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Küçükerden M, Schuster UE, Röckle I, Alvarez-Bolado G, Schwabe K, Hildebrandt H. Compromised mammillary body connectivity and psychotic symptoms in mice with di- and mesencephalic ablation of ST8SIA2. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:51. [PMID: 35115485 PMCID: PMC8814025 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered long-range connectivity is a common finding across neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, but causes and consequences are not well understood. Genetic variation in ST8SIA2 has been associated with schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder, and St8sia2-/- mice show a number of related neurodevelopmental and behavioral phenotypes. In the present study, we use conditional knockout (cKO) to dissect neurodevelopmental defects and behavioral consequences of St8sia2 deficiency in cortical interneurons, their cortical environment, or in the di- and mesencephalon. Neither separate nor combined cortical and diencephalic ablation of St8sia2 caused the disturbed thalamus-cortex connectivity observed in St8sia2-/- mice. However, cortical ablation reproduced hypoplasia of corpus callosum and fornix and mice with di- and mesencephalic ablation displayed smaller mammillary bodies with a prominent loss of parvalbumin-positive projection neurons and size reductions of the mammillothalamic tract. In addition, the mammillotegmental tract and the mammillary peduncle, forming the reciprocal connections between mammillary bodies and Gudden's tegmental nuclei, as well as the size of Gudden's ventral tegmental nucleus were affected. Only mice with these mammillary deficits displayed enhanced MK-801-induced locomotor activity, exacerbated impairment of prepulse inhibition in response to apomorphine, and hypoanxiety in the elevated plus maze. We therefore propose that compromised mammillary body connectivity, independent from hippocampal input, leads to these psychotic-like responses of St8sia2-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Küçükerden
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany ,grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute E. Schuster
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Iris Röckle
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Hannover, Germany ,grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Hannover, Germany.
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Gober R, Ardalan M, Shiadeh SMJ, Duque L, Garamszegi SP, Ascona M, Barreda A, Sun X, Mallard C, Vontell RT. Microglia activation in postmortem brains with schizophrenia demonstrates distinct morphological changes between brain regions. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13003. [PMID: 34297453 PMCID: PMC8713533 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a psychiatric disorder that can include symptoms of disorganized speech and thoughts with uncertain underlying mechanisms possibly linked to over-activated microglia. In this study, we used brain samples from sixteen donors with SCZ and thirteen control donors to assess the differential activation of microglia by quantifying density and 3D reconstruction of microglia stained with ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba1). Our samples consisted of sections from the frontal, temporal, and cingulate cortical gray matter, subcortical white matter regions (SCWM), and included the anterior corpus callosum. In the first series of studies, we performed a density analysis followed by a spatial analysis to ascertain the microglial density, distribution, and soma size in SCZ brains. Second, we performed a series of morphological quantification techniques to investigate the arborization patterns of the microglia in SCZ. The results demonstrated an increase in microglia density in the cortical gray matter regions in SCZ cases, while in the SCWM, there was a significant increase in microglia density in the frontal and temporal, but not in the other brain regions of interest (ROIs). Spatial analysis using the "nearest neighbor" demonstrated that there was no effect in "clustering", but there were shorter distances between microglia seen in the SCZ cases. The morphological measures showed that there was a region-dependent increase in the microglia soma size in the SCZ cases while the Sholl analysis revealed a significant decrease in the microglia arborization in the SCZ cases across all the ROI's studied. An in-depth 3D reconstruction of microglia in Brodmann area 9 cortical region found that there was a significant association between age and reduced microglial arborization in the SCZ cases. This region-dependent age association can help determine whether longitudinal changes in microglial activation across age are brain region-dependent, which may point to potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gober
- Brain Endowment BankUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and HealthInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Clinical MedicineTranslational Neuropsychiatry UnitAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Seyedeh Marziyeh Jabbari Shiadeh
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and HealthInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Clinical MedicineTranslational Neuropsychiatry UnitAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Linda Duque
- Brain Endowment BankUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Brain Endowment BankUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Carina Mallard
