1
|
Xiao N, Bagayi V, Yang D, Huang X, Zhong L, Kiselev S, Bolkov MA, Tuzankina IA, Chereshnev VA. Effectiveness of animal-assisted activities and therapies for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1403527. [PMID: 38895710 PMCID: PMC11184216 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1403527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Given the rising interest in complementary therapeutic strategies for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), this research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of animal-assisted activities and therapies (AAAT) on various ASD symptoms. Methods A meticulous search of databases, including Scopus and PubMed, was conducted to gather relevant research on AAAT for ASD. This process led to the selection of 45 studies encompassing 1,212 participants. The chosen studies were then subjected to a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of AAAT in alleviating core ASD symptoms. Results The meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in several core ASD symptoms due to AAAT. Notably, there were improvements in social communication (MD = -4.96, 95% CI [-7.49, -2.44]), irritability (MD = -2.38, 95% CI [-4.06, -0.71]), hyperactivity (MD = -4.03, 95% CI [-6.17, -1.89]), and different word usage skills (MD = 20.48, 95% CI [7.41, 33.55]). However, social awareness (MD = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.07, 0.81]), social cognition (MD = -3.60, 95% CI [-9.36, 2.17]), social mannerisms (MD = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.09]), social motivation (MD = -1.21, 95% CI [-2.56, 0.13]), lethargy (MD = -1.12, 95% CI [-3.92, 1.68]), and stereotypical behaviors (MD = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.27, 0.80]) did not significantly improve. Conclusion The study demonstrates the potential of AAAT in improving certain core symptoms of ASD, such as social communication, irritability, hyperactivity, and word usage skills. However, the effectiveness of AAAT in other ASD symptom domains remains uncertain. The research is limited by the absence of long-term follow-up data and a high risk of bias in existing studies. Therefore, while the findings indicate the promise of AAAT in specific areas, caution is advised in generalizing its efficacy across all ASD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningkun Xiao
- Department of Immunochemistry, Institution of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Laboratory for Brain and Neurocognitive Development, Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vaishnavi Bagayi
- Laboratory for Brain and Neurocognitive Development, Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Dandan Yang
- Guang’an District Women and Children’s Hospital, Guangan, China
| | - Xinlin Huang
- Laboratory for Brain and Neurocognitive Development, Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Lei Zhong
- Doctoral Department, Russian Sports University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Kiselev
- Laboratory for Brain and Neurocognitive Development, Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Bolkov
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina A. Tuzankina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery A. Chereshnev
- Department of Immunochemistry, Institution of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guay C, Abouzeid N, Forget J, Boulé M. Acceptability and effects of acquiring an assistance or companion dog for families of children on the autism spectrum. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2024; 19:1687-1699. [PMID: 37354544 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2023.2227657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assistance and companion dogs have numerous positive effects for family of autistic children, such as supporting their rehabilitation and improving their quality of life. To date, very few studies have compared the effects of both types of dogs. This comparison, considering the limited access to assistance dogs, could be helpful for families wanting to adopt a dog. METHODS An explanatory sequential design with a mixed-method approach was used. First, 85 parents (nassistance dogs = 57; ncompanion dogs = 28) of children aged between 3 and 17 years old (M = 10.73, SD = 3.67) completed an online questionnaire including sociodemographic questions and the Treatment Acceptability Rating Form-Revised (TARF-R). Then, 17 of these participants (nassistance dogs = 14; ncompanion dogs = 3) completed a semi-structured interview. RESULTS The quantitative data analyses showed that parents with assistance dogs were significantly more satisfied: t (83) = -2.12, p = .037, d = 0.49. Significant associations between some sociodemographic variables (e.g., number of children, comorbid condition, reasons for acquiring a dog) and acceptability/satisfaction (TARF-R total scores) were found. The qualitative analysis revealed that families with both dog types observed positive effects. CONCLUSIONS In brief, having an assistance dog constitutes a significant added value; nevertheless, both types of dogs are appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Guay
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadia Abouzeid
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Forget
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélina Boulé
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yamada A, Akahane D, Takeuchi S, Miyata K, Sato T, Gotoh A. Robot therapy aids mental health in patients with hematological malignancy during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a protective isolation unit. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4737. [PMID: 38413634 PMCID: PMC10899246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with hematological malignancy experience physical and psychological pain, such as a sense of isolation and confinement due to intensive chemotherapy in a protective isolation unit (PIU). We examined whether the intervention of a robotic puppy, aibo (manufactured by Sony), could improve patients' mental health as an alternative therapy for pet therapy, which is not feasible in PIU. This study included 21 patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (n = 16) or autologous HSCT (n = 5). The patients were randomly divided into the aibo and control groups. Psychological effects were regularly assessed by measuring the levels of salivary stress hormone chromogranin A (CgA), serum oxytocin, and serum cortisol and the quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR) scores. The aibo group demonstrated a significant decrease in CgA level, while the control group showed the opposite trend. In addition, changes in serum oxytocin and cortisol levels indicated that aibo helped reduce stress. There was no significant difference in the QIDS-SR scores between the two groups; however, the psychomotor activity in the aibo group improved significantly. These findings suggest that aibo intervention during a stay in a PIU can improve the mental health of patients with hematological malignancies who have undergone HSCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamada
