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Mehmood I, Li H, Umer W, Ma J, Saad Shakeel M, Anwer S, Fordjour Antwi-Afari M, Tariq S, Wu H. Non-invasive detection of mental fatigue in construction equipment operators through geometric measurements of facial features. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2024; 89:234-250. [PMID: 38858047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolonged operation of construction equipment could lead to mental fatigue, which can increase the chances of human error-related accidents as well as operators' ill-health. The objective detection of operators' mental fatigue is crucial for reducing accident risk and ensuring operator health. Electroencephalography, photoplethysmography, electrodermal activity, and eye-tracking technology have been used to mitigate this issue. These technologies are invasive and wearable sensors that can cause irritation and discomfort. Geometric measurements of facial features can serve as a noninvasive alternative approach. Its application in detecting mental fatigue of construction equipment operators has not been reported in the literature. Although the application of facial features has been widespread in other domains, such as drivers and other occupation scenarios, their ecological validity for construction excavator operators remains a knowledge gap. METHOD This study proposed employing geometric measurements of facial features to detect mental fatigue in construction equipment operators' facial features. In this study, seventeen operators performed excavation operations. Mental fatigue was labeled subjectively and objectively using NASA-TLX scores and EDA values. Based on geometric measurements, facial features (eyebrow, mouth outer, mouth corners, head motion, eye area, and face area) were extracted. RESULTS The results showed that there was significant difference in the measured metrics for high fatigue compared to low fatigue. Specifically, the most noteworthy variation was for the eye and face area metrics, with mean differences of 45.88% and 26.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that geometrical measurements of facial features are a useful, noninvasive approach for detecting the mental fatigue of construction equipment operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mehmood
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Waleed Umer
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Muhammad Saad Shakeel
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shahnawaz Anwer
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Maxwell Fordjour Antwi-Afari
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
| | - Salman Tariq
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Kot E, Kostecka B, Radoszewska J, Kucharska K. Self-disgust in patients with borderline personality disorder. The associations with alexithymia, emotion dysregulation, and comorbid psychopathology. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2023; 10:24. [PMID: 37641140 PMCID: PMC10463936 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-023-00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-disgust is a negative self-conscious emotion, which has been linked with borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, it has not yet been investigated in relation to both emotion dysregulation and alexithymia, which are recognized as crucial to BPD. Therefore, the aim of our study was to measure these variables and examine the possible mediational role of emotional alterations and comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms in shaping self-disgust in patients with BPD and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS In total, the study included 100 inpatients with BPD and 104 HCs. Participants completed: the Self-Disgust Scale (SDS), Disgust Scale - Revised (DS-R), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Emotion Dysregulation Scale short version (EDS-short), Borderline Personality Disorder Checklist (BPD Checklist), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-R). RESULTS Inpatients with BPD showed higher self-disgust, alexithymia, emotion dysregulation, core and comorbid symptoms levels, and lower disgust sensitivity. Alexithymia, emotion dysregulation, and trait anxiety partially mediated between BPD diagnosis and self-disgust. The relationship between the severity of BPD symptoms and self-disgust was fully mediated by alexithymia, emotion dysregulation, depressive symptoms, and trait anxiety. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study may imply the contribution of emotion dysregulation, alexithymia, and comorbid psychopathology to self-referenced disgust in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kot
- Department of Neuroses, Personality Disorders, and Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, Warsaw, 02-957, Poland.
