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Bi R, Zhao Y, Li S, Xu F, Peng W, Tan S, Zhang D. Brain stimulation over the left DLPFC enhances motivation for effortful rewards in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 356:414-423. [PMID: 38640975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amotivation is a typical feature in major depressive disorder (MDD), which produces reduced willingness to exert effort. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a crucial structure in goal-directed actions and therefore is a potential target in modulating effortful motivation. However, it remains unclear whether the intervention is effective for patients with MDD. METHODS We employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), computational modelling and event-related potentials (ERPs) to reveal the causal relationship between the left DLPFC and motivation for effortful rewards in MDD. Fifty patients underwent both active and sham TMS sessions, each followed by performing an Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task, during which participants chose and implemented between low-effort/low-reward and high-effort/high-reward options. RESULTS The patients showed increased willingness to exert effort for rewards during the DLPFC facilitated session, compared with the sham session. They also had a trend in larger P3 amplitude for motivated attention toward chosen options, larger CNV during preparing for effort exertion, and larger SPN during anticipating a high reward. Besides, while behavior indexes for effortful choices were negatively related to depression severity in the sham session, this correlation was weakened in the active stimulation session. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide behavioral, computational, and neural evidence for the left DLPFC on effortful motivation for rewards. Facilitated DLPFC improves motor preparation and value anticipation after making decisions especially for highly effortful rewards in MDD. Facilitated DLPFC also has a potential function in enhancing motivated attention during cost-benefit trade-off. This neuromodulation effect provides a potential treatment for improving motivation in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Bi
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Sijin Li
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Shenzhen Yingchi Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Weiwei Peng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China.
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Chen H, Chen J, Lan J. Acute manipulation of Drd1 neurons in the prefrontal cortex bidirectionally regulates anxiety and depression-like behaviors. Neurosci Lett 2024; 832:137805. [PMID: 38705453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in modulating anxiety and depression. Manipulation of Drd1 neurons in the mPFC resulted in variable neuronal activity and, consequently, strikingly different behaviors. The acute regulation of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors by Drd1 neurons, a major neuronal subtype in the mPFC, has not yet been investigated. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether acute manipulation of Drd1 neurons in the mPFC affects anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. STUDY DESIGN Male Drd1-Cre mice were injected with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing hM3DGq or hM4DGi. Clozapine-n-oxide (CNO, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 30 min before the behavioral tests. METHODS Male Drd1-Cre mice were injected with AAV-Ef1α-DIO-hM4DGi-mCherry-WPRE-pA, AAV-Ef1α-DIO-hM3DGq-mCherry-WPRE-pA or AAV-Ef1α-DIO-mCherry-WPRE-pA. Three weeks later, whole-cell recordings after CNO (5 μM) were applied to the bath were used to validate the functional expression of hM4DGi and hM3DGq. Four groups of mice underwent all the behavioral tests, and after each of the tests, the mice were allowed to rest for 3-4 days. CNO (1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before the behavior test. Anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated by the open field test (OFT), the elevated plus maze test (EPMT), and the novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT). Depression-like behaviors were evaluated by the sucrose preference test (SPT) and force swimming test (FST). For all experiments, coronal sections of the targeted brain area were used to confirm virus expression. RESULTS Whole-cell recordings from brain slices demonstrated that infusions of CNO (5 µM) into mPFC slices dramatically increased the firing activity of hM3DGq-mCherry+ neurons and abolished the firing activity of hM4DGi-mCherry+ neurons. Acute chemogenetic activation of Drd1 neurons in the mPFC increased the time spent in the central area in the OFT, increased the time spent in the open arms in the EMPT, decreased the latency to bite the food in the NSFT, increased the sucrose preference in the SPT, and decreased the immobility time in the FST. Acute chemogenetic inhibition of Drd1 neurons in the mPFC decreased the time spent in the central area in the OFT, decreased the time spent in the open arms in the EMPT, increased the latency to bite the food in the NSFT, decreased the sucrose preference in the SPT, and increased the immobility time in the FST. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that acute activation of Drd1 neurons in the mPFC produced rapid anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects, and acute inhibition had the opposite effect, revealing that Drd1 neurons in the mPFC bidirectionally regulate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The findings of the present study regarding the acute effects of stimulating Drd1 neurons in the mPFC on anxiety and depression suggest that Drd1 neurons in the mPFC are a focus for the treatment of anxiety disorders and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanning First People's Hospital, Nanning 530000, China; Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, Nanning First People's Hospital, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Jie Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanning First People's Hospital, Nanning 530000, China.
