EEG source analysis of chronic fatigue syndrome

A systematic review of quantitative EEG findings in Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS), Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Long COVID (LC) are similar multisymptom clinical syndromes but with difference in dominant symptoms in each individual. There is existing and emerging literature on possible functional alterations of the central nervous system in these conditions. This review aims to synthesise and appraise the literature on resting-state quantitative EEG (qEEG) in FMS, ME/CFS and LC, drawing on previous research on FMS and ME/CFS to help understand neuropathophysiology of the new condition LC. A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, CINHAL, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases for articles published between December 1994 and September 2023 was performed. Out of the initial 2510 studies identified, 17 articles were retrieved that met all the predetermined selection criteria, particularly of assessing qEEG changes in one of the three conditions compared to healthy controls. All studies scored moderate to high quality on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. There was a general trend for decreased low-frequency EEG band activity (delta, theta, and alpha) and increased high-frequency EEG beta activity in FMS, differing to that found in ME/CFS. The limited LC studies included in this review focused mainly on cognitive impairments and showed mixed findings not consistent with patterns observed in FMS and ME/CFS. Our findings suggest different patterns of qEEG brainwave activity in FMS and ME/CFS. Further research is required to explore whether there are phenotypes within LC that have EEG signatures similar to FMS or ME/CFS. This could inform identification of reliable diagnostic markers and possible targets for neuromodulation therapies tailored to each clinical syndrome.

Fatigue in Parkinson's Disease Is Due to Decreased Efficiency of the Frontal Network: Quantitative EEG Analysis

OBJECTIVE

Fatigue is a common, debilitating nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), but its mechanism is poorly understood. We aimed to determine whether electroencephalography (EEG) could objectively measure fatigue and to explore the pathophysiology of fatigue in PD.

METHODS

We studied 32 de novo PD patients who underwent EEG. We compared brain activity between 19 PD patients without fatigue and 13 PD patients with fatigue via EEG power spectra and graphs, including the global efficiency, characteristic path length, clustering coefficient, small-worldness, local efficiency, degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality.

RESULTS

No significant differences in absolute or relative power were detected between PD patients without or with fatigue (all p > 0.02, Bonferroni-corrected). According to our network analysis, brain network efficiency differed by frequency band. Generally, the brain network in the frontal area for theta and delta bands showed greater efficiency, and in the temporal area, the alpha1 band was less efficient in PD patients without fatigue (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0011, and p = 0.0007, respectively, Bonferroni-corrected).

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that PD patients with fatigue have less efficient networks in the frontal area than PD patients without fatigue. These findings may explain why fatigue is common in PD, a frontostriatal disorder. Increased efficiency in the temporal area in PD patients with fatigue is assumed to be compensatory. Brain network analysis using graph theory is more valuable than power spectrum analysis in revealing the brain mechanism related to fatigue.

Exploring resting-state EEG oscillations in patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Quantitative resting-state electroencephalography (rs-EEG) is a convenient method for characterizing the functional impairments and adaptations of the brain that has been shown to be valuable for assessing many neurological and psychiatric disorders, especially in monitoring disease status and assisting neuromodulation treatment. However, it has not yet been explored in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). This study aimed to investigate the rs-EEG features of NMOSD patients and explore the rs-EEG features related to disease characteristics and complications (such as anxiety, depression, and fatigue).

METHODS

A total of 32 NMOSD patients and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited; their demographic and disease information were collected, and their anxiety, depression, and fatigue symptoms were evaluated. The rs-EEG power spectra of all the participants were obtained. After excluding the participants with low-quality rs-EEG data during processing, statistical analysis was conducted based on the clinical information and rs-EEG data of 29 patients and 19 HCs. The rs-EEG power (the mean spectral energy (MSE) of absolute power and relative power in all frequency bands, as well as the specific power for all electrode sites) of NMOSD patients and HCs was compared. Furthermore, correlation analyses were performed between rs-EEG power and other variables for NMOSD patients (including the disease characteristics and complications).

