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Guo X, Chen Y, Huang H, Liu Y, Kong L, Chen L, Lyu H, Gao T, Lai J, Zhang D, Hu S. Serum signature of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, and cytomegalovirus in females with bipolar disorder: A cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:82-90. [PMID: 38844171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Immunity alterations have been observed in bipolar disorder (BD). However, whether serum positivity of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii (T gondii), rubella, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) shared clinical relevance with BD, remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate this association. METHODS Antibody seropositivity of IgM and IgG to T gondii, rubella virus, and CMV of females with BD and controls was extracted based on medical records from January 2018 to January 2023. Family history, type of BD, onset age, and psychotic symptom history were also collected. RESULTS 585 individuals with BD and 800 healthy controls were involved. Individuals with BD revealed a lower positive rate of T gondii IgG in the 10-20 aged group (OR = 0.10), and a higher positive rate of rubella IgG in the 10-20 (OR = 5.44) and 20-30 aged group (OR = 3.15). BD with family history preferred a higher positive rate of T gondii IgG (OR = 24.00). Type-I BD owned a decreased positive rate of rubella IgG (OR = 0.37) and an elevated positive rate of CMV IgG (OR = 2.12) compared to type-II BD, while BD with early onset showed contrast results compared to BD without early onset (Rubella IgG, OR = 2.54; CMV IgG, OR = 0.26). BD with psychotic symptom history displayed a lower positive rate of rubella IgG (OR = 0.50). LIMITATIONS Absence of male evidence and control of socioeconomic status and environmental exposure. CONCLUSIONS Differential antibody seropositive rates of T gondii, rubella, and cytomegalovirus in BD were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Huimin Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325800, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Lingzhuo Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Lizichen Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Hailong Lyu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | | | - Jianbo Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Psychiatry, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou 310003, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Psychiatry, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou 310003, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China.
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Flegr J, Chvátalová V, Příplatová L, Tureček P, Kodym P, Šebánková B, Kaňková Š. Cognitive Effects of Toxoplasma and CMV Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study of 557 Young Adults Considering Modulation by Sex and Rh Factor. Pathogens 2024; 13:363. [PMID: 38787216 PMCID: PMC11124290 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
One-third of humanity harbors a lifelong infection with Toxoplasma gondii, and probably about 80% are infected with human cytomegalovirus (CMV). This study aims to delineate the associations between toxoplasmosis and cognitive abilities and compare these to the associations with CMV. We evaluated the cognitive performance of 557 students, who had been examined for Toxoplasma and CMV infections, using intelligence, memory, and psychomotor tests. The results indicated cognitive impairments in seropositive individuals for both pathogens, with variations in cognitive impact related to sex and the Rh factor. Specifically, Toxoplasma infection was associated with lower IQ in men, whereas CMV was predominantly associated with worse performance by women when testing memory and reaction speeds. Analysis of the antibody concentrations indicated that certain Toxoplasma-associated cognitive detrimental effects may wane (impaired intelligence) or worsen (impaired reaction times) over time following infection. The findings imply that the cognitive impairments caused by both neurotropic pathogens are likely due to pathological changes in the brain rather than from direct manipulative action by the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Flegr
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic (P.T.); (B.Š.); (Š.K.)
| | - Veronika Chvátalová
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic (P.T.); (B.Š.); (Š.K.)
| | - Lenka Příplatová
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic (P.T.); (B.Š.); (Š.K.)
| | - Petr Tureček
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic (P.T.); (B.Š.); (Š.K.)
| | - Petr Kodym
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Šebánková
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic (P.T.); (B.Š.); (Š.K.)
| | - Šárka Kaňková
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic (P.T.); (B.Š.); (Š.K.)
