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Sun M, Scherffius A, Sun M, Chen C, Wang D. Insomnia symptoms as a mediator between school connectedness and suicidal ideation in Chinese adolescents: A three-wave longitudinal model. Early Interv Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38783351 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
AIM School connectedness is related to suicidal ideation (SI) in adolescents. However, little is known about the mediating role of insomnia symptoms in the school connectedness-SI link. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal mediating effect of insomnia symptoms on the relationship between school connectedness and SI as well as the moderating effect of sex using a three-wave longitudinal design. METHODS A total of 3110 adolescents completed three online surveys. Data were collected over the course of 1 year, in three waves 6 months apart. Participants completed the School Connectedness Scale, Youth Self-Rating Insomnia Scale, Self-rating Idea of Suicide Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and a self-compiled demographic questionnaire. Linear regressions and mediation analyses were performed to examine the associations between school connectedness, insomnia symptoms and SI. RESULTS School connectedness had a significant mediating effect on SI through insomnia symptoms (βa×b = -.03, 95% confidence interval = -0.04, -0.02) after controlling for demographics and depressive symptoms. Mediation analyses showed that insomnia symptoms accounted for 23.1% of the total effects in the entire sample, with 13.3% in males and 27.3% in females. Sex had no significant moderating effect on the school connectedness-SI link association. CONCLUSIONS The association between school connectedness and SI appears to be mediated by insomnia symptoms. Assessing and promoting school connectedness, as well as intervening and treating distress associated with insomnia, may have important clinical implications for reducing the risk of SI in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Sun
- School of Psychology, Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, Guangdong Emergency Response Technology Research Center for Psychological Assistance in Emergencies, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andrew Scherffius
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Social Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunping Chen
- Institute of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- School of Psychology, Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, Guangdong Emergency Response Technology Research Center for Psychological Assistance in Emergencies, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Luo W, Mohammed J. Mental health status and coping strategies of Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296309. [PMID: 38134210 PMCID: PMC10745188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in December 2019, students have been under unparalleled psychological stress worldwide. As part of its prevention and control strategies, the Chinese Ministry of Education proposed online teaching activities for universities. For the first time, teaching and learning shifted completely online, significantly impacting university students used to classroom learning. This research addresses the knowledge gap about the mental health and coping strategies employed by Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic databases (PsycINFO, Scopus, Medline, Cochranes and CNKI) were searched systematically from 2019 to 2023, as part of this literature review. From the 349 articles found, 25 met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Thematic analysis was used to identify six sub-themes, organized under two main themes: Mental health issues of Chinese university students and their coping mechanisms. Heightened stress, anxiety, and depression appeared in Chinese university students during the pandemic, which may have been compounded by their isolation and the disruptions to their studies. Although the impact of COVID-19 on Chinese university students is waning, this study emphasizes the potential long-lasting impact on their mental health, which requires further investigation, particularly regarding gender differences. Moreover, positive and negative coping strategies were found in this review. Strategies for seeking social and family support and participating in sports activities had significant alleviating effects, while negative coping strategies such as alcohol-use and smoking did not. This rapid review informs the development of policies and interventions to enhance the mental health of university students during crisis events. The findings serve to inform health policymakers, university psychologists, and educators in improving the well-being of this student population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang No.1 People’s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jalal Mohammed
- Faculty of Health, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Ye H, Chen C, Chen S, Jiang N, Cai Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Huang Y, Yu W, You R, Liao H, Fan F. Profiles of Intolerance of Uncertainty Among 108,540 Adolescents: Associations with Sociodemographic Variables and Mental Health. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01603-z. [PMID: 37659028 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is widely considered a transdiagnostic risk and maintaining factor for psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the overall nature and profile of IU among adolescents. This study aims to investigate the profiles of IU among Chinese adolescents and explore their associations with sociodemographic characteristics and mental health problems. A sample of 108,540 adolescents provided data on IU, sociodemographic characteristics, and mental health via an online platform. Latent profile analysis revealed three profiles: Low IU, Medium IU, and High IU. Girls, older adolescents, and those with specific sociodemographics were more likely to belong to the "High IU" profile. Furthermore, the "High IU" profile was associated with the highest risk of several mental health problems. These findings provided valuable information for early prevention and intervention strategies targeting IU and highlighted the importance of IU-based interventions for mental health among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxian Ye
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Chunling Chen
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shiying Chen
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zifan Cai
