1
|
Popa CO, Predatu R, Lee WC, Blaga P, Sirbu E, Rus AV, Clark A, Cojocaru C, Schenk A, Vacaras V, Szasz S, Muresan S, Bredicean C. Thought Suppression in Primary Psychotic Disorders and Substance/Medication Induced Psychotic Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010116. [PMID: 33375300 PMCID: PMC7795668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: First episode-psychosis (FEP) represents a stressful/traumatic event for patients. To our knowledge, no study to date has investigated thought suppression involved in FEP in a Romanian population. Our objective was to investigate thought suppression occurring during FEP within primary psychotic disorders (PPD) and substance/medication induced psychotic disorders (SMIPD). Further, we examined the relationship between thought suppression and negative automatic thoughts within PPD and SMIPD. Methods: The study included 30 participants (17 females) with PPD and 25 participants (10 females) with SMIPD. Psychological scales were administered to assess psychotic symptoms and negative automatic thoughts, along a psychiatric clinical interview and a biochemical drug test. Results: Participants in the PPD group reported higher thought suppression compared to SMIPD group. For the PPD group, results showed a positive correlation between thought suppression and automatic thoughts. For the SMIPD group, results also showed a positive correlation between thought suppression and automatic thoughts. Conclusions: Patients with PPD rely more on thought suppression, as opposed to SMIPD patients. Thought suppression may be viewed as an unhealthy reaction to FEP, which is associated with the experience of negative automatic thoughts and might be especially problematic in patients with PPD. Cognitive behavioral therapy is recommended to decrease thought suppression and improve patients’ functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin O. Popa
- Department of Ethics and Social Sciences, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Tirgu-Mures, Romania;
| | - Razvan Predatu
- International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Wesley C. Lee
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Southwestern Christian University, Bethany, OK 73008, USA; (W.C.L.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Petronela Blaga
- International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Doctoral School “Evidence-based Assessment and Psychological Interventions”, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eliza Sirbu
- Doctoral School of George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Tirgu-Mures, Romania; (E.S.); (C.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Adrian V. Rus
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Southwestern Christian University, Bethany, OK 73008, USA; (W.C.L.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Alexander Clark
- College of Education and Professional Studies, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA;
| | - Cristiana Cojocaru
- Doctoral School of George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Tirgu-Mures, Romania; (E.S.); (C.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Alina Schenk
- Doctoral School of George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Tirgu-Mures, Romania; (E.S.); (C.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Vitalie Vacaras
- Neurology Department, Cluj Emergency County Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Simona Szasz
- Department of Rheumatology, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Tirgu-Mures, Romania;
| | - Simona Muresan
- Department of Internal Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Tirgu-Mures, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Cristina Bredicean
- Department of Neuroscience, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raudeberg R, Iverson GL, Hammar Å. The importance of clinical normative data for conceptualizing neuropsychological deficits in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 28:752-760. [PMID: 31841036 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1699098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To create clinical normative data tables for Norwegian patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, to examine whether clinical normative data from Norway differs from similar normative data from Canada and the U.S., and to illustrate the usefulness of such data. METHOD A nationally representative sample of 335 patients from psychiatric hospitals in Bergen, Norway was included. Inclusion criteria were 18-39 years of age, Norwegian as first language, and symptoms of schizophrenia, psychosis, or hallucinations. Comorbid substance abuse was recorded in 134 (40.0%). All completed the Norwegian version of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). RESULTS The average scores of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were approximately one to two standard deviations below the mean for healthy adults. There were no significant differences in scores between patients with or without comorbid substance abuse. Men had higher scores than women. Clinical normative reference value look-up tables were created. CONCLUSIONS Clinical normative values were very similar to values from Canada and the U.S. Clinical normative data, as a supplement to standard healthy normative data, can be used to describe patients' cognitive performance in terms of expectation for their peer group which can be useful for multidisciplinary treatment planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rune Raudeberg
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Åsa Hammar
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raudeberg R, L. Iverson G, Hammar Å. Norms matter: U.S. normative data under-estimate cognitive deficits in Norwegians with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:58-74. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1590641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rune Raudeberg
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Åsa Hammar