| | - Barbara Kostecka
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 8 Kondratowicza Street, Warsaw, 03-242, Poland
| | - Joanna Radoszewska
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 5/7 Stawki Street, Warsaw, 00-183, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kucharska
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 1/3 Wóycickiego Street, Warsaw, 01-938, Poland
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3
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Pizarro-Campagna E, Terrett G, Jovev M, Rendell PG, Henry JD, Chanen AM. Cognitive Reappraisal Impairs Negative Affect Regulation in the Context of Social Rejection for Youth With Early-Stage Borderline Personality Disorder. J Pers Disord 2023; 37:156-176. [PMID: 37002936 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2023.37.2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Application of emotion regulation strategies might be susceptible to the context of social rejection for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study compared the ability of 27 outpatient youths (15-25 years old) with early-stage BPD and 37 healthy controls (HC) to apply expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal in standard and socially rejecting laboratory contexts. BPD youths were largely as able as HCs to regulate negative affect across instruction and contexts. However, cognitive reappraisal in the context of social rejection heightened BPD negative facial expression relative to HCs. Thus, while BPD emotion regulation ability was largely normative, cognitive reappraisal might be ineffective in the context of social rejection for this group, with social rejection acting as an accelerant that heightens the expression of negative affect. Given the common experience of perceived and actual social rejection for this group, clinicians should carefully consider treatments that include cognitive reappraisal strategies because they might be contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gill Terrett
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martina Jovev
- Orygen, Parkville Victoria, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter G Rendell
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie D Henry
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew M Chanen
- Orygen, Parkville Victoria, Australia, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
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4
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Sorgi-Wilson KM, McCloskey MS. Emotion regulation strategies among individuals with borderline personality disorder relative to other groups: A review. Clin Psychol Psychother 2022; 29:1655-1678. [PMID: 35366040 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) abilities. Investigations of ER strategies in BPD have been less robust. This systematic review identified 55 studies comparing ER strategy use between individuals diagnosed with BPD versus psychiatric and non-psychiatric comparison groups. Individuals with BPD reported more frequent maladaptive and less frequent adaptive ER strategy use than non-psychiatric controls. Results were less consistent relative to psychiatric comparison groups, though individuals with BPD reported greater self-criticism and avoidance. Groups responded comparably to instructed use of adaptive (but not maladaptive) ER strategies. This body of research would benefit from further examination of the roles of psychiatric comorbidity and problematic behaviours in the relationship between BPD and ER strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Sorgi-Wilson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael S McCloskey
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Krause-Utz A, Walther JC, Kyrgiou AI, Hoogenboom W, Alampanou M, Bohus M, Schmahl C, Lis S. Severity of childhood maltreatment predicts reaction times and heart rate variability during an emotional working memory task in borderline personality disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2093037. [PMID: 35816658 PMCID: PMC9262367 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2093037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background: Difficulties in emotion regulation are a core symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and often interfere with cognitive functions, such as working memory (WM). Traumatic childhood experiences, including severe maltreatment, can contribute to emotion dysregulation, possibly mediated by changes in high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV). However, it is not yet entirely understood if HF-HRV alterations underlie impaired WM during emotional distraction in BPD and if this is related to traumatic childhood experiences and to comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective: Our aim was to investigate performance (reaction times, RTs) and HF-HRV during an emotional working memory task (EWMT) in relation to childhood maltreatment severity and comorbid PTSD in BPD. Method: Eighty-one women (n = 28 healthy controls (HC) and n = 53 BPD patients of which n = 18 had comorbid PTSD) performed an adapted Sternberg item recognition WM task with neutral and negative social cues (interpersonal scenes from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), and neutral, fearful, and angry faces) as distractors. Dependent variables were RTs of correct trials and HF-HRV. Childhood maltreatment was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Results: Compared to healthy participants, patients with BPD showed prolonged RTs across all distractor conditions with social cues, regardless of their emotional valence. Patients with BPD, especially those with PTSD, demonstrated reduced HF-HRV both at rest and during EWMT. Severity of childhood maltreatment predicted longer RTs and lower HF-HRV during the EWMT. Conclusions: Findings suggest that adverse childhood experiences accelerate difficulties in shifting attention away from social information and that these are more pronounced in individuals with BPD. Reduced HF-HRV (low parasympathetic-tonus) may be an important psychophysiological mechanism underlying impaired WM in the presence of distracting social cues in patients with BPD, especially in those with comorbid PTSD. HIGHLIGHTS This study provides evidence that childhood maltreatment experiences are associated with hypersensitivity to social information and reduced high-frequency heart rate variability during a working memory task in borderline personality disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Krause-Utz