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Qiu J, Xu J, Cai Y, Li M, Peng Y, Xu Y, Chen G. Catgut embedding in acupoints combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1295429. [PMID: 38606276 PMCID: PMC11008468 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1295429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To date, the clinical modulation for bone metabolism based on the neuro-bone mass regulation theory is still not popular. The stimulation of nerve systems to explore novel treatments for Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is urgent and significant. Preliminary research results suggested that changes brain function and structure may play a crucial role in bone metabolism with PMOP. Thus, we set up a clinical trial to investigate the effect of the combination of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and catgut embedding in acupoints (CEA) for PMOP and to elucidate the central mechanism of this neural stimulation in regulating bone metabolism. Method This trial is a prospective and randomized controlled trial. 96 PMOP participants will be randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio into a CEA group, an rTMS group, or a combined one. Participants will receive CEA, rTMS, or combined therapy for 3 months with 8 weeks of follow-up. The primary outcomes will be the changes in Bone Mineral Density scores, total efficiency of Chinese Medicine Symptoms before and after treatment. Secondary outcomes include the McGill Pain Questionnaire Short-Form, Osteoporosis Symptom Score, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. The leptin, leptin receptor, and norepinephrine levels of peripheral blood must be measured before and after treatment. Adverse events that occur during the trial will be recorded. Discussion CEA achieves brain-bone mass regulation through the bottom-up way of peripheral-central while rTMS achieves it through the top-down stimulation of central-peripheral. CEA combined with rTMS can stimulate the peripheral-central at the same time and promote peripheral bone mass formation. The combination of CEA and rTMS may play a coordinating, synergistic, and side-effect-reducing role, which is of great clinical significance in exploring better treatment options for PMOP.Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier ChiCTR2300073863.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qiu
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - JiaZi Xu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyue Cai
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghong Li
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsin Peng
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxiang Xu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guizhen Chen
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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Prefrontal cortical circuits in anxiety and fear: an overview. Front Med 2022; 16:518-539. [PMID: 35943704 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Pathological anxiety is among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat pharmacologically, and it represents a major societal problem. Studies have implicated structural changes within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and functional changes in the communication of the PFC with distal brain structures in anxiety disorders. Treatments that affect the activity of the PFC, including cognitive therapies and transcranial magnetic stimulation, reverse anxiety- and fear-associated circuit abnormalities through mechanisms that remain largely unclear. While the subjective experience of a rodent cannot be precisely determined, rodent models hold great promise in dissecting well-conserved circuits. Newly developed genetic and viral tools and optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques have revealed the intricacies of neural circuits underlying anxiety and fear by allowing direct examination of hypotheses drawn from existing psychological concepts. This review focuses on studies that have used these circuit-based approaches to gain a more detailed, more comprehensive, and more integrated view on how the PFC governs anxiety and fear and orchestrates adaptive defensive behaviors to hopefully provide a roadmap for the future development of therapies for pathological anxiety.