RESULTS

The distribution of the rs-EEG power spectra in NMOSD patients was similar to that in HCs. The dominant alpha-peaks shifted significantly towards a lower frequency for patients when compared to HCs. The delta and theta power was significantly increased in the NMOSD group compared to that in the HC group. The alpha oscillation power was found to be significantly negatively associated with the degree of anxiety (reflected by the anxiety subscore of hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS)) and the degree of depression (reflected by the depression subscore of HADS). The gamma oscillation power was revealed to be significantly positively correlated with the fatigue severity scale (FSS) score, while further analysis indicated that the electrode sites of almost the whole brain region showing correlations with fatigue. Regarding the disease variables, no statistically significant rs-EEG features were related to the main disease features in NMOSD patients.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest that the rs-EEG power spectra of NMOSD patients show increased slow oscillations and are potential biomarkers of widespread white matter microstructural damage in NMOSD. Moreover, this study revealed the rs-EEG features associated with anxiety, depression, and fatigue in NMOSD patients, which might help in the evaluation of these complications and the development of neuromodulation treatment. Quantitative rs-EEG analysis may play an important role in the management of NMOSD patients, and future studies are warranted to more comprehensively understand its application value.

The role of clinical neurophysiology in the definition and assessment of fatigue and fatigability

Though a common symptom, fatigue is difficult to define and investigate, occurs in a wide variety of neurological and systemic disorders, with differing pathological causes. It is also often accompanied by a psychological component. As a symptom of long-term COVID-19 it has gained more attention. In this review, we begin by differentiating fatigue, a perception, from fatigability, quantifiable through biomarkers. Central and peripheral nervous system and muscle disorders associated with these are summarised. We provide a comprehensive and objective framework to help identify potential causes of fatigue and fatigability in a given disease condition. It also considers the effectiveness of neurophysiological tests as objective biomarkers for its assessment. Among these, twitch interpolation, motor cortex stimulation, electroencephalography and magnetencephalography, and readiness potentials will be described for the assessment of central fatigability, and surface and needle electromyography (EMG), single fibre EMG and nerve conduction studies for the assessment of peripheral fatigability. The purpose of this review is to guide clinicians in how to approach fatigue, and fatigability, and to suggest that neurophysiological tests may allow an understanding of their origin and interactions. In this way, their differing types and origins, and hence their possible differing treatments, may also be defined more clearly.

Resting-state EEG and MEG biomarkers of pathological fatigue - A transdiagnostic systematic review

Fatigue is a highly prevalent and disabling symptom of many disorders and syndromes, resulting from different pathomechanisms. However, whether and how different mechanisms converge and result in similar symptomatology is only partially understood, and transdiagnostic biomarkers that could further the diagnosis and treatment of fatigue are lacking. We, therefore, performed a transdiagnostic systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42022330113) of quantitative resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies in adult patients suffering from pathological fatigue in different disorders. Studies investigating fatigue in healthy participants were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Semi-quantitative data synthesis was conducted using modified albatross plots. After searching MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, and EMBASE, 26 studies were included. Cross-sectional studies revealed increased brain activity at theta frequencies and decreased activity at alpha frequencies as potential diagnostic biomarkers. However, the risk of bias was high in many studies and domains. Together, this transdiagnostic systematic review synthesizes evidence on how resting-state M/EEG might serve as a diagnostic biomarker of pathological fatigue. Beyond, this review might help to guide future M/EEG studies on the development of fatigue biomarkers.

EEG-Based Spectral Analysis Showing Brainwave Changes Related to Modulating Progressive Fatigue During a Prolonged Intermittent Motor Task

Repeatedly performing a submaximal motor task for a prolonged period of time leads to muscle fatigue comprising a central and peripheral component, which demands a gradually increasing effort. However, the brain contribution to the enhancement of effort to cope with progressing fatigue lacks a complete understanding. The intermittent motor tasks (IMTs) closely resemble many activities of daily living (ADL), thus remaining physiologically relevant to study fatigue. The scope of this study is therefore to investigate the EEG-based brain activation patterns in healthy subjects performing IMT until self-perceived exhaustion. Fourteen participants (median age 51.5 years; age range 26−72 years; 6 males) repeated elbow flexion contractions at 40% maximum voluntary contraction by following visual cues displayed on an oscilloscope screen until subjective exhaustion. Each contraction lasted ≈5 s with a 2-s rest between trials. The force, EEG, and surface EMG (from elbow joint muscles) data were simultaneously collected. After preprocessing, we selected a subset of trials at the beginning, middle, and end of the study session representing brain activities germane to mild, moderate, and severe fatigue conditions, respectively, to compare and contrast the changes in the EEG time-frequency (TF) characteristics across the conditions. The outcome of channel- and source-level TF analyses reveals that the theta, alpha, and beta power spectral densities vary in proportion to fatigue levels in cortical motor areas. We observed a statistically significant change in the band-specific spectral power in relation to the graded fatigue from both the steady- and post-contraction EEG data. The findings would enhance our understanding on the etiology and physiology of voluntary motor-action-related fatigue and provide pointers to counteract the perception of muscle weakness and lack of motor endurance associated with ADL. The study outcome would help rationalize why certain patients experience exacerbated fatigue while carrying out mundane tasks, evaluate how clinical conditions such as neurological disorders and cancer treatment alter neural mechanisms underlying fatigue in future studies, and develop therapeutic strategies for restoring the patients' ability to participate in ADL by mitigating the central and muscle fatigue.

