1
|
Ramer NE, Colder CR. Contextualizing Cannabis Implicit Associations: Consideration of Peers and Personality. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2022; 10:581-594. [PMID: 36970728 PMCID: PMC10035208 DOI: 10.1177/21676968211021672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Implicit cannabis associations (ICAs) inconsistently predict cannabis use (CU), and little is known about their formation. Personality, behavioral approach and inhibition, were tested as predictors of ICAs, which in turn, was expected to predict CU (mediation). Peer context was tested as a moderator. METHOD Data were taken from three annual assessments of a larger longitudinal study. The community sample (314 emerging adults, mean age = 19.13, 54% female, 76% White/non-Hispanic at the first assessment) completed an ICA task and questionnaire assessments of CU, personality, and peer norms. RESULTS ICAs were positively associated with CU at high but not low levels of perceived peer approval/use. Behavioral inhibition was negatively associated ICAs, which in turn, predicted infrequent CU at high levels of peer approval/use (moderated mediation). Behavioral approach was marginally associated with ICAs. CONCLUSIONS Peer context and personality are important for understanding the formation of ICAs and their association with CU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nolan E. Ramer
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig R. Colder
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cousijn J, Toenders YJ, Velzen LS, Kaag AM. The relation between cannabis use, dependence severity and white matter microstructure: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13081. [PMID: 34402136 PMCID: PMC9285423 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant societal and personal burden of cannabis use, the impact of long‐term use and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) on white matter microstructure is still unclear. Previous studies show inconsistent findings, in part due to heterogeneity in methodology, variable severity of cannabis use, and potential confounding effects of other mental health issues and substance use. The goal of this diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study was to compare whole‐brain white matter microstructure between 39 near daily cannabis users and 28 controls closely matched on age, sex, alcohol use, cigarette use and mental health. Within the group of cannabis users, associations between white matter microstructure and recent cannabis use, dependence severity, and age of onset and duration of weekly use were investigated. White matter microstructure did not differ between cannabis users and controls and did not covary with recent cannabis use, dependence severity, or duration of use. Earlier onset of weekly cannabis use was related to lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in various sections of the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus. These findings suggest that long‐term near‐daily cannabis use does not necessarily affect white matter microstructure, but vulnerability may be higher during adolescence. These findings underscore the importance of sample composition and warrant further studies that investigate the moderating role of age of onset in the impact of cannabis on the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies Erasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Yara J. Toenders
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health Parkville Victoria Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Laura S. Velzen
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health Parkville Victoria Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Anne Marije Kaag
- Department of Clinical, Neuro‐ and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stiles-Shields C, Archer J, Zhang J, Burnside A, Draxler J, Potthoff LM, Reyes KM, Summersett Williams F, Westrick J, Karnik NS. A Scoping Review of Associations Between Cannabis Use and Anxiety in Adolescents and Young Adults. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 54:639-658. [PMID: 34724134 PMCID: PMC9310430 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis and anxiety are both rising issues that impact young people. This review seeks to explore the association between anxiety and cannabis in adolescents and young adults (AYA). A database search was run retrospectively from July 2020 through calendar year 2013. Articles had to present outcomes examining cannabis use and symptoms of anxiety, be written in English, contain samples with ≥ 50% who are age 25 or younger, and be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Forty-seven studies were identified that examined the relationship between anxiety and cannabis use. Twenty-three studies found a positive association that greater anxiety among AYA was associated with greater cannabis use. In contrast, seven studies found a negative association that greater anxiety was related to less cannabis use. And finally, 17 studies found no clear association between anxiety and cannabis use. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between anxiety and cannabis use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Stiles-Shields
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1645 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 302, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joseph Archer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1645 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 302, Chicago, IL 60612, USA,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jim Zhang
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda Burnside
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Janel Draxler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1645 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 302, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Karen M. Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1645 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 302, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Westrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1645 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 302, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Niranjan S. Karnik
