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Oehm AW, Zablotski Y, Hoedemaker M, Campe A, Strube C, Jordan D, Springer A, Klawitter M, Knubben-Schweizer G. Associations of production characteristics with the on-farm presence of Fasciola hepatica in dairy cows vary across production levels and indicate differences between breeds. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294601. [PMID: 37976265 PMCID: PMC10656002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is one of the economically most important endoparasites in cattle production. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the relevance of production level on the associations of on-farm presence of F. hepatica with farm-level milk yield, milk fat, and milk protein in Holstein cows, a specialised dairy breed, and in Simmental cows, a dual purpose breed. Furthermore, we investigated whether differential associations were present depending on breed. Data from 560 dairy farms across Germany housing 93,672 cows were analysed. The presence of F. hepatica antibodies was determined via ELISA on bulk tank milk samples. Quantile regression was applied to model the median difference in milk yield, milk fat, and milk protein depending on the interaction of breed and fluke occurrence. Whereas a reduction in milk yield (-1,206 kg, p < 0.001), milk fat (-22.9 kg, p = 0.001), and milk protein (-41.6 kg, p <0.001) was evident on F. hepatica positive German Holstein farms, only milk fat (-33.8 kg, p = 0.01) and milk protein (-22.6 kg, p = 0.03) were affected on F. hepatica positive German Simmental farms. Subsequently, production traits were modelled within each of the two breeds for low, medium, and high producing farms in the presence of F. hepatica antibodies and of confounders. On Holstein farms, the presence of F. hepatica seropositivity was associated with lower production, while on German Simmental farms such an association was less evident. This work demonstrates that production level is relevant when assessing the associations between the exposure to F. hepatica with production characteristics. Moreover, both models indicate a breed dependence. This could point towards a differential F. hepatica resilience of specialised dairy breeds in comparison with dual purpose breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W. Oehm
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniela Jordan
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Klawitter
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Attia MM, Saad MF, Khalf MA. Milk tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interferon (IFN-γ) and oxidative stress markers as new indicators for fascioliasis in dairy water buffaloes. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105672. [PMID: 35817281 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sixty Bubaline milk samples with corresponding blood samples were obtained from flocks at random in Cairo and Giza Governorates. The aerobic bacteria & somatic cells were counted and evaluated the physicochemical parameters of milk. Both milk and serum of buffaloes' were evaluated for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interferon (IFN-ɤ) by quantitative real-time PCR protocol, and oxidative stress markers were measured spectrophotometrically. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the mean values of whole milk physicochemical aspects except the moisture % & pH values were recorded for infested and non-infested animals. For F. gigantica infested animals, the milk TNF-α, IL-1β, interferon IFN-γ, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values were 17.5 ± 0.67, 18.5 ± 0.71, 19.25 ± 0.74, 7.75 ± 0.29, and 1.1 ± 0.04, respectively (lesser than serum values) with a significant difference (p < 0.05) between positive and negative samples for both examined serum and milk samples. There was also a significant (p < 0.05) negative relationship between MSCC & fat% and protein%, while a significant (p < 0.05) positive relationship between MSCC and the investigated milk cytokines in F. gigantica infested animals. This study is considered one of the fewest investigations of milk cytokines and oxidative stress markers in buffaloes fascioliasis diagnosis. Meanwhile, monitoring these genes modification that is active in the milk-producing gland is significant to typify the act technicality of the inherited immunity that helps the progress of schemes to retain the udder health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahmoud A Khalf
- Veterinary Hygiene and Management department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, P.O Box 12211, Egypt
