A, Kruth SA, Pearl DL, Richardson D, Maggs JC, Peach HA, Peregrine AS. Isolation of Tritrichomonas foetus from cats sampled at a cat clinic, cat shows and a humane society in southern Ontario. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:706-11. [PMID: 23362340 PMCID: PMC11191714 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13475617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a protozoan parasite that has been associated with chronic diarrhea in cats. This study aimed to determine (i) the prevalence of T foetus shedding in cats from three different populations in southern Ontario, and (ii) associations between the presence of T foetus and potential cat management, health and demographic risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 140 cats from a cat clinic in Guelph, 46 cats from a humane society in Guelph and 55 cats from two cat shows. Risk factor information was assessed through a questionnaire. The InPouch TF (feline) culture method was used to determine the presence of T foetus in all samples. Polymerase chain reaction was conducted on all samples positive by the InPouch TF, as well as 132 negative samples. The assays were interpreted in series and the prevalence of T foetus shedding and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated at 0.7% (95% CI: 0.0-3.9%; n = 140) from the cat clinic, 0% (95% CI: 0.0-7.7%; n = 46) from the humane society and 23.6% (95% CI: 13.2-37.0%; n = 55) from the cat shows. 'Attendance at cat shows' was the only variable significant in both the univariable and multivariable analyses (P <0.05). No significant association was found between the presence of T foetus and diarrhea at the time of sampling or having a history of diarrhea in the past 6 months. The prevalence of T foetus was highly variable among populations of cats in southern Ontario, with shedding being most common in show cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansarah Hosein
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, ON, Canada.
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26
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Kusdian G, Woehle C, Martin WF, Gould SB. The actin-based machinery of Trichomonas vaginalis mediates flagellate-amoeboid transition and migration across host tissue. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1707-21. [PMID: 23530917 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the most widespread non-viral pathogen of the human urogenital tract, infecting ∼ 3% of the world's population annually. At the onset of infection the protist changes morphology within minutes: the flagellated free-swimming cell converts into the amoeboid-adherent stage. The molecular machinery of this process is not well studied, but is thought to involve actin reorganization. We have characterized amoeboid transition, focusing in particular on TvFim1, the only expressed protein of the fimbrin family in Trichomonas. Addition of TvFim1 to actin polymerization assays increases the speed of actin filament assembly and results in bundling of F-actin in a parallel and anti-parallel manner. Upon contact with vaginal epithelial cells, the otherwise diffuse localization of actin and TvFim1 changes dramatically. In the amoeboid TvFim1 associates with fibrous actin bundles and concentrates at protrusive structures opposing the trailing ends of the gliding amoeboid form and rapidly redistributes together with actin to form distinct clusters. Live cell imaging demonstrates that Trichomonas amoeboid stages do not just adhere to host tissue, rather they actively migrate across human epithelial cells. They do so in a concerted manner, with an average speed of 20 μm min(-1) and often using their flagella and apical tip as the leading edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Kusdian
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Huang KY, Shin JW, Huang PJ, Ku FM, Lin WC, Lin R, Hsu WM, Tang P. Functional profiling of the Tritrichomonas foetus transcriptome and proteome. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 187:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Yeh YM, Huang KY, Richie Gan RC, Huang HD, Wang TCV, Tang P. Phosphoproteome profiling of the sexually transmitted pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2012; 46:366-73. [PMID: 22921107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE(S) Trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. Morphological transformation from the trophozoite stage to the amoeboid or pseudocyst stage is crucial for T. vaginalis infection and survival. Protein phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification involved in the regulation of several biological processes in various prokaryotes and eukaryotes. More than 880 protein kinases have been identified in the T. vaginalis genome. However, little is known about the phosphorylation of specific proteins and the distribution of phosphorylated proteins in different stages of the morphological transformation of T. vaginalis. METHODS To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the T. vaginalis phosphoproteome, we analyzed phosphorylated proteins in the three morphological stages using titanium dioxide combined with LC-MS/MS. RESULTS A total of 93 phosphopeptides originating from 82 unique proteins were identified. Among these proteins, 21 were detected in all stages, 29 were identified in two different stages, and 32 were stage specific. CONCLUSION Identification of stage-specific phosphorylated proteins indicates that phosphorylation of these proteins may play a key role in the morphological transformation of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ming Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Pereira-Neves A, Nascimento LF, Benchimol M. Cytotoxic Effects Exerted by Tritrichomonas foetus Pseudocysts. Protist 2012; 163:529-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Pseudocyst forms of Trichomonas vaginalis from cervical neoplasia. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:371-81. [PMID: 22398830 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellated protozoan parasite causes a variety of adverse health consequences in both men and women. The parasite exists in the trophozoite and the pseudocystic stage. The study reports for the first time that pseudocyst forms of T. vaginalis isolated from cervical neoplasia (CN) patients demonstrated distinct, different and significant in vitro growth profiles when grown in vitro cultures from day 1 up to day 5 (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney test) when compared with the same life cycle stages isolated from non-cervical neoplasia but symptomatic patients (NCN). Pseudocysts from CN and NCN isolates remained viable in distilled water until 3 h 10 min and 2 h 10 min, respectively. The nucleus of pseudocysts in CN isolates using acridine orange and DAPI showed more intense staining revealing higher nuclear content. The FITC-labeled Concanavalin A stained stronger green fluorescence with surface of pseudocysts in CN isolates showing more rough and creased surface with higher numbers of deep micropores with larger numbers of chromatin masses, vacuoles, and hydrogenosomes. The study confirms that pseudocystic stage from CN, despite the uniformity in appearance of being rounded and showing no motility without a true cyst wall under light microscopy, demonstrated different biochemical, surface, and ultrastructural properties. The study provides evidence that phenotypic variant forms of pseudocysts does exist and possibly does play a role in exacerbating cervical cancer.