EEG Correlates of Central Origin of Cancer-Related Fatigue

The neurophysiological mechanism of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) remains poorly understood. EEG was examined during a sustained submaximal contraction (SC) task to further understand our prior research findings of greater central contribution to early fatigue during SC in CRF. Advanced cancer patients and matched healthy controls performed an elbow flexor SC until task failure while undergoing neuromuscular testing and EEG recording. EEG power changes over left and right sensorimotor cortices were analyzed and correlated with brief fatigue inventory (BFI) score and evoked muscle force, a measure of central fatigue. Brain electrical activity changes during the SC differed in CRF from healthy subjects mainly in the theta (4-8 Hz) and beta (12-30 Hz) bands in the contralateral (to the fatigued limb) hemisphere; changes were correlated with the evoked force. Also, the gamma band (30-50 Hz) power decrease during the SC did not return to baseline after 2 min of rest in CRF, an effect correlated with BFI score. In conclusion, altered brain electrical activity during a fatigue task in patients is associated with central fatigue during SC or fatigue symptoms, suggesting its potential contribution to CRF during motor performance. This information should guide the development and use of rehabilitative interventions that target the central nervous system to maximize function recovery.

A systematic review of neurological impairments in myalgic encephalomyelitis/ chronic fatigue syndrome using neuroimaging techniques

BACKGROUND

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a multi-system illness characterised by a diverse range of debilitating symptoms including autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. The pathomechanism remains elusive, however, neurological and cognitive aberrations are consistently described. This systematic review is the first to collect and appraise the literature related to the structural and functional neurological changes in ME/CFS patients as measured by neuroimaging techniques and to investigate how these changes may influence onset, symptom presentation and severity of the illness.

METHODS

A systematic search of databases Pubmed, Embase, MEDLINE (via EBSCOhost) and Web of Science (via Clarivate Analytics) was performed for articles dating between December 1994 and August 2019. Included publications report on neurological differences in ME/CFS patients compared with healthy controls identified using neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and electroencephalography. Article selection was further refined based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. A quality assessment of included publications was completed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist.

RESULTS

A total of 55 studies were included in this review. All papers assessed neurological or cognitive differences in adult ME/CFS patients compared with healthy controls using neuroimaging techniques. The outcomes from the articles include changes in gray and white matter volumes, cerebral blood flow, brain structure, sleep, EEG activity, functional connectivity and cognitive function. Secondary measures including symptom severity were also reported in most studies.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest widespread disruption of the autonomic nervous system network including morphological changes, white matter abnormalities and aberrations in functional connectivity. However, these findings are not consistent across studies and the origins of these anomalies remain unknown. Future studies are required confirm the potential neurological contribution to the pathology of ME/CFS.

Multidimensional Comparison of Cancer-Related Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Role of Psychophysiological Markers

OBJECTIVE

The present study compared cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) using multidimensional measurements with the aim of better understanding characteristics and exploring markers of two similar fatigue syndromes.

METHODS

Twenty-five patients with CRF and twenty patients with CFS completed questionnaires, including the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Additionally, levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), heart rate variability (HRV), and electroencephalography (EEG) were obtained. Neurocognitive functioning was also evaluated.

RESULTS

Both groups showed comparable levels of psychological variables, including fatigue. Compared to CFS subjects, CRF patients had significantly higher hs-CRP levels and a reduced HRV-index. The within-group analyses revealed that the FSS score of the CRF group was significantly related to scores on the HADS-anxiety, HADS-depression, and PSQI scales. In the CFS group, FSS scores were significantly associated with scores on the PSS and the absolute delta, theta, and alpha powers in frontal EEG.