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1645 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 302, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pilin MA, Robinson JM, Dow-Fleisner S, Sanchez TA, Krank MD. Automatic cognitions as mediators of parental influence on adolescent cannabis use. Addict Behav 2021; 114:106728. [PMID: 33234361 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Multiple social influences affect cannabis use in adolescents, including parental and peer cannabis use norms. However, the mechanisms of influence underlying these social influences remain unclear. Recent studies have suggested that cognitions about cannabis use and the effects of cannabis may mediate social influences. The current study explored the relationship between automatic self-generated cognitions and their relationship with parental influences on cannabis use in a sample of n = 675 11 to 16-year-old adolescents over three years (Mean Age: 13.96, SD = 0.88, 56.4% female). METHODS Participants reported perceptions of parental cannabis use and completed a cannabis word association task (CWAT), an open-ended cannabis outcome expectancy liking (COEL) task, and measures of cannabis use in the past year. RESULTS Perceived parental use did not directly predict cannabis use two years later. However, a latent construct loading on both CWAT and COEL scores strongly predicted cannabis use over the following year. Structural modelling demonstrated that the association between previous cannabis use and parental cannabis use and adolescents' cannabis use over the next two years was fully mediated by cognitions. CONCLUSION The results of the study are discussed and interpreted through the lens of dual-process theories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya A Pilin
- University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Jill M Robinson
- University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Sarah Dow-Fleisner
- University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Tatiana A Sanchez
- University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Marvin D Krank
- University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chiu K, Clark DM, Leigh E. Cognitive predictors of adolescent social anxiety. Behav Res Ther 2021; 137:103801. [PMID: 33421893 PMCID: PMC7846721 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Identifying psychological processes that maintain social anxiety holds promise for improving treatment outcomes for young people. Experimental and prospective studies in adults suggest negative social cognitions, safety behaviours, self-focused attention, and pre- and post-event processing are all implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety. Despite social anxiety typically starting in adolescence, prospective studies examining these cognitive processes in youth are lacking. The current study examined prospective associations between these five cognitive processes and social anxiety in a sample of 614 participants (53% girls; aged 11–14 years). Methods Psychological processes, social anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms were assessed using self-report questionnaires at two time points. Results Negative social cognitions, safety behaviours, self-focused attention, and post-event processing predicted prospective levels of social anxiety over and above the effect of baseline levels of social anxiety. When these process variables were entered together in a regression model, three of them were independently associated with prospective social anxiety. Neither pre- nor post-event processing independently predicted later social anxiety over and above the effects of other psychological process variables. Conclusions The findings indicate that these psychological processes are promising targets for treatment in adolescent social anxiety. The applicability of the cognitive model of Clark & Wells was tested in a sample of 614 adolescents. Negative social cognitions independently predicted increases in social anxiety. Safety behaviours independently predicted increases in social anxiety. Self-focused attention independently predicted increases in social anxiety. Unexpectedly, neither pre- or post-event processing was an independent predictor of social anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King'sCollege London, London, UK
| | - David M Clark
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Leigh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schmits E, Glowacz F. Delinquency and drug use among adolescents and emerging adults: The role of aggression, impulsivity, empathy, and cognitive distortions. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1531945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Schmits
- Psychologie de la délinquance, des inadaptations sociales et des processus d’insertion, Unité de Recherche Adaptation, Résilience et Changement (ARCh), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Fabienne Glowacz
- Psychologie de la délinquance, des inadaptations sociales et des processus d’insertion, Unité de Recherche Adaptation, Résilience et Changement (ARCh), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Di Blasi M, Cavani P, Pavia L, Tosto C, La Grutta S, Lo Baido R, Giordano C, Schimmenti A. Mediating Effects of Global Negative Effect Expectancies on the Association between Problematic Cannabis Use and Social Anxiety. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:249. [PMID: 29213247 PMCID: PMC5702633 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between social anxiety (SA) and cannabis use among adolescents and young adults is a highly debated topic. In this cross-sectional study, we tested whether cannabis use expectancies mediated the association between SA and cannabis use severity in a sample of 343 young adults (74.3% male) who used cannabis. They completed self-report measures for the screening of problematic cannabis use (Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test) and SA symptoms (Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale). A multiple mediation analysis was used to test whether marijuana effect expectancies mediate SA effect on problematic cannabis use. SA was negatively associated with cannabis use severity in this sample, and we found evidence that cannabis use expectancies fully mediated this relationship. Specifically, global negative effect expectancies influence the relationship between SA and problematic cannabis use. These findings may inform current prevention strategies and clinical intervention for young adults who use cannabis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Di Blasi
