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Yilmaz G, Yildirim EA, Tabakcı AS. Comparison of Social-Evaluative Anxiety and Theory of Mind Functions in Social Anxiety Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Healthy Controls. Psychopathology 2023; 56:440-452. [PMID: 37062284 DOI: 10.1159/000529880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the similarities in poor social competence and clinical manifestations of poor social behavior, no study has compared the theory of mind performance between social anxiety disorder (SAD) and schizophrenia, considering the effect of social-evaluative anxiety and neurocognitive functions. In our study, we aimed to compare the theory of mind functions and social-evaluative anxiety between patients with SAD and schizophrenia and healthy controls and to examine the relationship between the theory of mind, neurocognitive skills, and social-evaluative anxiety. METHODS Thirty-four consecutive patients with schizophrenia, 29 patients with SAD, and 30 controls matched by age, education level, and sex were enrolled in the study. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM, Beck Depression Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Theory of Mind measures (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Hinting Task, Faux Pas Test), Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale, Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-Short Form, and neuropsychological tests were administered to all participants. RESULTS A greater significant deterioration in theory of mind and neurocognitive functions was found in patients with schizophrenia compared to those with SAD and healthy controls. Social evaluation anxiety was highest in patients with SAD. Although social-evaluative anxiety was associated with the theory of mind function in schizophrenia, only fear of positive evaluation was associated with SAD. In all groups, neither theory of mind nor neurocognitive ability measures were correlated with social anxiety levels and related symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The impaired theory of mind functioning detected in our study is more prominent in the schizophrenia group and largely independent of anxiety in schizophrenia and SAD. Although social evaluation anxiety, as a transdiagnostic concept, seems to be independent of theory of mind function in general, fear of positive evaluation seems to be associated with hinting in both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Yilmaz
- Private Practice, Psychiatry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ejder Akgun Yildirim
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Outpatient Clinic, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Sencer Tabakcı
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Outpatient Clinic, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Huang K, Kang Y, Wu Z, Wang Y, Cai S, Huang L. Asymmetrical alterations of grey matter among psychiatric disorders: A systematic analysis by voxel-based activation likelihood estimation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110322. [PMID: 33838150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD) and major depression disorder (MDD) have been regarded as highly diverged independent entities in current psychiatric diagnosis. However, ample new evidence suggests that they may have common biological traits. Neuroimaging studies showed that psychiatric disorders might associated with altered grey matter (GM) asymmetry compared to controls; however, the degree to which SZ, BD and MDD have common and/or distinct asymmetrical alterations in GM is still ambiguous. In this study, we analysed 169 voxel-based studies (including 3517 SZ patients, 1575 BD patients, 3280 MDD patients and 9733 controls) using activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis to systematically review the existence of similar GM atrophy and asymmetrical alteration patterns among these psychiatric disorders, and the functional association between behaviour domains and topological alterations. We found that the right parahippocampal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus showed commonly altered GM volume across all three illnesses, but did not identify common asymmetrical alteration. The asymmetrical alteration with leftward bias appeared in SZ and bipolar disorder at different locations, but more asymmetrical alteration with rightward bias appeared in MDD. Moreover, these changes have been confirmed to be associate with several symptoms and may have roles in functional networks. Our findings support the existence of common neurobiological damnification in these psychiatric disorders and provides valuable insights for the neural commonalties among different psychiatric disorders based on a large sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yafei Kang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Zhongcheng Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Suping Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Liyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
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3
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Gao Z, Zhao W, Liu S, Liu Z, Yang C, Xu Y. Facial Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:633717. [PMID: 34017272 PMCID: PMC8129182 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in facial emotion recognition are one of the most common cognitive impairments, and they have been extensively studied in various psychiatric disorders, especially in schizophrenia. However, there is still a lack of conclusive evidence about the factors associated with schizophrenia and impairment at each stage of the disease, which poses a challenge to the clinical management of patients. Based on this, we summarize facial emotion cognition among patients with schizophrenia, introduce the internationally recognized Bruce-Young face recognition model, and review the behavioral and event-related potential studies on the recognition of emotions at each stage of the face recognition process, including suggestions for the future direction of clinical research to explore the underlying mechanisms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Humanities and Social Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhifen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chengxiang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Charernboon T. Negative and Neutral Valences of Affective Theory of Mind are More Impaired than Positive Valence in Clinically Stable Schizophrenia Patients. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:460-464. [PMID: 32403211 PMCID: PMC7265030 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with schizophrenia show impairment in social cognition, such as emotion recognition and theory of mind. The current study aims to compare the ability of clinically stable schizophrenia patients to decode the positive, negative and neutral affective mental state of others with educational match-paired normal control. METHODS 50 people with schizophrenia and 50 matched controls were compared on the positive, negative and neutral emotional valence of affective theory of mind using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Tests. RESULTS The results showed that people with schizophrenia performed worse in negative and neutral emotional valence than normal controls; however, no significant differences in decoding positive valence were found. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that there is variability in the performance of affective theory of mind according to emotion valence; the impairments seem to be specific to only negative and neutral emotions, but not positive ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thammanard Charernboon
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Applied Epidemiology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
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The Influence of Maternal Schizotypy on the perception of Facial Emotional Expressions during Infancy: an Event-Related Potential Study. Infant Behav Dev 2020; 58:101390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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EEG correlates of face recognition in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:986-996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Resilience, Sense of Coherence, and Coping with Stress as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being in the Course of Schizophrenia. The Study Design. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071266. [PMID: 30970589 PMCID: PMC6480495 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main research objective was seeking for the predictive role of such personal resources as resilience, sense of coherence, and coping with stress in psychological well-being of schizophrenia patients and their treatment. The study group comprised 201 individuals with schizophrenia, aged between 18 and 62. The following instruments were used: The sense of coherence scale SOC-29, The resilience scale for adults, polish adaptation of the stress appraisal measure, semistructured clinical interview, the positive and negative syndrome scale, the mood scale, and the general health questionnaire. A stepwise regression analysis aimed at selecting a group of significant predictors for the verified factors of psychological well-being in patients suffering from schizophrenia was carried out. The results of the study demonstrated the following to be significant predictors of psychological well-being in patients with schizophrenia: Resilience (explaining significantly the level of schizophrenic symptomatology Beta = -0.30, negative symptoms Beta = -0.385, and cognitive disorders Beta = -0.303), sense of coherence, which significantly predicted mood (in the case of manageability, Beta = 0.580 for positive mood, and Beta = 0.534 for negative mood) and psychiatric symptomatology (comprehensibility, Beta = 0.311 for negative symptoms, Beta = 0.173 for excessive arousal, and Beta = 0.330 for cognitive disorganization). The level of perceived stress appraised as challenge predicted positive mood (Beta = 0.164), while stress appraisal in terms of threat served as a predictor for negative mood and depressiveness (Beta = 0.190). The study results can prove helpful in creating therapeutic and programs and psychiatric rehabilitation for patients with schizophrenia.
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What Is Going On? The Process of Generating Questions about Emotion and Social Cognition in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia with Cartoon Situations and Faces. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8040068. [PMID: 29673215 PMCID: PMC5924404 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regarding the notion of putative “best” practices in social neuroscience and science in general, we contend that following established procedures has advantages, but prescriptive uniformity in methodology can obscure flaws, bias thinking, stifle creativity, and restrict exploration. Generating hypotheses is at least as important as testing hypotheses. To illustrate this process, we describe the following exploratory study. Psychiatric patients have difficulties with social functioning that affect their quality of life adversely. To investigate these impediments, we compared the performances of patients with schizophrenia and those with bipolar disorder to healthy controls on a task that involved matching photographs of facial expressions to a faceless protagonist in each of a series of drawn cartoon emotion-related situations. These scenarios involved either a single character (Nonsocial) or multiple characters (Social). The Social scenarios were also Congruent, with everyone in the cartoon displaying the same emotion, or Noncongruent (with everyone displaying a different emotion than the protagonist should). In this preliminary study, both patient groups produced lower scores than controls (p < 0.001), but did not perform differently from each other. All groups performed best on the social-congruent items and worst on the social-noncongruent items (p < 0.001). Performance varied inversely with illness duration, but not symptom severity. Complete emotional, social, cognitive, or perceptual inability is unlikely because these patient groups could still do this task. Nevertheless, the differences we saw could be meaningful functionally and clinically significant and deserve further exploration. Therefore, we stress the need to continue developing novel, alternative ways to explore social cognition in patients with psychiatric disorders and to clarify which elements of the multidimensional process contribute to difficulties in daily functioning.