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Smart Device-Driven Corticolimbic Plasticity in Cognitive–Emotional Restructuring of Space-Related Neuropsychiatric Disease and Injury. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020236. [PMID: 35207523 PMCID: PMC8875345 DOI: 10.3390/life12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escalating government and commercial efforts to plan and deploy viable manned near-to-deep solar system exploration and habitation over the coming decades now drives next-generation space medicine innovations. The application of cutting-edge precision medicine, such as brain stimulation techniques, provides powerful clinical and field/flight situation methods to selectively control vagal tone and neuroendocrine-modulated corticolimbic plasticity, which is affected by prolonged cosmic radiation exposure, social isolation or crowding, and weightlessness in constricted operational non-terran locales. Earth-based clinical research demonstrates that brain stimulation approaches may be combined with novel psychotherapeutic integrated memory structure rationales for the corrective reconsolidation of arousing or emotional experiences, autobiographical memories, semantic schema, and other cognitive structures to enhance neuropsychiatric patient outcomes. Such smart cotherapies or countermeasures, which exploit natural, pharmaceutical, and minimally invasive neuroprosthesis-driven nervous system activity, may optimize the cognitive-emotional restructuring of astronauts suffering from space-related neuropsychiatric disease and injury, including mood, affect, and anxiety symptoms of any potential severity and pathophysiology. An appreciation of improved neuropsychiatric healthcare through the merging of new or rediscovered smart theragnostic medical technologies, capable of rendering personalized neuroplasticity training and managed psychotherapeutic treatment protocols, will reveal deeper insights into the illness states experienced by astronauts. Future work in this area should emphasize the ethical role of telemedicine and/or digital clinicians to advance the (semi)autonomous, technology-assisted medical prophylaxis, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and compliance of astronauts for elevated health, safety, and performance in remote extreme space and extraterrestrial environments.
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Vergara VM, Rafiei F, Wokke ME, Lau H, Rahnev D, Calhoun VD. Evidence for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Induced Functional Connectivity Oscillations in the Brain. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:1407-1411. [PMID: 34891548 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an effective research tool to elucidate mechanisms of function in the brain. Despite its widespread use, very few studies have looked at dynamic functional connectivity responses to TMS. This work performs an exploratory analysis of dynamic functional network connectivity (dynFNC) to evaluate evidence of brain response to TMS. Results show clear functional dynamic patterns categorized by frequency. Some patterns appear to be more directly linked to TMS, but there is one pattern that might be a TMS-independent response to the excitation. This first look presents an analysis methodology and important results to consider in future research.
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Yuan G, Liu G, Wei D. Roles of P300 and Late Positive Potential in Initial Romantic Attraction. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:718847. [PMID: 34720856 PMCID: PMC8552996 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.718847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial romantic attraction (IRA) refers to a series of positive reactions to potential romantic partners at the initial encounter; it evolved to promote mate selection, allowing individuals to focus their mating efforts on their preferred potential mates. After decades of effort, we now have a deeper understanding of the evolutionary value and dominant factors of IRA; however, little is known regarding the brain mechanisms related to its generation and evaluation. In this study, we combined classic event-related potential analysis with dipole-source analysis to examine electroencephalogram (EEG) signals generated while participants assessed their romantic interest in potential partners. The EEG signals were categorized into IRA-engendered and unengendered conditions based on behavioral indicators. We found that the faces elicited multiple late positivities, including P300 over the occipital-parietal regions and late positive potentials (LPPs) over the anterior regions. When compared to faces that did not engender IRA, faces that did engender IRA elicited (1) enhanced P300 over the parietal regions and heightened neural activity in the insula and cingulate cortex and (2) larger LPPs over the anterior regions and heightened neural activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, frontal eye field, visual cortex, and insula. These results suggest IRA is generated and evaluated by an extensive brain network involved in emotion processing, attention control, and social evaluations. Furthermore, these findings indicate that P300 and LPP may represent different cognitive processes during IRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Yuan
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
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8
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Chae S, Hong J, Kang K, Shin A, Kim DG, Lee S, Kim MY, Jung I, Kim D. Molecular laterality encodes stress susceptibility in the medial prefrontal cortex. Mol Brain 2021; 14:92. [PMID: 34127022 PMCID: PMC8201740 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00802-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional lateralization of the prefrontal cortex has been implicated in stress and emotional disorders, yet underlying gene expression changes remains unknown. Here, we report molecular signatures lateralized by chronic social defeats between the two medial prefrontal cortices (mPFCs). Stressed mice show 526 asymmetrically expressed genes between the mPFCs. This cortical asymmetry selectively occurs in stressed mice with depressed social activity, but not in resilient mice with normal behavior. We have isolated highly asymmetric genes including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a molecule that modulates wound healing at the periphery. Knockdown of CTGF gene in the right mPFC by shRNA led to a stress-resistant behavioral phenotype. Overexpression of CTGF in the right mPFC using viral transduction induces social avoidance while the left mPFC thereof prevent stress-induced social avoidance. Our study provides a molecular window into the mechanism of stress-induced socioemotional disorders, which can pave the way for new interventions by targeting cortical asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Chae