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The ambiguous life of Dientamoeba fragilis: the need to investigate current hypotheses on transmission. Parasitology 2011; 138:557-72. [PMID: 21349214 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis is an inhabitant of the human bowel and is associated with gastrointestinal illness. Despite its discovery over a century ago, the details of Dientamoeba's life cycle are unclear and its mode of transmission is unknown. Several theories exist which attempt to explain how Dientamoeba may be transmitted. One theory suggests that animals are responsible for the transmission of Dientamoeba. However, reports of Dientamoeba in animals are sporadic and most are not supported by molecular evidence. Another theory suggests that Dientamoeba may be transmitted via the ova of a helminth. Given that the closest relative of Dientamoeba is transmitted via the ova of a helminth, this theory seems plausible. It has also been suggested that Dientamoeba could be transmitted directly between humans. This theory also seems plausible given that other relatives of Dientamoeba are transmitted in this way. Despite numerous investigations, Dientamoeba's mode of transmission remains unknown. This review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of theories relating to Dientamoeba's mode of transmission and, by doing so, indicates where gaps in current knowledge exist. Where information is lacking, suggestions are made as to how future research could improve our knowledge on the life cycle of Dientamoeba.
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Pereira-Neves A, Campero CM, Martínez A, Benchimol M. Identification of Tritrichomonas foetus pseudocysts in fresh preputial secretion samples from bulls. Vet Parasitol 2010; 175:1-8. [PMID: 21035271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a serious veterinary pathogen that causes bovine trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease that eventually leads to abortion and infertility. T. foetus has a simple life cycle that consists of only a trophozoitic form. During unfavorable environmental conditions, the trophozoites, which are polar and flagellated, can adopt a spherical shape and internalize their flagella. These rounded organisms are known as pseudocysts. Although it is currently assumed that T. foetus pseudocyst formation is reversible and that it represents a response to stressful conditions, there are no reports showing the presence of this form in vivo. For this reason, the aim of this study was to verify whether T. foetus pseudocysts are encountered in naturally infected bulls. Towards this goal, fresh preputial samples obtained from seven mature bulls that were naturally infected with T. foetus were analyzed using complementary techniques, such as video microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The analyses revealed that approximately 55% of the parasites were in pseudocyst form in each preputial sample, whereas approximately 25% of T. foetus displayed pear-shaped bodies. Previous research demonstrated that in vitro T. foetus pseudocysts are able to divide by a budding process. Here, this division mode was observed in approximately 20% of fresh T. foetus obtained from preputial bovine samples. Thus, this study shows that in infected bulls, pseudocysts are present and occur more frequently than the pear-shaped parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pereira-Neves
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Universidade Santa Úrsula, Rua Jornalista Orlando Dantas 59, Botafogo, CEP 22231-010 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vilela R, Menna-Barreto RFS, Benchimol M. Methyl jasmonate induces cell death and loss of hydrogenosomal membrane potential in Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:387-93. [PMID: 20483382 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is an important human parasite of the urogenital tract. Jasmonates are a group of small lipids that are produced in plants and function as stress hormones. Naturally occurring methyl jasmonate (MJ) has been used to treat several types of cancer cells and it is cytotoxic to protistan parasites. It has been suggested that mitochondria are the target organelles of jasmonates. Here, we tested this drug against T. vaginalis. Although metronidazole has been the drug of choice for trichomoniasis, side effects from this treatment are common, and nausea and dizziness have been reported in up to 12% of patients. In addition, there has been increased recognition of resistance to metronidazole. We demonstrate here using flow cytometry, JC-1 and scanning and transmission electron microscopy that MJ induced the cell death of T. vaginalis parasites. Our results are discussed with previous findings published by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vilela
- Universidade Santa Ursula, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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