CONCLUSION

Findings indicate that different pathophysiological mechanisms underlie CFS and CRF. Inflammatory marker and HRV may be potential biomarkers for distinguishing two fatigue syndromes and frontal EEG parameters may be quantitative biomarkers for CFS.

Cortical hypoactivation during resting EEG suggests central nervous system pathology in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome

We investigated central fatigue in 50 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and 50 matched healthy controls (HC). Resting state EEG was collected from 19 scalp locations during a 3 min, eyes-closed condition. Current densities were localized using exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA). The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) were administered to all participants. Independent t-tests and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate group differences in current densities, followed by statistical non-parametric mapping (SnPM) correction procedures. Significant differences were found in the delta (1-3 Hz) and beta-2 (19-21 Hz) frequency bands. Delta sources were found predominately in the frontal lobe, while beta-2 sources were found in the medial and superior parietal lobe. Left-lateralized, frontal delta sources were associated with a clinical reduction in motivation. The implications of abnormal cortical sources in patients with CFS are discussed.

Intrinsic Functional Hypoconnectivity in Core Neurocognitive Networks Suggests Central Nervous System Pathology in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: A Pilot Study

Exact low resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) was recorded from nineteen EEG channels in nine patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and 9 healthy controls to assess current source density and functional connectivity, a physiological measure of similarity between pairs of distributed regions of interest, between groups. Current source density and functional connectivity were measured using eLORETA software. We found significantly decreased eLORETA source analysis oscillations in the occipital, parietal, posterior cingulate, and posterior temporal lobes in Alpha and Alpha-2. For connectivity analysis, we assessed functional connectivity within Menon triple network model of neuropathology. We found support for all three networks of the triple network model, namely the central executive network (CEN), salience network (SN), and the default mode network (DMN) indicating hypo-connectivity in the Delta, Alpha, and Alpha-2 frequency bands in patients with ME compared to controls. In addition to the current source density resting state dysfunction in the occipital, parietal, posterior temporal and posterior cingulate, the disrupted connectivity of the CEN, SN, and DMN appears to be involved in cognitive impairment for patients with ME. This research suggests that disruptions in these regions and networks could be a neurobiological feature of the disorder, representing underlying neural dysfunction.

Workers on transformation of the shelter object of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant into an ecologically-safe system show qEEG abnormalities and cognitive dysfunctions: A follow-up study

OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed at assessing bioelectric activity and cognitive functions in the workers on the conversion project of the "Shelter" object (SO) of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant into an environmentally safe system.

METHODS

A total of 196 men were included and examined before (t0) and after (t1) working on the SO in the period 2004-2008. They underwent a qEEG and a battery of neuropsychological and psychiatric assessments.

RESULTS

At t1, the organized type of qEEG shifted towards the disorganized one. An increase of spectral δ-power in the left frontotemporal area, of θ- and α-power in the left temporal area, with redistribution of α-activity to the front and reduction of dominant frequency in the left temporal area, were registered. Further, neurocognitive tests revealed the presence of mild cognitive disorders at t1. Interestingly, those subjects previously exposed to radiation with no consequences, were more resistant to these detrimental effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, the disturbances observed may be considered as cognitive symptoms of a chronic fatigue syndrome resulting from the exposure to ionizing radiation. Simple and non-invasive assessments, such as those performed by us, may be helpful to detect early brain changes caused by the presence of radiological risk factors.

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: Symptoms and Biomarkers

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) continues to cause significant morbidity worldwide with an estimated one million cases in the United States. Hurdles to establishing consensus to achieve accurate evaluation of patients with ME continue, fueled by poor agreement about case definitions, slow progress in development of standardized diagnostic approaches, and issues surrounding research priorities. Because there are other medical problems, such as early MS and Parkinson's Disease, which have some similar clinical presentations, it is critical to accurately diagnose ME to make a differential diagnosis. In this article, we explore and summarize advances in the physiological and neurological approaches to understanding, diagnosing, and treating ME. We identify key areas and approaches to elucidate the core and secondary symptom clusters in ME so as to provide some practical suggestions in evaluation of ME for clinicians and researchers. This review, therefore, represents a synthesis of key discussions in the literature, and has important implications for a better understanding of ME, its biological markers, and diagnostic criteria. There is a clear need for more longitudinal studies in this area with larger data sets, which correct for multiple testing.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Current Status and Future Potentials of Emerging Biomarkers