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Saad MF, Attia MM. Milk As a New Diagnostic Tool for Rapid Detection of Fascioliasis in Dairy Goats Using Excretory/Secretory Antigen. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:336-345. [PMID: 32990897 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fascioliasis is a serious livestock illness of particular importance for dairy goats; the objectives of this study were to describe effects of F. gigantica on milk composition and to use this information to estimate economic damages linked with Fasciola spp. infections. Furthermore, the study sought to standardize the use of milk instead of serum for early diagnosis of fascioliasis in dairy goats. METHODS One-hundred samples of goat milk along with corresponding blood samples were obtained at random from flocks in Cairo and Giza Governorates. The ELISA and DOT-ELISA were performed in both serum and milk of dairy goats. RESULTS Total mesophilic count (mean value) was 2.12 × 106 ± 1.63 × 105 CFU/ml in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) positive samples and 1.46 × 104 ± 8.58 × 102 CFU/ml in ELISA-negative samples. The mean values were significantly different (P < 0.05). The mean values of percentages of fat, SNF, protein, salts, lactose, pH, and MSCC/ml in ELISA-positive samples were 2.3 ± 0.17, 8.21 ± 0.63, 3.08 ± 0.18, 0.90 ± 0.06, 3.64 ± 0.28, 6.93 + 0.53, and 1.18 × 106 ± 9.07 × 104 cells/ml, respectively. A significant difference (P < 0.05) between the mean values of two composition parameters, i.e., percent of fat and MSCC/ml in ELISA-positive and -negative samples, for Fasciola gigantica was observed. The antigen used for the diagnosis of F. gigantica was excretory/secretory (E/S) antigen. The dilutions of (E/S) concentrations after checkerboard titration for indirect ELISA were 20 μg/ml protein and for dot-ELISA, 300 ng/μl. Sera dilution was 1:100 in the two tests, and milk dilution was 1:50 for indirect ELISA, and 1:25 for dot-ELISA. The two tests were performed using known F. gigantica positive and negative goat sera and known rat hyper immunized negative and positive sera against E/S antigen of F. gigantica as well as known sera for paramphistomes without F. gigantica infection. The cutoff values in indirect ELISA were 0.45 for sera and 0.35 for milk. CONCLUSION The application of different serological technique in goat farms reveals a good test in rapid diagnosis of fascioliasis especially the uses of dot ELISA when using the milk instead of the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena F Saad
- Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Attia
- Parasitology Departments, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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Rehman A, Rehman L, Ullah R, Beg MA, Khan MAH, Abidi SMA. Oxidative status and changes in the adenosine deaminase activity in experimental host infected with tropical liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105753. [PMID: 33166513 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fine tuning of the metabolic, physiological and immunological cues along with interplay between the biomolecules of the host and the parasite could be responsible for the successful establishment of parasitic infections. The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the oxidative status and the level of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the serum and liver of rabbits experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica. A significant increase in level of ROS, MDA and 4-HNE along with a decline in the SOD, CAT, GR and GST activity was evident in rabbits experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica. However, there was an increase in the GPX activity in the sera of infected rabbits. The increased GPX activity and decreased GR activity would have resulted in the depletion of GSH, a key non-enzymatic antioxidant, in the infected animals. The level of GSSG was also found to be higher in the sera and liver tissues of the infected rabbits along with a decline in the GSH/GSSG ratio, indicating a high level of oxidative stress in the infected animals, which also showed a significant increase in the activity of the marker enzymes of liver pathology, AST and ALT. Further, a significant inhibition of the adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in the infected rabbits was accompanied with the reduction in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 while the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-4 level was significantly elevated. In conclusion, the F. gigantica induced significant oxidative stress as evident from the increased levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation along with the disruption of antioxidant and detoxification cascade ultimately lead to pathogenic and inflammatory responses in the experimental host. Whereas, the altered ADA activity could modulate the host's immune responses toward Th-2 type and would facilitate the successful establishment of flukes within their host, thus indicating that ADA could be exploited as a target for the development of novel anthelmintic drugs against fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Lubna Rehman
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mirza A Beg
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - M A Hannan Khan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S M A Abidi