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Jeong JW, Wendimagegn TW, Chang E, Chun Y, Park JH, Kim HJ, Kim HT. Classifying Schizotypy Using an Audiovisual Emotion Perception Test and Scalp Electroencephalography. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:450. [PMID: 28955212 PMCID: PMC5601065 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizotypy refers to the personality trait of experiencing "psychotic" symptoms and can be regarded as a predisposition of schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology (Raine, 1991). Cumulative evidence has revealed that individuals with schizotypy, as well as schizophrenia patients, have emotional processing deficits. In the present study, we investigated multimodal emotion perception in schizotypy and implemented the machine learning technique to find out whether a schizotypy group (ST) is distinguishable from a control group (NC), using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Forty-five subjects (30 ST and 15 NC) were divided into two groups based on their scores on a Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. All participants performed an audiovisual emotion perception test while EEG was recorded. After the preprocessing stage, the discriminatory features were extracted using a mean subsampling technique. For an accurate estimation of covariance matrices, the shrinkage linear discriminant algorithm was used. The classification attained over 98% accuracy and zero rate of false-positive results. This method may have important clinical implications in discriminating those among the general population who have a subtle risk for schizotypy, requiring intervention in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woon Jeong
- Department of Psychology, Korea UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | | | - Eunhee Chang
- Department of Psychology, Korea UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Yeseul Chun
- Department of Psychology, Korea UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Hyuk Park
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Jeju National University HospitalJeju, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Joong Kim
- Department of Information Security, Korea UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Taek Kim
- Department of Psychology, Korea UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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Tsotsi S, Bozikas VP, Kosmidis MH. The role of attention processes in facial affect recognition in schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 20:526-41. [PMID: 26572586 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2015.1110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies investigating the involvement of attention processes in facial affect recognition (FAR) have been contradictory, with some suggesting a generalised cognitive deficit, whereas others a specialised deficit in affect recognition. Given the ubiquity of both attention and emotion perception deficits in schizophrenia, we examined whether specific attentional processes, in fact, mediate FAR. METHODS Patients with schizophrenia (n = 38) and healthy controls (n = 24) performed tests assessing FAR and attention processes, specifically, visual attention (Trail Making Test A), sustained attention/inhibition (Rapid Visual Processing subtest; Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery), and attention to details in facial features (AFF). AFF and FAR were assessed with newly devised experimental procedures. RESULTS Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed a similar pattern of association between attention processes and FAR in both participant groups with respect to all attention processes investigated, predicting FAR accuracy. Additionally, visual attention predicted accuracy in happiness, disgust and surprise, whereas AFF predicted accuracy in anger and fear. Regarding FAR processing speed, no attention process predicted participants' performance on correct responses; AFF response speed predicted participants' FAR response speed, but only on incorrect responses. DISCUSSION The present findings highlight the role of attentional processes in emotion recognition, as deficits in the former were predictive of impairments in the latter. Furthermore, AFF appears to be involved in the discrimination of negatively valenced facial expressions. The lack of association between attentional processes and FAR processing speed, particularly regarding correct responses, might reflect the differential pattern of activation of cortical and subcortical structures involved in these cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Tsotsi
- a Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience , School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Greece.,b 1st Department of Psychiatry , School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Vassilis P Bozikas
- b 1st Department of Psychiatry , School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Mary H Kosmidis
- a Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience , School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Greece