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3
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Andreou D, Steen NE, Mørch-Johnsen L, Jørgensen KN, Wortinger LA, Barth C, Szabo A, O'Connell KS, Lekva T, Hjell G, Johansen IT, Ormerod MBEG, Haukvik UK, Aukrust P, Djurovic S, Yolken RH, Andreassen OA, Ueland T, Agartz I. Toxoplasma gondii infection associated with inflammasome activation and neuronal injury. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5327. [PMID: 38438515 PMCID: PMC10912117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (TOXO) infection typically results in chronic latency due to its ability to form cysts in the brain and other organs. Latent toxoplasmosis could promote innate immune responses and impact brain function. A large body of evidence has linked TOXO infection to severe mental illness (SMI). We hypothesized that TOXO immunoglobulin G (IgG) seropositivity, reflecting previous infection and current latency, is associated with increased circulating neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a marker of brain damage, and interleukin-18 (IL-18), an innate immune marker, mainly in SMI. We included 735 patients with SMI (schizophrenia or bipolar spectrum) (mean age 32 years, 47% women), and 518 healthy controls (HC) (mean age 33 years, 43% women). TOXO IgG, expressed as seropositivity/seronegativity, NSE and IL-18 were measured with immunoassays. We searched for main and interaction effects of TOXO, patient/control status and sex on NSE and IL-18. In the whole sample as well as among patients and HC separately, IL-18 and NSE concentrations were positively correlated (p < 0.001). TOXO seropositive participants had significantly higher NSE (3713 vs. 2200 pg/ml, p < 0.001) and IL-18 levels (1068 vs. 674 pg/ml, p < 0.001) than seronegative participants, and evaluation within patients and HC separately showed similar results. Post-hoc analysis on cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1 IgG status showed no associations with NSE or IL-18 which may suggest TOXO specificity. These results may indicate ongoing inflammasome activation and neuronal injury in people with TOXO infections unrelated to diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreou
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Forskningsveien 7, 0373, Oslo, Norway.
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Forskningsveien 7, 0373, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lynn Mørch-Johnsen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Clinical Research, Østfold Hospital, Grålum, Norway
| | - Kjetil Nordbø Jørgensen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Laura A Wortinger
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Forskningsveien 7, 0373, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Barth
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Forskningsveien 7, 0373, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Attila Szabo
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin S O'Connell
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove Lekva
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabriela Hjell
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Clinical Research, Østfold Hospital, Grålum, Norway
| | - Ingrid Torp Johansen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica B E G Ormerod
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Unn K Haukvik
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Forensic Research and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Thrombosis Research Center (TREC), Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Forskningsveien 7, 0373, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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Álvarez-Heredia P, Reina-Alfonso I, Domínguez-del-Castillo JJ, Hassouneh F, Gutiérrez-González C, Batista-Duharte A, Pérez AB, Sarramea F, Jaén-Moreno MJ, Camacho-Rodríguez C, Tarazona R, Solana R, Molina J, Pera A. Spanish HCMV Seroprevalence in the 21st Century. Viruses 2023; 16:6. [PMID: 38275940 PMCID: PMC10819642 DOI: 10.3390/v16010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is linked to age-related diseases like cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer. It can also cause congenital defects and severe illness in immunocompromised individuals. Accurate HCMV seroprevalence assessment is essential for public health planning and identifying at-risk individuals. This is the first HCMV seroprevalence study conducted in the general Spanish adult population in 30 years. We studied HCMV seroprevalence and HCMV IgG antibody titres in healthy adult donors (HDs) and HCMV-related disease patients from 2010 to 2013 and 2020 to 2023, categorized by sex and age. We compared our data with 1993 and 1999 studies in Spain. The current HCMV seroprevalence among HDs in Spain is 73.48%. In women of childbearing age, HCMV seroprevalence has increased 1.4-fold in the last decade. HCMV-seropositive individuals comprise 89.83% of CVD patients, 69% of SMI patients, and 70.37% of COVID-19 patients. No differences in HCMV seroprevalence or HCMV IgG antibody titres were observed between patients and HDs. A significant reduction in Spanish HCMV seroprevalence among HDs was observed in 1993. However, women of childbearing age have shown an upturn in the last decade that may denote a health risk in newborns and a change in HCMV seroprevalence trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Álvarez-Heredia
- Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (I.R.-A.); (F.H.); (C.G.-G.); (A.B.-D.); (R.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Irene Reina-Alfonso
- Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (I.R.-A.); (F.H.); (C.G.-G.); (A.B.-D.); (R.S.); (J.M.)
| | - José Joaquín Domínguez-del-Castillo
- Cardiovascular Pathology (GA09), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Fakhri Hassouneh
- Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (I.R.-A.); (F.H.); (C.G.-G.); (A.B.-D.); (R.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Carmen Gutiérrez-González
- Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (I.R.-A.); (F.H.); (C.G.-G.); (A.B.-D.); (R.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (I.R.-A.); (F.H.); (C.G.-G.); (A.B.-D.); (R.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Ana-Belén Pérez
- Microbiology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital of Cordoba/Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute (IMIBIC)/CIBERINFEC, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Fernando Sarramea
- Severe Mental Illness-Health Alerts (GA12), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (F.S.); (M.J.J.-M.); (C.C.-R.)