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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May K, Bohlsen E, König S, Strube C. Fasciola hepatica seroprevalence in Northern German dairy herds and associations with milk production parameters and milk ketone bodies. Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:109016. [PMID: 31901738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infections with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica remain a serious problem in dairy herds causing significant production losses. In sheep, a strong relationship between F. hepatica infections and an increase in serum ketone bodies due to reduced feed intake and liver damage was demonstrated. We hypothesized that F. hepatica infections might contribute to an increase in milk ketone bodies in dairy herds. Thus, the objective of the study was to estimate the association between F. hepatica bulk tank milk (BTM) antibodies and milk production parameters (milk yield, milk protein, fat yield), somatic cell count (SCC) and the milk ketone bodies ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetone, inferred from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, via linear mixed model analysis. A further aim was to follow up the F. hepatica seroprevalence in dairy herds in the northern German region East Frisia. We collected BTM samples between October and December from 1022 herds in 2017 and 1318 herds in 2018. Overall, 33.1 % of the herds tested positive in 2017 and 37.0 % in 2018, showing decreased F. hepatica seroprevalences compared to prior seroprevalence studies in the same region in 2010, 2008 and 2006 (> 45 % positive herds). We estimated a significant negative association (P < 0.001) between herd F. hepatica infection category and average milk yield with a loss of -1.62 kg per cow per day in strongly infected herds compared to BTM ELISA negative herds. Moreover, F. hepatica infection category had a significant effect on herd average milk protein and fat yield (P < 0.001), showing a decrease of 0.06 kg for both parameters from BTM ELISA negative herds to strongly infected herds. No significant association with milk SCC was found (P = 0.664). Regarding ketone bodies, we estimated significant higher average BHB values in strongly infected herds compared to the other three infection categories in the model analysis (P = 0.002). The association between F. hepatica infection category and acetone values was not significant (P = 0.079). Besides primary ketosis, fasciolosis should be considered as differential diagnosis in dairy herds with increased BHB values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Ernst Bohlsen
- State Control Association for Milk Recording, Landeskontrollverband (LKV) Weser-Ems e.V., 26789 Leer, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Salvadori Schafer A, D Baldissera M, Bagolin da Silva C, Sorraila de Oliveira J, Igor Magalhães de Matos AF, Lopes Dornelles G, Grando TH, Trevisan Gressler L, Stefanello S, Santi E, Pelegrine Minho A, Rodrigues D, F Souza C, L R Leal M, G Monteiro S, T A Lopes S, Melazzo de Andrade C. Copper oxide and closantel prevent alterations in hepatic energetic metabolism and reduce inflammation in Haemonchus contortus infection. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107726. [PMID: 31299264 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate if the use of copper oxide wire particles, isolated or in association with closantel, in lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus enhances the anthelmintic efficacy of closantel, as well as to evaluate the effects of treatment in hepatic energy metabolism, inflammatory markers and hematological and biochemical tests. The lambs were randomly divided into five groups (6 animals each), as follows: uninfected animals (Control); animals infected with H. contortus (HC); infected and treated with closantel (HC + CL); infected and treated with copper oxide wire particles (HC + Cu); and infected and treated with closantel plus copper oxide wire particles (HC + CL + Cu). The animals of infected groups were infected orally with H. contortus (5,000 L3 -larvae) and on day 14 post infection (p.i) the treatments were initiated. The egg per gram of feces (EPG), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), adenylate kinase (AK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities and hematological and biochemical tests were evaluated. Treatments with copper oxide (isolated and associated) were able to reduce the EPG count on days 28, 35, 42 and 49 p.i when compared to HC group, while closantel was able to reduce EPG only from day 35 p.i. Moreover, treatment with closantel (isolated or associated) was able to prevent the inhibition of hepatic AK and PK activities caused by H. contortus infection, which may contribute to efficient intracellular energetic communication in order to maintain the balance between cellular ATP consumption and production. Butyrylcholinesterase and MPO activities were higher in infected lambs compared to uninfected, while treated groups showed lower enzymatic activity compared to the group HC. The use of all therapeutic protocols was able to reduce the EPG count. Based on these evidences, the use of copper oxide plus closantel may be considered an alternative to treat lambs infected by H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Salvadori Schafer
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinárias, Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima nº1000, Santa Maria, Brazil.