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Specificity of facial emotion recognition impairments in patients with multi-episode schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2015; 2:12-19. [PMID: 29379756 PMCID: PMC5779291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with schizophrenia show impairments in social information processing, such as recognising facial emotions and face identity. Goal The aim of this study was to explore whether these impairments represent specific deficits or are part of a more general cognitive dysfunction. Method Forty-two patients with schizophrenia and 42 matched controls were compared on facial emotion and face identity recognition versus (non-social) abstract pattern recognition, using three tasks of the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks (ANT) program. Results Patients were slower than controls in social information processing as well as in (non-social) abstract pattern recognition. Patients were also less accurate than controls in processing social information, but not in recognition of abstract patterns. Differences between patients and controls were most substantial for facial emotion recognition compared to both face identity recognition (speed) and non-social pattern recognition (speed and accuracy). Finally, differences between patients and controls were largest for the recognition of negative emotions. Conclusion Compared to controls patients with schizophrenia displayed more difficulties in processing of social information compared to non-social information. These results support the hypothesis that facial emotion recognition impairment is a relatively distinct entity within the domain of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Bortolon C, Capdevielle D, Raffard S. Face recognition in schizophrenia disorder: A comprehensive review of behavioral, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 53:79-107. [PMID: 25800172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Facial emotion processing has been extensively studied in schizophrenia patients while general face processing has received less attention. The already published reviews do not address the current scientific literature in a complete manner. Therefore, here we tried to answer some questions that remain to be clarified, particularly: are the non-emotional aspects of facial processing in fact impaired in schizophrenia patients? At the behavioral level, our key conclusions are that visual perception deficit in schizophrenia patients: are not specific to faces; are most often present when the cognitive (e.g. attention) and perceptual demands of the tasks are important; and seems to worsen with the illness chronification. Although, currently evidence suggests impaired second order configural processing, more studies are necessary to determine whether or not holistic processing is impaired in schizophrenia patients. Neural and neurophysiological evidence suggests impaired earlier levels of visual processing, which might involve the deficits in interaction of the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways impacting on further processing. These deficits seem to be present even before the disorder out-set. Although evidence suggests that this deficit may be not specific to faces, further evidence on this question is necessary, in particularly more ecological studies including context and body processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bortolon
- Epsylon Laboratory, EA 4556 Montpellier, France; University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Delphine Capdevielle
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1061 Pathologies of the Nervous System: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombiere Hospital, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphane Raffard
- Epsylon Laboratory, EA 4556 Montpellier, France; University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Processing of facial and nonsocial information is differentially associated with severity of symptoms in patients with multiepisode schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2015; 203:112-9. [PMID: 25594793 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show impairments in social cognitive abilities, such as recognizing facial emotions. However, the relation to symptoms remains unclear. The goal of this study was to explore whether facial emotion recognition and face identity recognition are associated with severity of symptoms and to which extent associations with symptoms differ for processing of social versus nonsocial information. Facial emotion recognition, face recognition, and abstract pattern recognition were evaluated in 98 patients with multiepisode schizophrenia. Severity of symptoms was measured using a five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Results show that facial emotion recognition and, to a lesser extent, face recognition were predominantly associated with severity of disorganization symptoms. In contrast, recognition of nonsocial patterns was associated with negative symptoms, excitement, and emotional distress. Reaction time rather than accuracy of social cognition explained variance in symptomatology. These results lead to the conclusion that facial emotion processing in schizophrenia appears to be associated with severity of symptoms, especially disorganization.
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Selvaraj S, Arnone D, Cappai A, Howes O. Alterations in the serotonin system in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of postmortem and molecular imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:233-45. [PMID: 24971825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic dysfunction is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia but the evidence has not been systematically synthesised before. We therefore systematically reviewed postmortem and in vivo molecular imaging studies of serotonin function in schizophrenia. We identified fifty relevant studies investigating eight different serotonin receptor systems in a total of 684 patients and 675 controls. Meta-analysis of postmortem studies found an elevation in prefrontal 5-HT1A receptors with a moderate to large effect size (N=8, 85 patients and 94 