- Behavioral Genetics Lab., Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Jiso Hong
- Behavioral Genetics Lab., Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Dankook University, Chungnam, 31116, Korea
| | - Anna Shin
- Behavioral Genetics Lab., Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Dae-Gun Kim
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Sinjeong Lee
- Behavioral Genetics Lab., Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Moo-Young Kim
- Behavioral Genetics Lab., Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Inkyung Jung
- Behavioral Genetics Lab., Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Daesoo Kim
- Behavioral Genetics Lab., Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
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9
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Rodrigues PA, Zaninotto AL, Ventresca HM, Neville IS, Hayashi CY, Brunoni AR, de Paula Guirado VM, Teixeira MJ, Paiva WS. The Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Anxiety in Patients With Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Post-hoc Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Neurol 2020; 11:564940. [PMID: 33343483 PMCID: PMC7746857 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.564940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of neuropsychiatric disorders in young adults. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to improve psychiatric symptoms in other neurologic disorders, such as focal epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and fibromyalgia. However, the efficacy of rTMS as a treatment for anxiety in persons with TBI has never been investigated. This exploratory post-hoc analyzes the effects of rTMS on anxiety, depression and executive function in participants with moderate to severe chronic TBI. Methods: Thirty-six participants with moderate to severe TBI and anxiety symptoms were randomly assigned to an active or sham rTMS condition in a 1:1 ratio. A 10-session protocol was used with 10-Hz rTMS stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 20 min each session, a total of 2,000 pulses were applied at each daily session (40 stimuli/train, 50 trains). Anxiety symptoms; depression and executive function were analyzed at baseline, after the last rTMS session, and 90 days post intervention. Results: Twenty-seven participants completed the entire protocol and were included in the post-hoc analysis. Statistical analysis showed no interaction of group and time (p > 0.05) on anxiety scores. Both groups improved depressive and executive functions over time, without time and group interaction (p s < 0.05). No adverse effects were reported in either intervention group. Conclusion: rTMS did not improve anxiety symptoms following high frequency rTMS in persons with moderate to severe TBI. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02167971.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Luiza Zaninotto
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Speech and Feeding Disorders Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions (MGHIHP), Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hayden M Ventresca
- Speech and Feeding Disorders Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions (MGHIHP), Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Andre R Brunoni
- Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Univerdade de São Paulo, Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo & Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Low-frequency parietal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces fear and anxiety. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:68. [PMID: 32066739 PMCID: PMC7026136 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders, with few effective neuropharmacological treatments, making treatments development critical. While noninvasive neuromodulation can successfully treat depression, few treatment targets have been identified specifically for anxiety disorders. Previously, we showed that shock threat increases excitability and connectivity of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Here we tested the hypothesis that inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting this region would reduce induced anxiety. Subjects were exposed to neutral, predictable, and unpredictable shock threat, while receiving double-blinded, 1 Hz active or sham IPS rTMS. We used global brain connectivity and electric-field modelling to define the single-subject targets. We assessed subjective anxiety with online ratings and physiological arousal with the startle reflex. Startle stimuli (103 dB white noise) probed fear and anxiety during the predictable (fear-potentiated startle, FPS) and unpredictable (anxiety-potentiated startle, APS) conditions. Active rTMS reduced both FPS and APS relative to both the sham and no stimulation conditions. However, the online anxiety ratings showed no difference between the stimulation conditions. These results were not dependent on the laterality of the stimulation, or the subjects' perception of the stimulation (i.e. active vs. sham). Results suggest that reducing IPS excitability during shock threat is sufficient to reduce physiological arousal related to both fear and anxiety, and are consistent with our previous research showing hyperexcitability in this region during threat. By extension, these results suggest that 1 Hz parietal stimulation may be an effective treatment for clinical anxiety, warranting future work in anxiety patients.