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and HealthInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Bernstein HG, Keilhoff G, Steiner J. The implications of hypothalamic abnormalities for schizophrenia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 182:107-120. [PMID: 34266587 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Until a few years ago, the hypothalamus was believed to play only a marginal role in schizophrenia pathophysiology. However, recent findings show that this rather small brain region involved in many pathways found disrupted-in schizophrenia. Gross anatomic abnormalities (volume changes of the third ventricle, the hypothalamus, and its individual nuclei) as well as alterations at the cellular level (circumscribed loss of neurons) can be observed. Further, increased or decreased expression of hypothalamic peptides such as oxytocin, vasopressin, several factors involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety, endogenous opiates, products of schizophrenia susceptibility genes as well as of enzymes involved in neurotransmitter and neuropeptide metabolism have been reported in schizophrenia and/or animal models of the disease. Remarkably, although profound disturbances of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis are typical signs of schizophrenia, there is currently no evidence for alterations in the expression of hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting factors that control these hormonal axes. Finally, the implications of hypothalamus for disease-related disturbances of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and neuroimmune dysfunctions in schizophrenia are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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4
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Chen F, Bertelsen AB, Holm IE, Nyengaard JR, Rosenberg R, Dorph-Petersen KA. Hippocampal volume and cell number in depression, schizophrenia, and suicide subjects. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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The hypothalamus and neuropsychiatric disorders: psychiatry meets microscopy. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:243-258. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Baumann PS, Griffa A, Fournier M, Golay P, Ferrari C, Alameda L, Cuenod M, Thiran JP, Hagmann P, Do KQ, Conus P. Impaired fornix-hippocampus integrity is linked to peripheral glutathione peroxidase in early psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e859. [PMID: 27459724 PMCID: PMC5545707 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence implicate the fornix-hippocampus circuit in schizophrenia. In early-phase psychosis, this circuit has not been extensively investigated and the underlying mechanisms affecting the circuit are unknown. The hippocampus and fornix are vulnerable to oxidative stress at peripuberty in a glutathione (GSH)-deficient animal model. The purposes of the current study were to assess the integrity of the fornix-hippocampus circuit in early-psychosis patients (EP), and to study its relationship with peripheral redox markers. Diffusion spectrum imaging and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to assess the fornix and hippocampus in 42 EP patients compared with 42 gender- and age-matched healthy controls. Generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) and volumetric properties were used to measure fornix and hippocampal integrity, respectively. Correlation analysis was used to quantify the relationship of gFA in the fornix and hippocampal volume, with blood GSH levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Patients compared with controls exhibited lower gFA in the fornix as well as smaller volume in the hippocampus. In EP, but not in controls, smaller hippocampal volume was associated with high GPx activity. Disruption of the fornix-hippocampus circuit is already present in the early stages of psychosis. Higher blood GPx activity is associated with smaller hippocampal volume, which may support a role of oxidative stress in disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Baumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Griffa
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Fournier
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Golay
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Community Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Ferrari
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Alameda
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Cuenod
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J-P Thiran
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Hagmann
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Conus
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Brisch R, Bernstein HG, Dobrowolny H, Krzyżanowska M, Jankowski Z, Bogerts B, Gos T. Volumetric analysis of the diagonal band of Broca in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders: A post-mortem study. Clin Anat 2015; 29:466-72. [PMID: 26457806 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human diagonal band of Broca is connected to other parts of the limbic system, such as the hippocampus, that are involved in the pathology of schizophrenia. This study aimed to characterize the volume and anterior-to-posterior distance of the human diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) from post-mortem brains obtained from three groups: healthy control subjects (N = 17), patients with schizophrenia (N = 26), and patients with affective disorders (N = 12). There were no significant differences in the volume or anterior-to-posterior distance in the patients with schizophrenia or affective disorders compared with the healthy control subjects. To date, this is the first post-mortem investigation measuring the volume and the anterior-to-posterior distance of the diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) in patients with schizophrenia or affective disorders compared with healthy control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Brisch