controls, SMD=0.60; CI: 0.17-1.03; p=0.007) and a reduction with a large effect size in prefrontal 5-HT2A receptors (N=8, 168 patients and 163 controls, SMD=-0.73; CI: -1.33, -0.12; p=0.019) in schizophrenia vs healthy controls. The evidence for alterations in serotonin transporter availability or other serotonin receptors (5-HT1B; 5-HT1D; 5-HT3; 5-HT4; 5-HT7) is limited. There are fewer studies investigating 5-HT receptors in schizophrenia with neuroimaging. Findings indicated possible 5-HT alterations at psychosis onset, although due to the limited number it was not possible to combine studies in a meta-analysis. Further in vivo studies, particularly in drug naive patients using radiotracers that can index high affinity states, will help determine if the postmortem findings are primary or secondary to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Selvaraj
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Sciences Centre, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Danilo Arnone
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Alessandra Cappai
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Sciences Centre, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Forensic Outreach Service & Inreach Team HMP Wandsworth, South West London & St George's NHS Mental Health Trust, Springfield Hospital, Glenburnie Road, London SW17 7DJ, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- Medical Research Council, Clinical Sciences Centre, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Wojakiewicz A, Januel D, Braha S, Prkachin K, Danziger N, Bouhassira D. Alteration of pain recognition in schizophrenia. Eur J Pain 2013; 17:1385-92. [PMID: 23529960 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia patients display impaired recognition of their own emotions and those of others and deficits in several domains of empathy. The first-person experience of pain and observing others in pain normally trigger strong emotional mechanisms. We therefore hypothesized that schizophrenia patients would display impaired recognition and categorization of both their own pain and the pain of others. METHODS We studied 29 patients (18 men/11 women; 36 ± 13 years old) with paranoid schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and 27 healthy volunteers (20 men/7 women; 31 ± 9 years old) matched for age, gender, IQ and socio-cultural level. We assessed symptom severity and theory of mind. The participants' ability to detect and categorize pain in others was assessed with the sensitivity to expressions of pain (STEP) test, which is based on facial expressions, and another dynamic test involving a series of video sequences showing various pain-inducing events. The ability of patients to evaluate their own pain was assessed with the situational pain questionnaire (SPQ), which includes a series of questions assessing how one would expect to feel in different imaginary situations. Empathic tendencies were assessed with the interpersonal reactivity index. RESULTS Patients and controls differed significantly in STEP, pain video and SPQ scores. By contrast with control subjects, the patients' pain judgements were not correlated with their affective or cognitive empathic capacities. CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenic patients have a deficit of the identification and categorization of pain both in themselves and in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wojakiewicz
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Neuilly sur Marne, France
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Lee J, Gosselin F, Wynn JK, Green MF. How do schizophrenia patients use visual information to decode facial emotion? Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:1001-8. [PMID: 20156852 PMCID: PMC3160215 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbq006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Impairment in recognizing facial emotions is a prominent feature of schizophrenia patients, but the underlying mechanism of this impairment remains unclear. This study investigated the specific aspects of visual information that are critical for schizophrenia patients to recognize emotional expression. Using the Bubbles technique, we probed the use of visual information during a facial emotion discrimination task (fear vs. happy) in 21 schizophrenia patients and 17 healthy controls. Visual information was sampled through randomly located Gaussian apertures (or "bubbles") at 5 spatial frequency scales. Online calibration of the amount of face exposed through bubbles was used to ensure 75% overall accuracy for each subject. Least-square multiple linear regression analyses between sampled information and accuracy were performed to identify critical visual information that was used to identify emotional expression. To accurately identify emotional expression, schizophrenia patients required more exposure of facial areas (i.e., more bubbles) compared with healthy controls. To identify fearful faces, schizophrenia patients relied less on bilateral eye regions at high-spatial frequency compared with healthy controls. For identification of happy faces, schizophrenia patients relied on the mouth and eye regions; healthy controls did not utilize eyes and used the mouth much less than patients did. Schizophrenia patients needed more facial information to recognize emotional expression of faces. In addition, patients differed from controls in their use of high-spatial frequency information from eye regions to identify fearful faces. This study provides direct evidence that schizophrenia patients employ an atypical strategy of using visual information to recognize emotional faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA.