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11
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Xie H, Chen Y, Lin Y, Hu X, Zhang D. Can’t forget: disruption of the right prefrontal cortex impairs voluntary forgetting in a recognition test. Memory 2019; 28:60-69. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1681456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiqin Lin
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- HKU, Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Yeh N, Rose NS. How Can Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Be Used to Modulate Episodic Memory?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2019; 10:993. [PMID: 31263433 PMCID: PMC6584914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to synthesize the existing literature on how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to modulate episodic memory. Given the numerous parameters of TMS protocols and experimental design characteristics that can be manipulated, a mechanistic understanding of how changes in the combination of parameters (e.g., frequency, timing, intensity, targeted brain region, memory task) modulate episodic memory is needed. To address this, we reviewed 59 studies and conducted a meta-analysis on 245 effect sizes from 37 articles on healthy younger adults (N = 1,061). Analyses revealed generally more beneficial effects of 1-Hz rTMS vs. other frequencies on episodic memory. Moderation analyses revealed complex interactions as online 20-Hz rTMS protocols led to negative effects, while offline 20-Hz rTMS led to enhancing effects. There was also an interaction between stimulation intensity and frequency as 20-Hz rTMS had more negative effects when applied below- vs. at-motor threshold. Conversely, 1-Hz rTMS had more beneficial effects than other frequencies when applied below- vs. at- or above-motor threshold. No reliable aggregate or hypothesized interactions were found when assessing stimulation site (frontal vs. parietal cortex, left vs. right hemisphere), stimulated memory process (during encoding vs. retrieval), the type of retrieval (associative/recollection vs. item/familiarity), or the type of control comparison (active vs. sham or no TMS) on episodic memory. However, there is insufficient data to make strong inference based on the lack of aggregate or two-way interactions between these factors, or to assess more complex (e.g., 3-way) interactions. We reviewed the effects on other populations (healthy older adults and clinical populations), but systematic comparison of parameters was also prevented due to insufficient data. A database of parameters and effects sizes is available as an open source repository so that data from studies can be continuously accumulated in order to facilitate future meta-analysis. In conclusion, modulating episodic memory relies on complex interactions among the numerous moderator variables that can be manipulated. Therefore, rigorous, systematic comparisons need to be further investigated as the body of literature grows in order to fully understand the combination of parameters that lead to enhancing, detrimental or null effects on episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Yeh
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Nathan S Rose
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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13
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Rodrigues PA, Zaninotto AL, Neville IS, Hayashi CY, Brunoni AR, Teixeira MJ, Paiva WS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of anxiety disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2743-2761. [PMID: 31576130 PMCID: PMC6765211 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s201407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is currently one of the main mood changes and can impair the quality of life of the individual when associated with other neurological or psychiatric disorders. Neuromodulation has been highlighted as a form of treatment of several pathologies, including those involving anxiety symptoms. Among the neuromodulatory options with the potential to improve mood changes, we highlight repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). rTMS is a viable therapeutical option for neuropsychiatric dysfunctions of high prevalence and is important for the understanding of pathological and neuropsychological adaptation processes. Even with this potential, and high relevance of intervention, we observe the scarcity of literature that covers this subject. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of the current literature, using scientific databases for the last five years. We found 32 studies reporting the effects of rTMS on anxiety, 7 on anxiety disorders and 25 on anxiety symptoms as comorbidities of neurological or psychiatric disorders. This survey suggests the need for further studies using TMS for anxiety in order to seek strategies that minimize these anxiety effects on the quality of life of the victims of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Luiza Zaninotto
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - André R Brunoni
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Landowska A, Roberts D, Eachus P, Barrett A. Within- and Between-Session Prefrontal Cortex Response to Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:362. [PMID: 30443209 PMCID: PMC6221970 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure Therapy (ET) has demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of phobias, anxiety and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), however, it suffers a high drop-out rate because of too low or too high patient engagement in treatment. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) is comparably effective regarding symptom reduction and offers an alternative tool to facilitate engagement for avoidant participants. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that both ET and VRET normalize brain activity within a fear circuit. However, previous studies have employed brain imaging technology which restricts people's movement and hides their body, surroundings and therapist from view. This is at odds with the way engagement is typically controlled. We used a novel combination of neural imaging and VR technology-Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and Immersive Projection Technology (IPT), to avoid these limitations. Although there are a few studies that have investigated the effect of VRET on a brain function after the treatment, the present study utilized technologies which promote ecological validity to measure brain changes after VRET treatment. Furthermore, there are no studies that have measured brain activity within VRET session. In this study brain activity within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was measured during three consecutive exposure sessions. N = 13 acrophobic volunteers were asked to walk on a virtual plank with a 6 m drop below. Changes in oxygenated (HbO) hemoglobin concentrations in the PFC were measured in three blocks using fNIRS. Consistent with previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, the analysis showed decreased activity in the DLPFC and MPFC during first exposure. The activity increased toward normal across three sessions. The study demonstrates potential efficacy of a method for measuring within-session neural response to virtual stimuli that could be replicated within clinics and research institutes, with equipment better suited to an ET session and at fraction of the cost, when compared to fMRI. This has application in widening access to, and increasing ecological validity of, immersive neuroimaging across understanding, diagnosis, assessment and treatment of, a range of mental disorders such as phobia, anxiety and PTSD or addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Landowska
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - David Roberts
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Eachus
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Barrett
- Military Veterans’ Service, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne, United Kingdom
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15
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TMS over the superior temporal sulcus affects expressivity evaluation of portraits. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1188-1197. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Cao P, Xing J, Cao Y, Cheng Q, Sun X, Kang Q, Dai L, Zhou X, Song Z. Clinical effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with atomoxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:3231-3240. [PMID: 30538481 PMCID: PMC6263241 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s182527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with atomoxetine (ATX) in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Sixty-four patients with newly diagnosed ADHD were enrolled from January 2016 to October 2017 from Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children at 102th Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China. These patients were randomly assigned to three groups according to treatment method: the rTMS group, the ATX group, and the rTMS+ ATX group. Before treatment and 6 weeks after treatment, clinical symptoms and executive functions of ADHD patients were evaluated with the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV (SNAP-IV) Questionnaire, continuous performance test, three subtests (arithmetic, digit span, and coding) of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, as well as Iowa Gambling Tasks (IGT). The effects of treatment were compared among three groups. RESULTS After 6 weeks of treatment, the scores of all factors in the SNAP-IV questionnaire were lower than those before treatment in the three groups; the scores of three subtests of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, continuous performance test, and IGT were also significantly higher than those before treatment. The rTMS+ ATX group had a better improvement in attention deficits and hyperactivity impulse on the SNAP-IV questionnaire compared with the other groups, and also had a higher efficacy on cold and hot executive functions such as arithmetic, forward numbers, coding, and IGT. In addition, the ATX group performed better than the rTMS group in coding and IGT. CONCLUSION rTMS, ATX, and the combination therapy are effective in improving core symptoms and executive function in patients with ADHD. The combined treatment has significant therapeutic advantages over the single treatment groups. Compared with rTMS, the drug therapy has a better improvement in coding and IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cao
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China, .,Department of Political Affairs, College of Politics, National Defense University of People's Liberation Army of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xing
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
| | - Yin Cao
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China,
| | - Qi Cheng
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
| | - Qi Kang
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
| | - Libin Dai
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
| | - Xianju Zhou
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China,
| | - Zixiang Song
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
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17
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Wagner AN, Bradshaw SD, Dawson JA, Shumway ST. Examining Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Tonic Anxiety in Alcohol Use Disorder Recovery: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2017.1322422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison N. Wagner
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Spencer D. Bradshaw
- Addictive Disorders and Recovery Studies Program, Department of Community, Family, & Addiction Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - John A. Dawson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Sterling T. Shumway
- Addictive Disorders and Recovery Studies Program, Department of Community, Family, & Addiction Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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18