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- eDivision of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bogaty SER, Lee RSC, Hickie IB, Hermens DF. Meta-analysis of neurocognition in young psychosis patients with current cannabis use. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 99:22-32. [PMID: 29407284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult psychosis patients (i.e. over the age of 25 years) who are also lifetime cannabis users (CANN±) appear to exhibit superior cognition compared to never-using patients (CANN-). The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the cognitive differences between CANN- and patients who currently use cannabis (CANN+) (i.e. during the CANN± patients' cannabis-using stage). Specifically, focusing on young patients under the age of 25 years, the typical stage of both psychosis- and cannabis-onset. METHOD Of the 308 studies identified through database searches and secondary referencing, 14 compared neurocognition of CANN+ and CANN- in young people with psychotic disorders (mean age between 15 and 45 years). Effect sizes were extracted using neurocognitive test performance between CANN+ and CANN- and random effects modelling was conducted on pooled ES and moderator analyses. RESULTS CANN+ performed worse on several cognitive domains (i.e. premorbid IQ, current IQ, verbal learning, verbal working memory, motor inhibition) compared to CANN-. The association between age and performance in CANN+ cognition was varied, with older age predictive of worse performance in processing speed, sustained attention, verbal memory, and better performance in verbal learning and very fluency. Of note, CANN+ outperformed CANN- in tests of conceptual set-shifting. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with previous findings indicating that CANN+ demonstrate poorer neurocognition than CANN-; and that this is exacerbated with increasing age. Our findings demonstrate significant cognitive differences between patients with CANN+ versus CANN- even at early-onset psychosis, which could suggest a different underlying mechanism towards psychosis for cannabis users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rico S C Lee
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Helle S, Løberg EM, Gjestad R, Schnakenberg Martin AM, Lysaker PH. The positive link between executive function and lifetime cannabis use in schizophrenia is not explained by current levels of superior social cognition. Psychiatry Res 2017; 250:92-98. [PMID: 28152399 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been a growing link between a history of cannabis use and neurocognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia. Fewer neurocognitive deficits may be a marker of the superior social cognition needed to obtain illicit substances, or cannabis use may indicate a distinct path to schizophrenia with less neurocognitive vulnerability. This study sought to determine whether the relationship of cannabis use and executive function exists independently of social cognition. Eighty-seven patients with schizophrenia were administered measures of social cognition and executive function. Social cognition was assessed using the Bell-Lysaker Emotion Recognition Test to measure affect recognition, and the Eyes and Hinting Tests to measure theory of mind. Executive function was assessed by the Mental Flexibility component of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning Scale. The relations between the variables were examined with structural equation modeling. Cannabis use positively related to executive function, negatively related to affect recognition, and had no relationship with theory of mind. There were no indirect effects of other illicit substances on amount of regular cannabis use. Alcohol use was related to worse affect recognition. The relationship between cannabis use and better executive function was supported and was not explained by superior social cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siri Helle
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Else-Marie Løberg
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Gjestad
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ashley M Schnakenberg Martin
- Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Paul H Lysaker
- Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
|
8
|
Løberg EM, Helle S, Nygård M, Berle JØ, Kroken RA, Johnsen E. The Cannabis Pathway to Non-Affective Psychosis may Reflect Less Neurobiological Vulnerability. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:159. [PMID: 25477825 PMCID: PMC4235385 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high prevalence of cannabis use reported in non-affective psychosis. Early prospective longitudinal studies conclude that cannabis use is a risk factor for psychosis, and neurochemical studies on cannabis have suggested potential mechanisms for this effect. Recent advances in the field of neuroscience and genetics may have important implications for our understanding of this relationship. Importantly, we need to better understand the vulnerability × cannabis interaction to shed light on the mediators of cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis. Thus, the present study reviews recent literature on several variables relevant for understanding the relationship between cannabis and psychosis, including age of onset, cognition, brain functioning, family history, genetics, and neurological soft signs (NSS) in non-affective psychosis. Compared with non-using non-affective psychosis, the present review shows that there seem to be fewer stable cognitive deficits in patients with cannabis use and psychosis, in addition to fewer NSS and possibly more normalized brain functioning, indicating less neurobiological vulnerability for psychosis. There are, however, some familiar and genetic vulnerabilities present in the cannabis psychosis group, which may influence the cannabis pathway to psychosis by increasing sensitivity to cannabis. Furthermore, an earlier age of onset suggests a different pathway to psychosis in the cannabis-using patients. Two alternative vulnerability models are presented to integrate these seemingly paradoxical findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Else-Marie Løberg
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri Helle
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Merethe Nygård
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Øystein Berle
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune A. Kroken
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|