| | - Frédéric Gosselin
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan K. Wynn
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
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Kohler CG, Walker JB, Martin EA, Healey KM, Moberg PJ. Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36:1009-19. [PMID: 19329561 PMCID: PMC2930336 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A considerable body of literature has reported on emotion perception deficits and the relevance to clinical symptoms and social functioning in schizophrenia. Studies published between 1970-2007 were examined regarding emotion perception abilities between patient and control groups and potential methodological, demographic, and clinical moderators. DATA SOURCES AND REVIEW: Eighty-six studies were identified through a computerized literature search of the MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and PubMed databases. A quality of reporting of meta-analysis standard was followed in the extraction of relevant studies and data. Data on emotion perception, methodology, demographic and clinical characteristics, and antipsychotic medication status were compiled and analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis Version 2.0 (Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J and Rothstein H. Comprehensive Meta-analysis. 2. Englewood, NJ: Biostat; 2005). RESULTS The meta-analysis revealed a large deficit in emotion perception in schizophrenia, irrespective of task type, and several factors that moderated the observed impairment. Illness-related factors included current hospitalization and--in part--clinical symptoms and antipsychotic treatment. Demographic factors included patient age and gender in controls but not race. CONCLUSION Emotion perception impairment in schizophrenia represents a robust finding in schizophrenia that appears to be moderated by certain clinical and demographic factors. Future directions for research on emotion perception are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Kohler
- Schizophrenia Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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18
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Chan RCK, Li H, Cheung EFC, Gong QY. Impaired facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2010; 178:381-90. [PMID: 20483476 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research into facial emotion perception in schizophrenia has burgeoned over the past several decades. The evidence is mixed regarding whether patients with schizophrenia have a general facial emotion perception deficit (a deficit in facial emotion perception plus a more basic deficit in facial processing) or specific facial emotion perception deficits (deficits only in facial emotion perception tasks). A meta-analysis is conducted of 28 facial emotion perception studies that include control tasks. These studies use differential deficit designs to examine whether patients with schizophrenia demonstrate a general deficit or specific deficit in facial emotion perception. A significant mean effect size is found for total facial emotion perception (d=-0.85). Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate impaired ability to perform corresponding control tasks, and the mean effect size is -0.70. The current findings suggest that patients with schizophrenia have moderately to severely impaired perception of facial emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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19
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Leitman DI, Laukka P, Juslin PN, Saccente E, Butler P, Javitt DC. Getting the cue: sensory contributions to auditory emotion recognition impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36:545-56. [PMID: 18791077 PMCID: PMC2879690 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia show reliable deficits in the ability to recognize emotions from vocal expressions. Here, we examined emotion recognition ability in 23 schizophrenia patients relative to 17 healthy controls using a stimulus battery with well-characterized acoustic features. We further evaluated performance deficits relative to ancillary assessments of underlying pitch perception abilities. As predicted, patients showed reduced emotion recognition ability across a range of emotions, which correlated with impaired basic tone matching abilities. Emotion identification deficits were strongly related to pitch-based acoustic cues such as mean and variability of fundamental frequency. Whereas healthy subjects' performance varied as a function of the relative presence or absence of these cues, with higher cue levels leading to enhanced performance, schizophrenia patients showed significantly less variation in performance as a function of cue level. In contrast to pitch-based cues, both groups showed equivalent variation in performance as a function of intensity-based cues. Finally, patients were less able than controls to differentiate between expressions with high and low emotion intensity, and this deficit was also correlated with impaired tone matching ability. Both emotion identification and intensity rating deficits were unrelated to valence of intended emotions. Deficits in both auditory emotion identification and more basic perceptual abilities correlated with impaired functional outcome. Overall, these findings support the concept that auditory emotion identification deficits in schizophrenia reflect, at least in part, a relative inability to process critical acoustic characteristics of prosodic stimuli and that such deficits contribute to poor global outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I. Leitman
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962,Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY,Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Petri Laukka
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Erica Saccente
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962
| | - Pamela Butler
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Daniel C. Javitt
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962,Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 845-398-6534, fax: 845-398-6545, e-mail:
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Li H, Chan RCK, Zhao Q, Hong X, Gong QY. Facial emotion perception in Chinese patients with schizophrenia and non-psychotic first-degree relatives. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:393-400. [PMID: 20079792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a consensus that patients with schizophrenia have certain deficits in perceiving and expressing facial emotions, previous studies of facial emotion perception in schizophrenia do not present consistent results. The objective of this study was to explore facial emotion perception deficits in Chinese patients with schizophrenia and their non-psychotic first-degree relatives. Sixty-nine patients with schizophrenia, 56 of their first-degree relatives (33 parents and 23 siblings), and 92 healthy controls (67 younger healthy controls matched to the patients and siblings, and 25 older healthy controls matched to the parents) completed a set of facial emotion perception tasks, including facial emotion discrimination, identification, intensity, valence, and corresponding face identification tasks. The results demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than their siblings and younger healthy controls in accuracy in a variety of facial emotion perception tasks, whereas the siblings of the patients performed as well as the corresponding younger healthy controls in all of the facial emotion perception tasks. Patients with schizophrenia also showed significantly reduced speed than younger healthy controls, while siblings of patients did not demonstrate significant differences with both patients and younger healthy controls in speed. Meanwhile, we also found that parents of the schizophrenia patients performed significantly worse than the corresponding older healthy controls in accuracy in terms of facial emotion identification, valence, and the composite index of the facial discrimination, identification, intensity and valence tasks. Moreover, no significant differences were found between the parents of patients and older healthy controls in speed after controlling the years of education and IQ. Taken together, the results suggest that facial emotion perception deficits may serve as potential endophenotypes for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Li
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Rocca P, Castagna F, Mongini T, Montemagni C, Rasetti R, Rocca G, Bogetto F. Exploring the role of face processing in facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2009; 21:292-300. [PMID: 25384735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2009.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impairment in emotion perception represents a fundamental feature of schizophrenia with important consequences in social functioning. A fundamental unresolved issue is the relationship between emotion perception and face perception. The aim of the present study was to examine whether facial identity recognition (Identity Discrimination) is a factor predicting facial emotion recognition in the context of the other factors, known as contributing to emotion perception, such as cognitive functions and symptoms. METHODS We enrolled 58 stable schizophrenic out-patients and 47 healthy subjects. Facial identity recognition and emotion perception were assessed with the Comprehensive Affect Testing System. Different multiple regression models with backward elimination were performed in order to discover the relation of each significant variable with emotion perception. RESULTS In a regression including the six significant variables (age, positive symptomatology, Identity Discrimination, attentive functions, verbal memory-learning, executive functions) versus emotion processing, only attentive functions (standardised β = 0.264, p = 0.038) and Identity Discrimination (standardised β = 0.279, p = 0.029) reached a significant level. Two partial regressions were performed including five variables, one excluding attentive functions and the other excluding Identity Discrimination. When we excluded attentive functions, the only significant variable was Identity Discrimination (standardised β = 0.278, p = 0.032). When we excluded Identity Discrimination, both verbal memory-learning (standardised β = 0.261, p = 0.042) and executive functions (standardised β = 0.253, p = 0.048) were significant. CONCLUSIONS Our results emphasised the role of face perception and attentional abilities on affect perception in schizophrenia. We additionally found a role of verbal memory-learning and executive functions on emotion perception. The relationship between those above-mentioned variables and emotion processing could have implications for cognitive rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rocca
- 1Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Filomena Castagna
- 1Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Tullia Mongini
- 1Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristiana Montemagni
- 1Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Rasetti
- 1Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rocca
- 1Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Bogetto
- 1Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Facial affect recognition deficit as a marker of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 12:46-55. [PMID: 19476218 DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600001463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility that affect recognition impairments are associated with genetic liability to schizophrenia. In a group of 55 unaffected relatives of schizophrenia patients (parents and siblings) we examined the capacity to detect facially expressed emotions and its relationship to schizotypal personality, neurocognitive functioning, and the subject's actual emotional state. The relatives were compared with 103 schizophrenia patients and 99 healthy subjects without any family history of psychoses. Emotional stimuli were nine black-and-white photos of actors, who portrayed six basic emotions as well as interest, contempt, and shame. The results evidenced the affect recognition deficit in relatives, though milder than that in patients themselves. No correlation between the deficit and schizotypal personality measured with SPQ was detected in the group of relatives. Neither cognitive functioning, including attention, verbal memory and linguistic ability, nor actual emotional states accounted for their affect recognition impairments. The results suggest that the facial affect recognition deficit in schizophrenia may be related to genetic predisposition to the disorder and may serve as an endophenotype in molecular-genetic studies.