| | - Matheus D Baldissera
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cássia Bagolin da Silva
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinárias, Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima nº1000, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sorraila de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima nº1000, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Lopes Dornelles
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinárias, Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima nº1000, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Thirssa Helena Grando
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Lucas Trevisan Gressler
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Simone Stefanello
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabologia Animal, Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima nº1000, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Santi
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinárias, Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima nº1000, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Carine F Souza
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. Roraima nº1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta L R Leal
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Metabologia Animal, Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima nº1000, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Silvia G Monteiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sonia T A Lopes
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinárias, Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima nº1000, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinárias, Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima nº1000, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Evaluation of Fasciola hepatica Infections in Cattle in Northeastern Algeria and the Effects on Both Enzyme and Hepatic Damage, Confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:112-128. [PMID: 30689191 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-018-00013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study is to establish the presence of Fasciola hepatica on farms in northeastern Algeria. METHODS 143 blood and coprological samples of 15 males and 128 females of different breeds and ages were analysed. RESULTS Our study indicates a heterogeneous level of the anti-f2 antibodies to Fasciola hepatica in response to the infection. The overall seroprevalence was about 22.37%, and 9 out of 13 investigated farms were infected, with rates varying from 5.88% to 70%. To explain the intrinsic variability of the infection, we identified age, sex and breed as potential risk factors. Based on this, we collected information about their relevance. There was a significant difference for age (p = 0.018) and coprology (p < 0.0001). Independently, sex and breed had no impact on the infection, although males were more infected (27%) than females (22%). Of the five investigated breeds, Holstein cattle (31.11%) were most affected, followed by Montbeliard (20.27%) and crossed breed (13.64%). Multivariate comparisons showed that the presence of faecal eggs reflects the active infectious status of cattle (p < 0.0001), while age (p = 0.011) and sex (p = 0.040) significantly impact the chance of acquiring the infection. To evaluate liver parenchyma integrity and its functionality, hepatic enzymes were examined and showed relatively low levels of aminotransferases, excluding cytolisis. Although sensitive to distomatosis, γGT and PAL values were inconsistent with the infection rate. The relatively high levels of proteins and albumin eliminate hepatic insufficiency. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a chronic fasciolosis, confirmed by histology and SEM.
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Experimental infection of cattle with Listeria monocytogenes: Participation of purinergic metabolism in disease pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2018; 122:25-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Qi S, Guan H, Deng G, Yang T, Cheng X, Liu W, Liu P, Wang C. Rapid, reliable, and sensitive detection of adenosine deaminase activity by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and its application to inhibitory activity evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 153:175-181. [PMID: 29499460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA), which is a key enzyme in the metabolism of purine nucleosides, plays important roles in diverse disorders, such as tuberculosis, diabetes, liver disorders, and cancer. Determination of the activities of ADA and its isoenzymes in body fluids has received considerable attention in the diagnosis and treatment of relative diseases. Ultraviolet spectroscopy with adenosine (AD) as a substrate is a classical approach for screening potential ADA inhibitors by measuring the decrease in substrate (AD) at 265 nm or increase in the product (inosine) at 248 nm. However, AD and inosine share a very close maximum absorption wavelength, and the reaction is uncertain and is frequently interfered by the background color of matrix compounds or plant extracts. Thus, the method usually yields false positive or negative results. In this study, a novel, rapid, sensitive, and accurate ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q exactive hybrid quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometric (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) method was developed for determining and screening ADA inhibitors by directly determining the deamination product of AD, inosine. A proper separation was achieved for inosine and chlormequat (internal standard) within 2 min via isocratic elution (0.1% formic acid:methanol = 85:15, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min-1 on a Waters ACQUITY HSS T3 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) following a simple precipitation of proteins. The intra- and inter-day precisions of the developed method were below 7.17% and 8.99%, respectively. The method exhibited advantages of small total reaction volume (60 μL), short running time (2 min), high sensitivity (lowest limit of quantification of 0.02 μM for inosine), and low cost (small enzyme consumption of 0.007 unit mL-1 for ADA and substrate of 3.74 μM for AD in individual inhibition), and no matrix effects (101.64%-107.12%). Stability results showed that all analytes were stable under the investigated conditions. The developed method was successfully applied to the detection of the inhibitory activity of ADA from traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Qi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 199 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Ecto-enzymes activities in splenic lymphocytes of mice experimentally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi and treated with specific avian immunoglobulins: an attempt to improve the immune response. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 448:9-15. [PMID: 29435869 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of specific avian polyclonal antibodies (IgY) against Trypanosoma cruzi and their interaction with ecto-enzymes of the purinergic system (NTPDase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities) in splenic lymphocytes. For this, mice were divided into six groups: three non-infected (A, B, and C) and three infected (D, E, and F). The groups A and D were composed by negative and positive controls, respectively; while the groups B and E were treated prophylactically with IgY (50 mg/kg), and the groups C and F were treated therapeutically with IgY (50 mg/kg). Treatment with IgY reduced parasitemia on day 6 post-infection (PI) compared to the infected control group, but it was similar on day 8 PI. Moreover, infected and treated animals (the groups E and F) did not show neither amastigotes in the cardiac tissue nor cardiac lesions when compared to the positive control group (the group D). The E-NTPDase (ATP and ADP as substrate) and ADA activities in splenic lymphocytes increased significantly in the positive control group (the group D) compared to the negative control group (the group A). The therapeutic treatment of IgY (the group F) was able to prevent the increase of E-NTPDase and E-ADA activities compared to the positive control group (the group D), but this finding was not observed in animals that received the prophylactic treatment (the group E). The therapeutic treatment of IgY may be considered an interesting approach to improve the immune response of mice experimentally infected by T. cruzi.
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Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Doleski PH, Monteiro SG, da Silva AS, Baldisserotto B. Serum adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase activities in silver catfish naturally infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: The influence of these enzymes on inflammatory and oxidative status. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:263-268. [PMID: 29027691 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity, through adenosine (Ado) levels, as well as xanthine oxidase (XO) activity through uric acid levels exerts an essential role on immune and inflammatory responses during infectious diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of seric ADA and XO activities in the inflammatory and oxidative status of silver catfish naturally infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Seric ADA activity decreased, while Ado levels increased in infected animals compared to uninfected animals. Moreover, the seric XO activity increased in infected animals compared to uninfected animals, alongside the seric levels of uric acid, metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on this evidence, the downregulation of seric ADA activity exerts an anti-inflammatory profile, contributing to restricting the inflammatory process. The most important finding is that upregulation of seric XO activity leads to an excessive formation of uric acid, which contributes to oxidative and inflammatory processes. Moreover, uric acid induces the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative mediators, such NOx and ROS, which contribute directly to disease pathogenesis. In summary, the upregulation of XO activity may be considered a pathway involved in NOx and ROS production in silver catfish infected with I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - P H Doleski
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - S G Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A S da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - B Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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12
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Changes on the activity of cholinesterase's in an immunomodulatory response of cattle infected by Listeria monocytogenes. Microb Pathog 2018; 114:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Xie J, Dong W, Liu R, Wang Y, Li Y. Research on the hepatotoxicity mechanism of citrate-modified silver nanoparticles based on metabolomics and proteomics. Nanotoxicology 2017; 12:18-31. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1415389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Xie
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wenying Dong
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yubo Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
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14