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Herrmann MJ, Katzorke A, Busch Y, Gromer D, Polak T, Pauli P, Deckert J. Medial prefrontal cortex stimulation accelerates therapy response of exposure therapy in acrophobia. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:291-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Bourne VJ, Vladeanu M. Depression or anxiety: which is best able to predict patterns of lateralisation for the processing of emotional faces? Cogn Emot 2016; 31:201-208. [PMID: 26418267 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1089841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that both anxiety and depression are associated with strength of lateralisation for the processing of emotive faces, although these clinical measures have always been considered in separate studies. In the present study, we measure depression and anxiety, within the same non-clinical sample, and consider whether these variables can predict strength of lateralisation, measured using the chimeric faces test. There are two key findings from this study. First, for females only, anxiety is negatively associated with right hemispheric superiority for processing of negative emotional expressions. Second, there was only one finding for depression, showing a relationship with strength of lateralisation for the processing of fearful faces that differed according to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Bourne
- a Department of Psychology , Royal Holloway, University of London , Surrey , UK
| | - Matei Vladeanu
- b Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , King's College, University of London , London , UK
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Sale MV, Mattingley JB, Zalesky A, Cocchi L. Imaging human brain networks to improve the clinical efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:187-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Balconi M, Cotelli M, Brambilla M, Manenti R, Cosseddu M, Premi E, Gasparotti R, Zanetti O, Padovani A, Borroni B. Understanding Emotions in Frontotemporal Dementia: The Explicit and Implicit Emotional Cue Mismatch. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:211-25. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-142826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cotelli
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Brambilla
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosa Manenti
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maura Cosseddu
- Centre for Aging Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Premi
- Centre for Aging Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Orazio Zanetti
- Alzheimer Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Centre for Aging Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Aging Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Hurlemann R, Arndt S, Schlaepfer TE, Reul J, Maier W, Scheele D. Diminished appetitive startle modulation following targeted inhibition of prefrontal cortex. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8954. [PMID: 25752944 PMCID: PMC4354029 DOI: 10.1038/srep08954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective the startle eye-blink response forms an integral part of the human avoidance behavioral repertoire and is typically diminished by pleasant emotional states. In major depressive disorder (MDD) appetitive motivation is impaired, evident in a reduced interference of positive emotion with the startle response. Given the pivotal role of frontostriatal neurocircuitry in orchestrating appetitive motivation, we hypothesized that inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) would reduce appetitive neuromodulation in a manner similar to MDD. Based on a pre-TMS functional MRI (fMRI) experiment we selected the left dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices as target regions for subsequent sham-controlled inhibitory theta-burst TMS (TBS) in 40 healthy male volunteers. Consistent with our hypothesis, between-group comparisons revealed a TBS-induced inhibition of appetitive neuromodulation, manifest in a diminished startle response suppression by hedonic stimuli. Collectively, our results suggest that functional integrity of left dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex is critical for mediating a pleasure-induced down-regulation of avoidance responses which may protect the brain from a depressogenic preponderance of defensive stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hurlemann
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany [2] Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Arndt
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany [2] Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas E Schlaepfer
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Psychiatry &Behavioral Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Maier
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany [2] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Scheele
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany [2] Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates left premotor cortex activity in facial expression recognition as a function of anxiety level. Transl Neurosci 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s13380-014-0226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRecognition of emotional facial expressions is based on simulation and mirroring processes, and the premotor cortex is supposed to support this simulation mechanism. The role of this prefrontal area in processing emotional faces with different valence (anger, fear, happiness and neutral) was explored taking into account the effect of the lateralization model (more right-side activation for negative emotions; more left-side activation for positive emotions) of face processing and anxiety level (high vs low). High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS, 10 Hz) was applied to the left prefrontal area to induce an increased activation response within the left premotor cortex. Twenty-nine subjects, who were divided into two different groups depending on their anxiety level (high/low anxiety; State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI), were asked to detect emotion / no emotion. Accuracy (AcI) and response times (RTs) were considered in response to the experimental conditions. A general significant increased performance was found in response to positive emotions in the case of left-side stimulation. Moreover, whereas high-anxiety subjects revealed a significant negative-valence bias in absence of stimulation, they showed a more significant AcI increasing and RTs decreasing in response to positive emotions in case of left premotor brain activation. The present results highlight the role of the premotor system for facial expression processing as a function of emotional type, supporting the existence of a valence-specific lateralized system within the prefrontal area. Finally, a sort of “restoring effect” induced by TMS was suggested for high-anxiety subjects.
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