- Department of Psychological and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Cavani
- Department of Psychological and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Pavia
- Department of Psychological and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Crispino Tosto
- Department of Psychological and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sabina La Grutta
- Department of Psychological and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Lo Baido
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cecilia Giordano
- Department of Psychological and Educational Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, UKE, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cohn A, Ehlke S, Cobb CO. Relationship of nicotine deprivation and indices of alcohol use behavior to implicit alcohol and cigarette approach cognitions in smokers. Addict Behav 2017; 67:58-65. [PMID: 28038363 PMCID: PMC5250545 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and smoking frequently co-occur and alcohol is a primary trigger for smoking behavior and relapse back to smoking. This study examined whether several indices of alcohol use behavior and consequences of use would be associated with changes in implicit alcohol-approach versus implicit cigarette-approach cognitions under cigarette deprived and non-deprived cognitions in 109 smokers who drank at risky or non-risky levels. An Implicit Association Task (IAT) measured how quickly respondents paired alcohol and cigarette pictures with approach and avoid words. Regression analyses examined the associations of quantity/frequency, proportion heavy drinking days, number of DSM-IV alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms, and risky drinking status to IAT scores under deprived conditions, controlling for IAT order effects, non-deprived IAT score, and deprived cigarette craving and withdrawal. Interactions with craving and withdrawal intensity were also examined. Results showed a significant positive association between proportion of heavy drinking days and stronger alcohol-approach than cigarette-approach motivations when deprived. There was also a conditional association of AUD symptoms to alcohol-approach motivations among respondents reporting more intense withdrawal when deprived. Alcohol quantity and frequency, as well as risky drinking status were unrelated to change in IAT scores. Findings suggest that cigarette deprivation may magnify motivation to drink, rather than smoke, among smokers who engage in more frequent bouts of heavy drinking and who report more alcohol-related problems. Results also show relative momentary and unconscious "preference" or choice for alcohol over cigarettes in some high-risk smokers, when cigarette craving and withdrawal are high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Cohn
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA.
| | - Sarah Ehlke
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Caroline O Cobb
- Department of Psychology & Center for Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hirst RB, Teague AM, Sodos LM, Wickham RE, Whittington LT, Mills BM, Earleywine M. Determining Cannabis Use Status From a Photograph: An Assessment of the "Jay-dar" in Neuropsychologists. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:401-410. [PMID: 27779445 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1233564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies examining the cognitive effects of chronic cannabis use utilize research designs where examiners are blind to user status. Even in those that do, researchers may be able to guess the user status of participants, leaving these studies vulnerable to the expectancy effect confound. OBJECTIVES The present study examined the ability of neuropsychologists (those who would conduct research on the cognitive effects of cannabis) to differentiate cannabis users and nonusers based on physical appearance from photographs. METHOD We recruited 84 participants from an international neuropsychology listserv. The sample was 59.5% female and 95.2% Caucasian, with a mean age of 41.39 years (range 26-65). Each neuropsychologist rated 25 target faces (12 cannabis users, 13 nonusers) on a Marijuana Use Likelihood Index based upon individuals' photographs. RESULTS Results indicate a main effect of user group, as neuropsychologists ascribed higher ratings to cannabis users on the Marijuana Use Likelihood Index, suggesting they perceive them as more likely to be users, relative to nonusers. Results also demonstrated a main effect of gender, as males received higher user ratings than females, and a significant main effect of rater gender, as female raters were more likely to rate individuals as cannabis users relative to male raters. Conclusions/Importance: The results demonstrate the importance of assessing researchers' expectations when studying the effects of chronic cannabis use, as even those designs that keep examiners blind to participant user status may be vulnerable to expectancy effects if examiners are able to guess user status based upon appearance alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayna B Hirst
- a Palo Alto University , Palo Alto , California , USA
| | - Anna M Teague
- a Palo Alto University , Palo Alto , California , USA
| | | | | | | | - Brent M Mills
- a Palo Alto University , Palo Alto , California , USA
| | - Mitch Earleywine
- b Social Sciences, University at Albany , State University of New York , Albany , New York , USA
| |
Collapse
|