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Silva AD, Bottari NB, do Carmo GM, Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Machado VS, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC, Mendes RE, Monteiro SG, Da Silva AS. Chagas disease: modulation of the inflammatory response by acetylcholinesterase in hematological cells and brain tissue. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 438:59-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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da Silva AS, Baldissera MD, Bottari NB, Doleski PH, Carmo GM, Schwertz CI, Lucca NJ, Henker LC, Piva MM, Giacomin P, Stefani LM, Leal DB, Machado G, Mendes RE. Ectonucleotidase and adenosine deaminase as inflammatory marker in dairy cows naturally infected by Dictyocaulus viviparus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 51:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Santos RC, Stefani LM, Moreira KLS, da Veiga ML, da Rocha MIU, Baldisserotto B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA01 impairs enzymes of the phosphotransfer network in the gills of Rhamdia quelen. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:121-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Oxidative stress and changes in adenosine deaminase activity of cattle experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 2017; 144:520-526. [PMID: 28103965 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016002043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in serum and liver and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity of cattle experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. The group A consisted of five healthy animals (uninfected), and the group B was composed of five animals orally infected with 200 metacercariae of F. hepatica. On days 20, 40, 60 and 80 post-infection (PI) serum was collected to measure oxidative stress variables. On day 100 PI, animals were humanely euthanized and liver samples were collected. Infected animals showed lower (P < 0·05) seric ADA activities on days 40 and 60 PI but higher (P < 0·05) in the liver tissue compared with uninfected animals. Seric and hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) were higher (P < 0·05) in infected compared with uninfected animals. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were higher (P < 0·05) in infected animals. Catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities were lower in liver tissue of infected animals, while glutathione peroxidase was higher compared with uninfected (P < 0·05). In summary, we conclude that oxidative stress occurs in cattle experimentally infected by F. hepatica, mainly due to excessive ROS production in the course of fasciolosis, contributing to hepatic damage, and that increased in hepatic ADA activity may contribute to the inflammatory process.
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18
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Agarwal S, Chaudhary B, Bist R. Protective propensity of bacoside A and bromelain on renal cholinesterases, γ-Aminobutyric acid and serotonin level of Mus musculus intoxicated with dichlorvos. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 261:139-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Grando TH, da Silva AS, Monteiro SG. Involvement of oxidative stress, cholinergic and adenosinergic systems on renal damage caused by Trypanosoma evansi infection: Relationship with lipid peroxidation. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:191-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Doleski PH, Júnior GB, de Vargas AC, Baldisserotto B. Involvement of cholinergic and purinergic systems during the inflammatory response caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in Rhamdia quelen. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:78-82. [PMID: 27521226 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)) and purinergic (adenosine deaminase (ADA)) systems in head kidney, spleen, total blood and serum samples in experimentally infected fish with A. hydrophila, and the involvement of these systems during the inflammatory process. Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles were divided into two groups with seven fish each: uninfected (negative control) and infected (positive control). On day 2 post-infection, animals were euthanized and the head kidney, spleen, total blood and serum were collected. AChE and ADA activities in head kidney and spleen decreased in infected animals compared to uninfected animals, as well as AChE in total blood and seric ADA activities. BChE activity was not expressed in the evaluated tissues. Therefore, our results lead to the hypothesis that cholinergic and purinergic systems play an important role on the immune response against A. hydrophila with an anti-inflammatory effect. In summary, AChE and ADA activities reduced probably in order to protect against tissue inflammatory damage caused by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carine F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Doleski
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Guerino B Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Agueda C de Vargas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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21
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Hepatic and seric levels of purines in rats experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2363-9. [PMID: 26971323 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate hepatic and seric levels of purines, as well as their breakdown products in rats infected by Fasciola hepatica on days 15 and 87 post-infection (PI). Rats were divided into two groups: uninfected (n = 10) and infected (n = 20). On day 15 (n = 5 for uninfected group and n = 10 for infected group) and 87 PI (n = 5 for uninfected group and n = 10 for infected group), animals were euthanized for sampling to evaluate levels of purines by high-performance liquid chromatography. In serum, ATP increased (P < 0.05) and ADP decreased (P < 0.05) on days 15 and 87 PI, while AMP increased (P < 0.05) only on day 15 PI. Hypoxanthine levels increased (P < 0.05) on days 15 and 87 PI, while adenosine and xanthine levels decreased and increased (P < 0.05), respectively, on day 87 PI. No difference was observed regarding seric inosine and uric acid (P > 0.05). Hepatic ATP, adenosine, and uric acid levels decreased (P < 0.05) on days 15 and 87 PI. AMP levels decreased (P < 0.05) on day 87 PI, while xanthine levels increased (P < 0.05) on day 15 PI in the liver. Also in the liver, hypoxanthine levels increased (P < 0.05) on day 15 PI and decreased (P < 0.05) on day 87 PI. On the other hand, there was no difference on hepatic ADP and inosine levels (P > 0.05). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that F. hepatica infection can change purine levels, which may be associated with an inflammatory process, and these alterations may influence fasciolosis pathogenesis.