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ul. Dębowa 23, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marta Krzyżanowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ul. Dębowa 23, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ul. Dębowa 23, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ul. Dębowa 23, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Williams MR, Sharma P, Fung KL, Pearce RKB, Hirsch SR, Maier M. Axonal myelin increase in the callosal genu in depression but not schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2145-2155. [PMID: 25712170 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in the anterior inter-hemispheric connectivity have previously been implicated in major depressive disorder. Disruptions in fractional anisotropy in the callosum and fornix have been reported in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Oligodendrocyte density and overall size of the callosum and fornix show no alteration in either illness, suggesting that gross morphology is unchanged but more subtle organizational disruption may exist within these brain regions in mood and affective disorders. METHOD Using high-resolution oil-immersion microscopy we examined the cross-sectional area of the nerve fibre and the axonal myelin sheath, and using standard high-resolution light microscopy we measured the density of myelinated axons. These measurements were made in the genu of the corpus callosum and the medial body of the fornix at its most dorsal point. Measures were taken in the sagittal plane in the callosal genu and in the coronal plane at the most dorsal part of the fornix body. RESULTS Cases of major depressive disorder had significantly greater mean myelin cross-sectional area (p = 0.017) and myelin thickness (p = 0.004) per axon in the genu than in control or schizophrenia groups. There was no significant change in the density of myelinated axons, and no changes observed in the fornix. CONCLUSION The results suggest a clear increase of myelin in the axons of the callosal genu in MDD, although this type of neuropathological study is unable to clarify whether this is caused by changes during life or has a developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Williams
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry,De Crespigny Park,London,UK
| | - P Sharma
- Neuropathology Unit,Division of Experimental Medicine,Imperial College London,Charing Cross Campus,London,UK
| | - K L Fung
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong
| | - R K B Pearce
- Neuropathology Unit,Division of Experimental Medicine,Imperial College London,Charing Cross Campus,London,UK
| | - S R Hirsch
- Neuropathology Unit,Division of Experimental Medicine,Imperial College London,Charing Cross Campus,London,UK
| | - M Maier
- Trust HQ,West London Mental Health NHS Trust,Southall,MiddlesexUK
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9
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Douet V, Chang L. Fornix as an imaging marker for episodic memory deficits in healthy aging and in various neurological disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 6:343. [PMID: 25642186 PMCID: PMC4294158 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The fornix is a part of the limbic system and constitutes the major efferent and afferent white matter tracts from the hippocampi. The underdevelopment of or injuries to the fornix are strongly associated with memory deficits. Its role in memory impairments was suggested long ago with cases of surgical forniceal transections. However, recent advances in brain imaging techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging, have revealed that macrostructural and microstructural abnormalities of the fornix correlated highly with declarative and episodic memory performance. This structure appears to provide a robust and early imaging predictor for memory deficits not only in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, but also in schizophrenia and psychiatric disorders, and during neurodevelopment and “typical” aging. The objective of the manuscript is to present a systematic review regarding published brain imaging research on the fornix, including the development of its tracts, its role in various neurological diseases, and its relationship to neurocognitive performance in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Douet
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA
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10
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Heart Failure—An Identified but Largely Ignored Source of Errors in Postmortem Brain Volume Studies. J Card Fail 2013; 19:600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bernstein HG, Klix M, Dobrowolny H, Brisch R, Steiner J, Bielau H, Gos T, Bogerts B. A postmortem assessment of mammillary body volume, neuronal number and densities, and fornix volume in subjects with mood disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 262:637-46. [PMID: 22350534 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammillary bodies are relay nuclei within limbic and extralimbic connections. Whereas other subcortical brain structures have been found to be altered in depression, no current information exists regarding the pathomorphology of mammillary bodies in affective disorders. We studied the postmortem brains of 19 human subjects with mood disorders (9 with major depressive disorder and 10 with bipolar I disorder) and 20 control individuals and assessed the mammillary body and fornix volumes, number of neurons and neuronal densities. We found that male control subjects have significantly larger mammillary bodies compared with females. In addition, control subjects of both sexes with the diagnosis/cause of death of "heart failure/insufficiency" had significantly smaller mammillary body volumes compared with non-psychiatric patients who died from other causes. When estimating the mammillary bodies volumes of patients with depression compared with control subjects, a significant reduction of the left mammillary body volume was found in patients with bipolar disorder, but not in patients with major depression. However, significant depression-associated mammillary body volume reductions were found between the control subjects who did not die of heart failure and patients with major depression and bipolar disorder. Moreover, the MB volumes of control subjects who died of heart failure were in the range exhibited by subjects with depression. There was no significant influence of suicidal behavior on mammillary volumes observed. Moreover, no significant group differences in the total neuronal number or neuronal density were found between the controls, subjects with major depression and subjects with bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the fornix volumes were significantly reduced only in the control subjects with heart failure. Taken together, these results show that the mammillary bodies are compromised in depression.