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Kohler CG, Walker JB, Martin EA, Healey KM, Moberg PJ. Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Schizophr Bull 2009. [PMID: 19329561 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A considerable body of literature has reported on emotion perception deficits and the relevance to clinical symptoms and social functioning in schizophrenia. Studies published between 1970-2007 were examined regarding emotion perception abilities between patient and control groups and potential methodological, demographic, and clinical moderators. DATA SOURCES AND REVIEW: Eighty-six studies were identified through a computerized literature search of the MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and PubMed databases. A quality of reporting of meta-analysis standard was followed in the extraction of relevant studies and data. Data on emotion perception, methodology, demographic and clinical characteristics, and antipsychotic medication status were compiled and analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis Version 2.0 (Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J and Rothstein H. Comprehensive Meta-analysis. 2. Englewood, NJ: Biostat; 2005). RESULTS The meta-analysis revealed a large deficit in emotion perception in schizophrenia, irrespective of task type, and several factors that moderated the observed impairment. Illness-related factors included current hospitalization and--in part--clinical symptoms and antipsychotic treatment. Demographic factors included patient age and gender in controls but not race. CONCLUSION Emotion perception impairment in schizophrenia represents a robust finding in schizophrenia that appears to be moderated by certain clinical and demographic factors. Future directions for research on emotion perception are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Kohler
- Schizophrenia Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Amygdala Volume and Verbal Memory Performance in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Cogn Behav Neurol 2009; 22:28-37. [DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0b013e318192cc67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Effects of sentence context on lexical ambiguity resolution in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:1079-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Impaired social motivation and increased aggression in rats subchronically exposed to phencyclidine. Physiol Behav 2009; 96:394-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies of face processing deficits in people with schizophrenia have begun to shed light on the answers to four important questions: What is the major component of the deficit? Does it have a neurobiological basis? When does it appear in development? Can it be remediated? RECENT FINDINGS Eye contact is especially important for recognizing fearful expressions. Patients with schizophrenia avoid gazing at important facial feature regions (especially eyes) and are particularly impaired in recognizing fear. Patients were thought to exhibit decreased amygdala activity when viewing fearful faces; however, more recent studies have revealed limbic hyperactivity in patients when viewing nonfearful and fearful faces compared with baseline. Amygdala hyperactivity can also be detected when people with schizophrenia fail to appropriately recognize fear faces. Studies indicate that there are developmental changes in amygdala activation, including limbic hyperactivity to fear faces during adolescence, a critical time for the onset of schizophrenia. New treatment strategies can increase gaze to the eye region, which could improve emotional recognition in patients. SUMMARY These findings suggest that there may soon be more options for overcoming specific problems in emotional face evaluation in people who have schizophrenia.
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Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ability to perceive facial and vocal affect in a group of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and to explore the specific emotions that might be troublesome for them. Participants were 25 patients with OCD and 25 healthy controls, matched for age, education, and gender. They were assessed with computerized tests of affect perception using visual faces [Kinney's Affect Matching Test (KAMT)], visual everyday scenarios [Fantie's Cartoon Test (FCT)], and prosody [Affective Prosody Test (APT)], as well as a facial recognition test [Kinney's Identity Matching Test (KIMT)]. Severity of OCD symptoms in the patient group was measured with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Patients with OCD were not impaired in the perception of emotion, in either the visual [still photographs (KAMT) or sketches of everyday scenarios (FCT)] or the vocal (APT) modality, as compared with age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy individuals. Moreover, patients with OCD did not differ from healthy individuals in discriminating facial identity (KIMT). With regard to each emotion type separately, patients performed equally well as healthy individuals in all the emotions examined. Emotion processing of both facial expressions and prosody does not appear to be deficient in patients with OCD (JINS, 2009, 15, 148-153).
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Ramos-Loyo J, González-Garrido AA, Sánchez-Loyo LM, Medina V, Basar-Eroglu C. Event-related potentials and event-related oscillations during identity and facial emotional processing in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 71:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Increased neural response related to neutral faces in individuals at risk for psychosis. Neuroimage 2008; 40:289-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kircher TT, Seiferth NY, Plewnia C, Baar S, Schwabe R. Self-face recognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 94:264-72. [PMID: 17561379 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered self-awareness might be a core feature of schizophrenia. Facial self-recognition in children and non-human primates has been linked to the emergence of self-awareness. In this study, the ability to recognize the own face as an indicator of certain aspects of self-awareness was investigated in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Standardized facial pictures of the participants (20 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia and 20 healthy controls), of close same-sex relatives of the participants and of unknown persons were taken. These stimuli were presented on a computer screen serially in three forced choice identity recognition experiments: facial identities were presented (I) for 5 s centrally on the screen; (II) in the participants' left and right visual hemifields for 100 ms; (III) as morphed blendings between the identities, centrally for 5 s. RESULTS There was no interaction between group and facial identity in experiments I and III. However, in experiment II an interaction between hemifield and identity emerged in the patients (p=.002). They exhibited higher error rates for their own face presented to the right hemifield (p=.003), whereas there was no effect for the control subjects. Additionally, self-face recognition (reaction time in experiment I; p=.0009 and error rates in II; p=.0006) was related to hallucinations in the patients. CONCLUSIONS These results support the notion of a specific self-face processing dysfunction in schizophrenia. This might be related to altered self-awareness in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo T Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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