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yunyi Li
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yike Huang
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wanqing Yu
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Ruiyan You
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Haiping Liao
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Fang Fan
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Shipai Road, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Lee B, Krishan P, Goodwin L, Iduye D, de los Godos EF, Fryer J, Gallagher K, Hair K, O'Connell E, Ogarrio K, King T, Sarica S, Scott E, Li X, Song P, Dozier M, McSwiggan E, Stojanovski K, Theodoratou E, McQuillan R. Impact of COVID-19 mitigations on anxiety and depression amongst university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2023; 13:06035. [PMID: 37655370 PMCID: PMC10472203 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.06035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While much research has addressed mental health concerns related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there remains a scarcity of studies specifically exploring the changes in anxiety and depression among university students before and after the implementation of COVID-19 mitigation measures. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched databases including MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), ERIC (EBSCO), the WHO COVID-19 database, Scopus, and Science Citation Index (Web of Science) as of 15 February 2023. We included studies that used a validated tool to measure changes in anxiety or depression at two distinct time points - before (T1) and during (T2); during (T2) and after (T3); or before (T1) and after (T3) COVID-19 mitigation. The quality of studies was assessed using an adapted Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for longitudinal studies. Utilising random-effects models, we synthesised changes in continuous outcomes as standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and binary outcomes as risk difference (RD) with 95% CI. Results In total, 15 studies were included in this review, with eight of moderate and seven of high quality. In most of the included studies (n = 13), the majority of participants were women. Eleven studies analysed mental health outcomes between T1 and T2 of COVID-19 mitigations. Continuous symptom changes were a minimal or small improvement for anxiety (SMD = -0.03, 95% CI = -0.24 to 0.19, I2 = 90%); but worsened for depression (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.62). However, the proportions of students reporting moderate-to-severe symptoms, defined by specific cut-offs, increased during COVID-19 mitigation measures for both anxiety (RD = 0.17, 95% CI = -0.04 to 0.38, I2 = 95%) and depression (RD = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.22, I2 = 72%). Sensitivity analyses, which distinguished between baseline periods based on awareness of COVID-19, demonstrated an exacerbation of both symptoms when comparing the period before the global awareness of the COVID-19 outbreak (before December 2019) with the period during the implementation of mitigation measures. Conclusions Mental health outcomes, especially depressive symptoms, were observed to worsen in university students during COVID-19 mitigations. Despite considerable heterogeneity requiring careful interpretation of results, the impact of COVID-19 mitigations on mental health in university students is evident. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42021266889).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohee Lee
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Prerna Krishan
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lara Goodwin
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Damilola Iduye
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma Farfan de los Godos
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jodie Fryer
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kate Gallagher
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Hair
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eimear O'Connell
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kristen Ogarrio
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xue Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peige Song
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marshall Dozier
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Information Services, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emilie McSwiggan
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kristefer Stojanovski
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ruth McQuillan
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - UNCOVER group
- Usher Network for COVID-19 Evidence Reviews (UNCOVER) group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Information Services, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Han SS, Han YH, Tong WX, Wang GX, Ke YZ, Meng SQ, Guo Q, Cui ZL, Zhang JY, Ye YP, Zhang Y, Li YX, Li B. Chinese college students COVID-19 phobia and negative moods: Moderating effects of physical exercise behavior. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1046326. [PMID: 36530687 PMCID: PMC9751473 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1046326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated the effects of COVID-19 fear on negative moods among college students, and assessed the efficacy of physical exercise behavior as a moderator variable. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Students from three colleges and universities in Shangqiu City, Henan Province and Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province were enrolled in this study, which was performed during the COVID-19 pandemic using an online questionnaire. A total of 3,133 college students completed the questionnaire. Measurement tools included the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S), Depression-Anxiety-Stress Self-Rating Scale (DASS), and the Physical Activity Behavior Scale (PARS-3). Results During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rates of depression, anxiety, and stressful negative moods among college students were 35.5, 65.5, and 10.95%, respectively; there was a positive correlation between COVID-19 fear and negative moods among college students (r = 0.479, p < 0.001), which was negatively correlated with physical exercise behavior (r = -0.4, p < 0.001); the regulating effects of physical exercise behavior were significant (ΔR2 = 0.04, p < 0.001). Conclusion The rate of negative moods among college students is high, and the fear for COVID-19 is one of the key factors that lead to negative moods. Physical exercise can modulate the impact of COVID-19 fear among college students on negative moods. Studies should elucidate on mental health issues among different populations during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-shan Han