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) remains an incompletely characterized illness, in part due to controversy regarding its definition, biological basis and diagnosis. Biomarkers are objective measures that may lead to improvements in our understanding of CFS by providing a more coherent and consistent approach to study, diagnosis and treatment of the illness. Such metrics may allow us to distinguish between CFS subtypes - each defined by characteristic biomarkers - currently conflated under the single, heterogeneous condition of CFS. These delineations, in turn, may guide more granular, focused, and targeted treatment strategies based on more precise characterizations of the illness. Here, we review potential CFS biomarkers related to neurological and immunological components of the illness, and discuss how these biomarkers may be used to move the field of CFS forward, emphasizing clinical utility and potential routes of future research.

Patterns of abnormal visual attention in myalgic encephalomyelitis

PURPOSE

To experimentally assess visual attention difficulties commonly reported by those with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).

METHODS

Twenty-nine ME/CFS patients and 29 controls took part in the study. Performance was assessed using the Useful Field of View (UFOV), a spatial cueing task and visual search.

RESULTS

Patients and controls performed similarly on the processing speed subtest of the UFOV. However, patients exhibited marginally worse performance compared with controls on the divided attention subtest and significantly worse performance on the selective attention subtest. In the spatial cueing task, they were slower than controls to respond to the presence of the target, particularly when cues were invalid. They were also impaired, relative to controls, on visual search tasks.

CONCLUSIONS

We have provided experimental evidence for ME/CFS-related difficulties in directing visual attention. These findings support the subjective reports of those with ME/CFS and could represent a potential means to improve diagnosis.

Characterising eye movement dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

BACKGROUND

People who suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) often report that their eye movements are sluggish and that they have difficulties tracking moving objects. However, descriptions of these visual problems are based solely on patients' self-reports of their subjective visual experiences, and there is a distinct lack of empirical evidence to objectively verify their claims. This paper presents the first experimental research to objectively examine eye movements in those suffering from ME/CFS.

METHODS

Patients were assessed for ME/CFS symptoms and were compared to age, gender, and education matched controls for their ability to generate saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements.

RESULTS

Patients and controls exhibited similar error rates and saccade latencies (response times) on prosaccade and antisaccade tasks. Patients showed relatively intact ability to accurately fixate the target (prosaccades), but were impaired when required to focus accurately in a specific position opposite the target (antisaccades). Patients were most markedly impaired when required to direct their gaze as closely as possible to a smoothly moving target (smooth pursuit).

CONCLUSIONS

It is hypothesised that the effects of ME/CFS can be overcome briefly for completion of saccades, but that continuous pursuit activity (accurately tracking a moving object), even for a short time period, highlights dysfunctional eye movement behaviour in ME/CFS patients. Future smooth pursuit research may elucidate and improve diagnosis of ME/CFS.

Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria

The label 'chronic fatigue syndrome' (CFS) has persisted for many years because of the lack of knowledge of the aetiological agents and the disease process. In view of more recent research and clinical experience that strongly point to widespread inflammation and multisystemic neuropathology, it is more appropriate and correct to use the term 'myalgic encephalomyelitis' (ME) because it indicates an underlying pathophysiology. It is also consistent with the neurological classification of ME in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD G93.3). Consequently, an International Consensus Panel consisting of clinicians, researchers, teaching faculty and an independent patient advocate was formed with the purpose of developing criteria based on current knowledge. Thirteen countries and a wide range of specialties were represented. Collectively, members have approximately 400 years of both clinical and teaching experience, authored hundreds of peer-reviewed publications, diagnosed or treated approximately 50 000 patients with ME, and several members coauthored previous criteria. The expertise and experience of the panel members as well as PubMed and other medical sources were utilized in a progression of suggestions/drafts/reviews/revisions. The authors, free of any sponsoring organization, achieved 100% consensus through a Delphi-type process. The scope of this paper is limited to criteria of ME and their application. Accordingly, the criteria reflect the complex symptomatology. Operational notes enhance clarity and specificity by providing guidance in the expression and interpretation of symptoms. Clinical and research application guidelines promote optimal recognition of ME by primary physicians and other healthcare providers, improve the consistency of diagnoses in adult and paediatric patients internationally and facilitate clearer identification of patients for research studies.