- Department of Morphological and Socio-Health Sciences, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Mental Health Clinical Management Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital/ CIBERSAM, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - María José Jaén-Moreno
- Severe Mental Illness-Health Alerts (GA12), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (F.S.); (M.J.J.-M.); (C.C.-R.)
- Department of Morphological and Socio-Health Sciences, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Cristina Camacho-Rodríguez
- Severe Mental Illness-Health Alerts (GA12), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (F.S.); (M.J.J.-M.); (C.C.-R.)
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Rafael Solana
- Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (I.R.-A.); (F.H.); (C.G.-G.); (A.B.-D.); (R.S.); (J.M.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Immunology and Allergy Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Molina
- Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (I.R.-A.); (F.H.); (C.G.-G.); (A.B.-D.); (R.S.); (J.M.)
- Immunology and Allergy Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alejandra Pera
- Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (I.R.-A.); (F.H.); (C.G.-G.); (A.B.-D.); (R.S.); (J.M.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Immunology and Allergy Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
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Abstract
There is increasingly compelling evidence that microorganisms may play an etiological role in the emergence of mental illness in a subset of the population. Historically, most work has focused on the neurotrophic herpesviruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as well as the protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. In this chapter, we provide an umbrella review of this literature and additionally highlight prospective studies that allow more mechanistic conclusions to be drawn. Next, we focus on clinical trials of anti-microbial medications for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We critically evaluate six trials that tested the impact of anti-herpes medications on inflammatory outcomes in the context of a medical disorder, nine clinical trials utilizing anti-herpetic medications for the treatment of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) or schizophrenia, and four clinical trials utilizing anti-parasitic medications for the treatment of schizophrenia. We then turn our attention to evidence for a gut dysbiosis and altered microbiome in psychiatric disorders, and the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics, including an analysis of more than 10 randomized controlled trials of probiotics in the context of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD).
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Calkova T, Cervenka S, Yolken RH, Andreassen OA, Andreou D. Cytomegalovirus infection associated with lower IQ in adolescent patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 151:571-574. [PMID: 35636034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of immunocompetent hosts is usually inapparent, but typically results in a non-silent chronic latency which is considerably more active than previously considered. In adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, CMV latent infection has been associated with cognitive disturbance including lower intelligent quotient (IQ). We hypothesized that the same pattern will be present in adolescent patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (early-onset non-affective psychosis). We included 17 adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (10 patients with schizophrenia, one patient with schizoaffective disorder and six patients with psychosis not otherwise specified), mean age 16.7 years, females 71% and CMV seropositivity 35%. Current IQ was estimated with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations were measured by solid-phase immunoassays and expressed as dichotomous measures (seropositive/CMV + vs. seronegative/CMV-). CMV + patients (mean IQ 91) had significantly lower full-scale IQ than CMV- patients (mean IQ 110) (20 units difference; p < 0.001). Post-hoc analyses showed that CMV + patients had both lower performance and lower verbal IQ relative to CMV- patients (p = 0.001 and 0.049, respectively). In this preliminary report, we found that CMV IgG seropositivity, reflecting previous CMV infection and current latency, was associated with lower IQ. This may be indicative of an unfavorable impact of CMV infection on general intelligence in early-onset non-affective psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Calkova
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Region Vastmanland - Uppsala University, Centre for Clinical Research, Vastmanland Hospital Vasteras, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Simon Cervenka
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dimitrios Andreou
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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7
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Gale SD, Erickson LD, Brown BL, Hedges DW. Cytomegalovirus is not associated with cognitive function in UK adults aged 40 to 70 years. Psychiatry Res 2022; 309:114410. [PMID: 35091160 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infecting much of the world's population, the herpesviridae virus cytomegalovirus has been associated with lower cognitive function in some but not all studies. In this study, we further investigate associations between cytomegalovirus and cognitive function in a community-based sample of adults aged 40 to 70 years (M = 55.3; SD = 8.1) from the United Kingdom. Adjusted multiple-regression modeling showed no significant associations between cytomegalovirus and performance on nine cognitive tasks. Further, in adjusted interaction models, age, sex, educational attainment, and income did not moderate associations between cytomegalovirus and cognitive function. In this community-based adult sample, cytomegalovirus was not associated with cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Gale
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States; The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.
| | - Lance D Erickson
- Department of Sociology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Bruce L Brown
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Dawson W Hedges
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States; The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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