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julia-Caroline Walther
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Akrivi I Kyrgiou
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - William Hoogenboom
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Myrto Alampanou
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martin Bohus
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lis
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Fitzpatrick S, Kuo JR. Predicting the effectiveness of engagement and disengagement emotion regulation based on emotional reactivity in borderline personality disorder. Cogn Emot 2021; 36:473-491. [PMID: 34931942 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.2018291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Improving emotion regulation is central to borderline personality disorder (BPD) treatment, but little research indicates which emotion regulation strategies are optimally effective and when. Basic emotion science suggests that engagement emotion regulation strategies that process emotional content become less effective as emotional intensity increases, whereas disengagement strategies that disengage from it do not. This study examined whether emotional reactivity to emotional stimuli predicts the effectiveness of engagement and disengagement emotion regulation across self-report, general physiologic (heart rate), sympathetic (skin conductance responses), and parasympathetic (respiratory sinus arrythmia) emotion in BPD, healthy, and clinical control (i.e. generalized anxiety disorder; GAD) groups. 120 participants (40 per group) were exposed to emotion inductions and then instructed to implement engagement (mindful awareness) and disengagement (distraction) strategies while self-report and physiological emotion measurements were taken. In the BPD and GAD groups, higher heart rate or respiratory sinus arrythmia reactivity, respectively, predicted improved mindful awareness effectiveness. Higher skin conductance reactivity predicted worsened distraction effectiveness in BPD. Higher reactivity may potentiate engagement emotion regulation, and exacerbate disengagement from emotional content, in BPD. Future research should examine other domains of emotion regulation that may be influenced by emotional intensity, and other forms of emotional intensity that may influence them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice R Kuo
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Zaehringer J, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Schmahl C, Ende G, Paret C. Psychophysiological Effects of Downregulating Negative Emotions: Insights From a Meta-Analysis of Healthy Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 11:470. [PMID: 32372993 PMCID: PMC7177019 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing psychophysiological responses of emotion regulation is a cost-efficient way to quantify emotion regulation and to complement subjective report that may be biased. Previous studies have revealed inconsistent results complicating a sound interpretation of these findings. In the present study, we summarized the existing literature through a systematic search of articles. Meta-analyses were used to evaluate effect sizes of instructed downregulation strategies on common autonomic (electrodermal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and pupillometric) and electromyographic (corrugator activity, emotion-modulated startle) measures. Moderator analyses were conducted, with moderators including study design, emotion induction, control instruction and trial duration. We identified k = 78 studies each contributing multiple sub-samples and performed 23 meta-analyses for combinations of emotion regulation strategy and psychophysiological measure. Overall, results showed that effects of reappraisal and suppression on autonomic measures were highly inconsistent across studies with rather small mean effect sizes. Electromyography (startle and corrugator activity) showed medium effect sizes that were consistent across studies. Our findings highlight the diversity as well as the low level of standardization and comparability of research in this area. Significant moderation of effects by study design, trial duration, and control condition emphasizes the need for better standardization of methods. In addition, the small mean effect sizes resulting from our analyses on autonomic measures should be interpreted with caution. Findings corroborate the importance of multi-channel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zaehringer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Jennen-Steinmetz
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriele Ende
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Paret
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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8
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Krause-Utz A, Walther JC, Lis S, Schmahl C, Bohus M. Heart rate variability during a cognitive reappraisal task in female patients with borderline personality disorder: the role of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1810-1821. [PMID: 30198447 PMCID: PMC6650777 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion dysregulation is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD), which often co-occurs with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) have been linked to lower high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), a measure of autonomous nervous system functioning. However, previous research on vagally-mediated heart rate in BPD revealed heterogeneous findings and the effects of comorbid PTSD and dissociation on HF-HRV are not yet completely understood. This study aim to investigate HF-HRV during resting-state and an ER task in female BPD patients with comorbid PTSD (BPD + PTSD), patients without this comorbidity (BPD), and healthy controls (HC). METHODS 57 BPD patients (BPD: n = 37, BPD + PTSD: n = 20) and 27 HC performed an ER task with neutral, positive, and negative images. Participants were instructed to either attend these pictures or to down-regulate their upcoming emotions using cognitive reappraisal. Subjective arousal and wellbeing, self-reported dissociation, and electrocardiogram data were assessed. RESULTS Independent of ER instruction and picture valence, both patient groups (BPD and BPD + PTSD) reported higher subjective arousal and lower wellbeing; patients with BPD + PTSD further exhibited significantly lower HF-HRV compared with the other groups. Higher self-reported state dissociation predicted higher HF-HRV during down-regulating v. attending negative pictures in BPD + PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest increased emotional reactivity to negative, positive, and neutral pictures, but do not provide evidence for deficits in instructed ER in BPD. Reduced HF-HRV appears to be particularly linked to comorbid PTSD, while dissociation may underlie attempts to increase ER and HF-HRV in BPD patients with this comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Krause-Utz
- Institute of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition; Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim; Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia-Caroline Walther
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim; Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lis
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim; Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim; Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Bohus
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim; Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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9
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Deckert M, Schmoeger M, Auff E, Willinger U. Subjective emotional arousal: an explorative study on the role of gender, age, intensity, emotion regulation difficulties, depression and anxiety symptoms, and meta-emotion. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1857-1876. [PMID: 31098662 PMCID: PMC7478944 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Subjective emotional arousal in typically developing adults was investigated in an explorative study. 177 participants (20-70 years) rated facial expressions and words for self-experienced arousal and perceived intensity, and completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS-D). Exclusion criteria were psychiatric or neurological diseases, or clinically relevant scores in the HADS-D. Arousal regarding faces and words was significantly predicted by emotional clarity. Separate analyses showed following significant results: arousal regarding faces and arousal regarding words constantly predicted each other; negative faces were predicted by age and intensity; neutral faces by gender and impulse control; positive faces by gender and intensity; negative words by emotional clarity; and neutral words by gender. Males showed higher arousal scores than females regarding neutral faces and neutral words; for the other arousal scores, no explicit group differences were shown. Cluster analysis yielded three distinguished emotional characteristics groups: "emotional difficulties disposition group" (mainly females; highest emotion regulation difficulties, depression and anxiety scores; by trend highest arousal), "low emotional awareness group" (exclusively males; lowest awareness regarding currently experienced emotions; by trend intermediate arousal), and a "low emotional difficulties group" (exclusively females; lowest values throughout). No age effect was shown. Results suggest that arousal elicited by facial expressions and words are specialized parts of a greater emotional processing system and that typically developing adults show some kind of stable, modality-unspecific dispositional baseline of emotional arousal. Emotional awareness and clarity, and impulse control probably are trait aspects of emotion regulation that influence emotional arousal in typically developing adults and can be regarded as aspects of meta-emotion. Different emotional personality styles were shown between as well as within gender groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Deckert
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schmoeger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduard Auff
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Willinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Schnell K, Herpertz SC. Emotion Regulation and Social Cognition as Functional Targets of Mechanism-Based Psychotherapy in Major Depression With Comorbid Personality Pathology. J Pers Disord 2018; 32:12-35. [PMID: 29388896 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2018.32.supp.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article characterizes functional systems as targets of integrated modular psychotherapy for episodes of major depression (MD) with a comorbid condition of borderline personality disorder (BPD) or chronic depression (CD). Both types of comorbidities to MD are conceptualized as a trait-like concept dominated by impairments in interpersonal functioning. Despite differences in psychopathology, existing data show significant similarities in impairments of emotion regulation and social cognition in BPD and CD, thought to reflect common disease mechanisms linked to early-life adversity. The preexistence of BPD and CD and related functional impairments inhibits the remission of episodic MD and calls for mechanism-based interventions that complement existing treatments of MD by targeting these dysfunctions. Contemporary methods of psychotherapy already provide interventions to address such complicated states of comorbidity by specifically improving dysfunctions of emotion regulation and social cognition. We suggest a layout of modular interventions that can address identified dysfunctions in comorbid MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Schnell
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Asklepios Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine C Herpertz
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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