- Institute of Sports Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ya-hui Han
- Institute of Sports Science, Kyunggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Wen-xia Tong
- Physical Education College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guang-xu Wang
- College of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - You-zhi Ke
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-qiao Meng
- Physical Education College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Physical Education College, Shangqiu University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Zhong-lei Cui
- Physical Education College of Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Jun-yong Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-peng Ye
- School of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Institute of Sports and Health, Zhengzhou Shengda University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-xing Li
- Physical Education College, Shangqiu University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Sports Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China,*Correspondence: Bo Li
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Xu H, Wang Z, Peng L, Mi Y, Zeng P, Liu X. The study of psychological traits among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 campus lockdown. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1051770. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1051770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the prevalence of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression symptoms and associated risk factors among a large-scale sample of college students in China during the COVID-19 campus lockdown. The survey was conducted among undergraduate students at a university in eastern part of China in April 2022. The Chi-square test was used to compare the different variable groups and multivariable analysis was performed for the risk factors associated with interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, and depression symptoms. A total of 12,922 college students were included, with an average age of (20.96 ± 1.66) years. The prevalence of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety and depression symptoms in this study was 58.1, 22.7, and 46.8%, respectively. Male (OR = 1.16, p < 0.001), 22–23 years (OR = 1.40, p < 0.001), freshman (OR = 1.35, p = 0.002), and non-only child (OR = 1.15, p < 0.001) were positively associated with interpersonal sensitivity. Male (OR = 1.20, p < 0.001), sophomores (OR = 1.27, p = 0.020) and seniors (OR = 1.20, p = 0.027) were positively associated with anxiety symptoms. Compared with female students, male students (OR = 0.89, p < 0.001) were less likely to have depression symptoms. 22–23 years (OR = 1.37, p < 0.001), sophomores (OR = 1.26, p = 0.009) and non-only child (OR = 1.11, p = 0.009) were positively associated with depression symptoms. In addition, college students aged 18–21 years, learning status, skipping breakfast, roommate relationship and sleep quality were associated with interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety and depression symptoms (all p < 0.05). The findings of this study suggest a high prevalence of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety and depression symptoms among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 campus lockdown. Younger ages, low grades, poor dormitory relationship, negative learning status, skipping breakfast and poor sleep quality were the risk factors for college students’ mental health, which should be concerned by the relevant departments of school during the campus lockdown.
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Huang F, Li S, Li D, Yang M, Ding H, Di Y, Zhu T. The Impact of Mortality Salience, Negative Emotions and Cultural Values on Suicidal Ideation in COVID-19: A Conditional Process Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9200. [PMID: 35954551 PMCID: PMC9367801 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As suicides incurred by the COVID-19 outbreak keep happening in many countries, researchers have raised concerns that the ongoing pandemic may lead to "a wave of suicides" in society. Suicidal ideation (SI) is a critical factor in conducting suicide intervention and also an important indicator for measuring people's mental health. Therefore, it is vital to identify the influencing factors of suicidal ideation and its psychological mechanism during the outbreak. Based on the terror management theory, in the present study we conducted a social media big data analysis to explore the joint effects of mortality salience (MS), negative emotions (NE), and cultural values on suicidal ideation in 337 regions on the Chinese mainland. The findings showed that (1) mortality salience was a positive predictor of suicidal ideation, with negative emotions acting as a mediator; (2) individualism was a positive moderator in the first half-path of the mediation model; (3) collectivism was a negative moderator in the first half-path of the mediation model. Our findings not only expand the application of the terror management theory in suicide intervention but provide some insights into post-pandemic mental healthcare. Timely efforts are needed to provide psychological interventions and counseling on outbreak-caused negative emotions in society. Compared with people living in collectivism-prevailing regions, those living in individualism-prevailing regions may be more vulnerable to mortality salience and negative emotions and need more social attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (Y.D.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (Y.D.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongqi Li
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (Y.D.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meizi Yang
- School of Child Development and Education, China Women’s University, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Huimin Ding
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100034, China;
| | - Yazheng Di
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (Y.D.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingshao Zhu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (Y.D.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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