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Ethanol-induced face-brain dysmorphology patterns are correlative and exposure-stage dependent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43067. [PMID: 22937012 PMCID: PMC3425589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure is the leading preventable cause of congenital mental disability. Whereas a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) requires identification of a specific pattern of craniofacial dysmorphology, most individuals with behavioral and neurological sequelae of heavy prenatal ethanol exposure do not exhibit these defining facial characteristics. Here, a novel integration of MRI and dense surface modeling-based shape analysis was applied to characterize concurrent face-brain phenotypes in C57Bl/6J fetuses exposed to ethanol on gestational day (GD)7 or GD8.5. The facial phenotype resulting from ethanol exposure depended upon stage of insult and was predictive of unique patterns of corresponding brain abnormalities. Ethanol exposure on GD7 produced a constellation of dysmorphic facial features characteristic of human FAS, including severe midfacial hypoplasia, shortening of the palpebral fissures, an elongated upper lip, and deficient philtrum. In contrast, ethanol exposure on GD8.5 caused mild midfacial hypoplasia and palpebral fissure shortening, a shortened upper lip, and a preserved philtrum. These distinct, stage-specific facial phenotypes were associated with unique volumetric and shape abnormalities of the septal region, pituitary, and olfactory bulbs. By demonstrating that early prenatal ethanol exposure can cause more than one temporally-specific pattern of defects, these findings illustrate the need for an expansion of current diagnostic criteria to better capture the full range of facial and brain dysmorphology in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
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13
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Abdul-Rahman MF, Qiu A, Sim K. Regionally specific white matter disruptions of fornix and cingulum in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18652. [PMID: 21533181 PMCID: PMC3077390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbic circuitry disruptions have been implicated in the psychopathology and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia, which may involve white matter disruptions of the major tracts of the limbic system, including the fornix and the cingulum. Our study aimed to investigate regionally specific abnormalities of the fornix and cingulum in schizophrenia using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We determined the fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) profiles along the fornix and cingulum tracts using a fibertracking technique and a brain mapping algorithm, the large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM), in the DTI scans of 33 patients with schizophrenia and 31 age-, gender-, and handedness-matched healthy controls. We found that patients with schizophrenia showed reduction in FA and increase in RD in bilateral fornix, and increase in RD in left anterior cingulum when compared to healthy controls. In addition, tract-based analysis revealed specific loci of these white matter differences in schizophrenia, that is, FA reductions and AD and RD increases occur in the region of the left fornix further from the hippocampus, FA reductions and RD increases occur in the rostral portion of the left anterior cingulum, and RD and AD increases occur in the anterior segment of the left middle cingulum. In patients with schizophrenia, decreased FA in the specific loci of the left fornix and increased AD in the right cingulum adjoining the hippocampus correlated with greater severity of psychotic symptoms. These findings support precise disruptions of limbic-cortical integrity in schizophrenia and disruption of these structural networks may contribute towards the neural basis underlying the syndrome of schizophrenia and clinical symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Kang Sim
- Research Department, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Brisch R, Bernstein HG, Dobrowolny H, Krell D, Stauch R, Trübner K, Steiner J, Ghabriel MN, Bielau H, Wolf R, Winter J, Kropf S, Gos T, Bogerts B. A morphometric analysis of the septal nuclei in schizophrenia and affective disorders: reduced neuronal density in the lateral septal nucleus in bipolar disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 261:47-58. [PMID: 20607547 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-010-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The septal nuclei are assumed to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and affective disorders. The aim of this study was to morphometrically characterize the septal nuclei in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, when