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22
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Seric and hepatic NTPDase and 5' nucleotidase activities of rats experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 2016; 143:551-6. [PMID: 26928238 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015001882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic activities of NTPDase and 5'nucleotidase are important to regulate the concentration of adenine nucleotides, known molecules involved in many physiological functions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of NTPDase and 5'nucleotidase in serum and liver tissue of rats infected by Fasciola hepatica. Rats were divided into two groups: uninfected control and infected. NTPDase activity for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ADP substrates in the liver was higher compared with the control group at 15 days post-infection (PI), while seric activity was lower. In addition, seric and hepatic samples did not show changes for 5'nucleotidase activity at this time. On the other hand, either NTPDase or 5'nucleotidase activities in liver homogenate and serum were higher at 87 days PI. Early in the infection, low NTPDase activity maintains an increase of ATP in the bloodstream in order to activate host immune response, while in hepatic tissue it decreases extracellular ATP to maintain a low inflammatory response in the tissue. As stated, higher NTPDase and 5'nucleotidase activities 87 days after infection in serum and tissue, probably results on an increased concentration of adenosine molecule which stimulates a Th2 immune response. Thus, it is possible to conclude that F. hepatica infections lead to different levels of nucleotide degradation when considering the two stages of infection studied, which influences the inflammatory and pathological processes developed by the purinergic system.
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23
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Schwertz CI, do Carmo GM, Bottari NB, da Silva ES, Gabriel ME, Lucca NJ, Guarda NDS, Moresco RN, Machado G, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC, Stefani LM, Mendes RE, Da Silva AS. Relationship Between Pathological Findings and Cholinesterase Activity and Nitric Oxide Levels in Cattle Infected Naturally by Eurytrema coelomaticum. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:150-6. [PMID: 26929158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (in the serum and pancreas), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (in the whole blood and pancreas) and nitric oxide (NO) (in the serum and pancreas) in cattle infected naturally by Eurytrema coelomaticum. Fifty-one cattle were studied, including 33 infected by E. coelomaticum and 18 uninfected animals. Significantly greater AChE activity was found in the pancreas of infected animals (P <0.01); however, these cattle had lower AChE activity in whole blood. BChE activity was greater in the sera of infected animals (P = 0.05), but was less in pancreatic samples. NO levels were significantly higher in the sera (P <0.05) and pancreas (P <0.001) of infected cattle compared with uninfected animals. A positive correlation was found between AChE activity in the pancreas and parasite load, but there was negative correlation between pancreatic BChE activity and parasitic load. Expression of AChE, BChE and NO is therefore linked to the inflammation caused by E. coelomaticum in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Schwertz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - G M do Carmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brazil
| | - N B Bottari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brazil
| | - E S da Silva
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - M E Gabriel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - N J Lucca
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - N dos S Guarda
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - R N Moresco
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - G Machado
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - V M Morsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brazil
| | | | - L M Stefani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Brazil
| | - R E Mendes
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - A S Da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Brazil.
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