compared with healthy control subjects. We analyzed the septal nuclei by determining the density and size of the neurons in postmortem brains in 17 patients with schizophrenia, 8 patients with bipolar disorder, 7 patients with major depressive disorder, and 14 control subjects matched for age and gender. There was a significant reduction in the neuronal density, but not in the mean cross-sectional area, in the lateral septal nucleus (P = 0.013) in patients with bipolar disorder when compared with control subjects. There were no significant changes in the neuronal density of the septal nuclei of the medial and lateral cell groups in patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder when compared with control subjects. There was a significant negative correlation between neuronal density in the lateral septal nucleus and disease duration in patients with major depressive disorder (P = 0.037, r = -0.9). The histopathological abnormality of the decreased neuronal density in the lateral septal nucleus, which is an important limbic region involved in emotions, might be a neuropathological correlate of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Brisch
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Germany.
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Stereological approaches to identifying neuropathology in psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:113-26. [PMID: 20678756 PMCID: PMC2974031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The challenges involved in identifying the neuropathological substrates of the clinical syndrome recognized as schizophrenia are well known. Stereological sampling provides a means to obtain accurate and precise quantitative estimates of components of neural circuits and thus offers promise of an enhanced capacity to detect subtle alterations in brain structure associated with schizophrenia. In this review, we 1) consider the importance and rationale for robust quantitative measures of brain abnormalities in postmortem studies of schizophrenia; 2) provide a brief overview of stereological methods for obtaining such measures; 3) discuss the methodological details that should be reported to document the robustness of a stereological study; 4) given the constraints of postmortem human studies, suggest how to approach the limitations of less robust designs; and 5) present an overview of methodologically sound stereological estimates from postmortem studies of schizophrenia.
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Hippocampal volume reduction in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6436. [PMID: 19649271 PMCID: PMC2713409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), a genetic disorder characterized by diminished drive to breathe during sleep and impaired CO(2) sensitivity, show brain structural and functional changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, with impaired responses in specific hippocampal regions, suggesting localized injury.We assessed total volume and regional variation in hippocampal surface morphology to identify areas affected in the syndrome. We studied 18 CCHS (mean age+/-std: 15.1+/-2.2 years; 8 female) and 32 healthy control (age 15.2+/-2.4 years; 14 female) children, and traced hippocampi on 1 mm(3) resolution T1-weighted scans, collected with a 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner. Regional hippocampal volume variations, adjusted for cranial volume, were compared between groups based on t-tests of surface distances to the structure midline, with correction for multiple comparisons. Significant tissue losses emerged in CCHS patients on the left side, with a trend for loss on the right; however, most areas affected on the left also showed equivalent right-sided volume reductions. Reduced regional volumes appeared in the left rostral hippocampus, bilateral areas in mid and mid-to-caudal regions, and a dorsal-caudal region, adjacent to the fimbria.The volume losses may result from hypoxic exposure following hypoventilation during sleep-disordered breathing, or from developmental or vascular consequences of genetic mutations in the syndrome. The sites of change overlap regions of abnormal functional responses to respiratory and autonomic challenges. Affected hippocampal areas have roles associated with memory, mood, and indirectly, autonomic regulation; impairments in these behavioral and physiological functions appear in CCHS.
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Brisch R, Bernstein HG, Krell D, Dobrowolny H, Bielau H, Steiner J, Gos T, Funke S, Stauch R, Knüppel S, Bogerts B. Dopamine–glutamate abnormalities in the frontal cortex associated with the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in schizophrenia. Brain Res 2009; 1269:166-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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