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Daigo Akahane
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shiho Takeuchi
- Center for Diversity, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Miyata
- Department of Nursing, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Sato
- Department of Nursing, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Gotoh
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodriguez KE, Rispoli M, Kelleher BL, MacLean EL, O’Haire ME. The effects of service dogs for children with autism spectrum disorder and their caregivers: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1355970. [PMID: 38463432 PMCID: PMC10921415 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1355970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Service dogs are an increasingly popular complementary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. However, despite increasing demand, there remains a lack of empirical research on their potential benefits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of service dogs on children with autism and their caregivers. Methods A total of N = 75 families of children with autism were recruited from a non-profit service dog provider in the US, including n = 39 families previously placed with a service dog and n = 36 families engaging in usual care while on the waitlist. Caregivers completed an online survey containing both self- and proxy-report standardized measures of child, caregiver, and family functioning. Linear regressions modeled the relationship between service dog presence and survey outcomes, controlling for relevant child and caregiver covariates. Results Results indicated that having a service dog was associated with significantly better child sleep behaviors, including better sleep initiation and duration and less sleep anxiety/co-sleeping with medium effect sizes. However, service dog presence was not significantly related to child withdrawal, negative emotionality, emotional self-control, hyperactivity, irritability, and lethargy with small effect sizes. For caregivers, having a service dog was not significantly related to standardized measures of caregiver strain, sleep disturbance, depression, or the impact of the child's condition on family functioning with small effect sizes. Supplemental matched case-control analyses confirmed these findings. Discussion In conclusion, service dogs were found to positively impact sleep behaviors among children with autism, but may not uniformly relate to other areas of child and caregiver wellbeing. Prospective longitudinal designs, larger sample sizes able to detect small effects, and studies that measure sleep using objective methods are needed to build on these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri E. Rodriguez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Oro Valley, AZ, United States
| | - Mandy Rispoli
- School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Bridgette L. Kelleher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Evan L. MacLean
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Oro Valley, AZ, United States
| | - Marguerite E. O’Haire
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Oro Valley, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Toutain M, Dollion N, Henry L, Grandgeorge M. How Do Children and Adolescents with ASD Look at Animals? A Scoping Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:211. [PMID: 38397322 PMCID: PMC10887101 DOI: 10.3390/children11020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by interaction and communication differences, entailing visual attention skill specificities. Interactions with animals, such as in animal-assisted interventions or with service dogs, have been shown to be beneficial for individuals with ASD. While interacting with humans poses challenges for them, engaging with animals appears to be different. One hypothesis suggests that differences between individuals with ASD's visual attention to humans and to animals may contribute to these interaction differences. We propose a scoping review of the research on the visual attention to animals of youths with ASD. The objective is to review the methodologies and tools used to explore such questions, to summarize the main results, to explore which factors may contribute to the differences reported in the studies, and to deduce how youth with ASD observe animals. Utilizing strict inclusion criteria, we examined databases between 1942 and 2023, identifying 21 studies in international peer-reviewed journals. Three main themes were identified: attentional engagement and detection, visual exploration, and behavior. Collectively, our findings suggest that the visual attention of youths with ASD towards animals appears comparable to that of neurotypical peers, at least in 2D pictures (i.e., eye gaze patterns). Future studies should explore whether these results extend to real-life interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Toutain
- CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine)—UMR 6552, University Rennes, Normandie University, F-35000 Rennes, France; (L.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Nicolas Dollion
- Laboratoire C2S (Cognition Santé Société)—EA6291, Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, F-51100 Reims, France;
| | - Laurence Henry
- CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine)—UMR 6552, University Rennes, Normandie University, F-35000 Rennes, France; (L.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Marine Grandgeorge
- CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine)—UMR 6552, University Rennes, Normandie University, F-35000 Rennes, France; (L.H.); (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dollion N, Poirier M, Auffret F, François N, Plusquellec P, Grandgeorge M. Effects of service dogs on children with ASD's symptoms and parents' well-being: On the importance of considering those effects with a more systemic perspective. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295702. [PMID: 38170689 PMCID: PMC10763939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of a service dog can have numerous benefits for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, although integration takes place within a family, little is known about the dynamics of these benefits on the family microsystem. Thus, the aim of our study was to propose a more systemic perspective, not only by investigating the benefits of SD integration, but also by exploring the relationships between improvements in children with ASD, parents' well-being, parenting strategies and the quality of the child-dog relationship. Twenty parent-child with ASD dyads were followed before, as well as 3 and 6 months after service dog integration. At each stage, parents completed an online survey which included: the Autism Behavior Inventory (ABI-S), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y), the Parenting Stress Index Short Version (PSI-SF), the Monash Dog Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS) and the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). First, repeated measure one-way ANOVAs revealed that both children's ASD symptoms and parents' anxiety decreased significantly after service dog integration. Additionally, Spearman correlations revealed that the more ASD symptoms decreased, the more parent's anxiety and parenting stress also decreased. Second, the quality of the child-dog relationship appeared to contribute to those benefits on both children's ASD symptoms and parents' well-being. Interestingly, parenting strategies seemed to adapt according to these benefits and to the quality of the child-dog relationship. Through a more systemic perspective, this study highlighted that the integration of a service dog involved reciprocal and dynamic effects for children with ASD and their parents, and shed new light on the processes that may underlie the effects of a service dog for children with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dollion
- Laboratoire C2S (Cognition Santé Société)–EA6291, Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Margot Poirier
- CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)—UMR6552, Normandie Univ, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Pierrich Plusquellec
- Centre d’études en sciences de la communication non verbale, Research Centre, Montréal Mental Health University Institute, CIUSSS Est, Montréal, Canada
- School of Psychoeducation, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marine Grandgeorge
- CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)—UMR6552, Normandie Univ, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Berget B, Vas J, Pedersen G, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Newberry RC. Oxytocin levels and self-reported anxiety during interactions between humans and cows. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1252463. [PMID: 37780173 PMCID: PMC10536144 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1252463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Positive social interactions with farm animals may have therapeutic benefits on humans by increasing brain oxytocin secretion, as inferred from circulating oxytocin levels. The aim of this observational study was to investigate acute changes in human plasma oxytocin levels and state anxiety associated with interactions with dairy cows. Methods Data were collected from 18 healthy female nursing students who performed stroking and brushing of an unfamiliar cow for 15 min. Blood samples were drawn before entering the cowshed (T1, baseline), and after 5 (T2) and 15 (T3) min of interaction with a cow. At T1 and T3, the students filled out the Norwegian version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Subscale (STAI-SS). Results Across participants, no significant changes in average plasma oxytocin concentration were detected between time points (p>0.05). There was, however, a modest decline in the STAI-SS scores between T1 and T3 (p=0.015) and a positive correlation between the change in individual level of state anxiety between T1 and T3 and the change in OT concentration of the same individual between T2 and T3 (p = 0.045). Discussion The results suggest that friendly social interactions with cows are beneficial in lowering state anxiety, but any relationship with release of OT into the circulation was complex and variable across individuals. The acute reduction in state anxiety lends support to the value of interacting with farm animals in the context of Green Care for people with mental health challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bente Berget
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health, Social and Welfare Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Borre, Norway
- Department of Health and Society, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Judit Vas
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gunn Pedersen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kerstin Uvnäs-Moberg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Section of Anthrozoology and Applied Ethology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
| | - Ruth C. Newberry
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Griffioen RE, van Boxtel GJM, Verheggen T, Enders-Slegers MJ, Van Der Steen S. Group Changes in Cortisol and Heart Rate Variability of Children with Down Syndrome and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder during Dog-Assisted Therapy. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1200. [PMID: 37508697 PMCID: PMC10378440 DOI: 10.3390/children10071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Dog-assisted therapy is hypothesized to lower stress in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and children with Down syndrome (DS), which may be visible on a physiological level. In this study, we measured heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary cortisol of 20 children with DS or ASD at the beginning and end of six weekly sessions of dog-assisted therapy. We found a decrease of cortisol levels during single sessions, but no overall effect after six sessions (six weeks). The effect of dog-assisted therapy on the increase of HRV could not be confirmed. This study is one of the first to use physiological measurements to test the effects of DAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Griffioen
- Department of Animal Assisted Interventions, Aeres University of Applied Sciences, De Drieslag 4, 8251 JZ Dronten, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J M van Boxtel
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Professor Cobbenhagenlaan, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Verheggen
- Department of Psychology and Education, Open University The Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Enders-Slegers
- Department of Psychology and Education, Open University The Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Steffie Van Der Steen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Valiyamattam GJ, Katti H, Chaganti VK, O'Haire ME, Sachdeva V. Circumscribed interests in autism: Can animals potentially re-engage social attention? RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 137:104486. [PMID: 37062184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circumscribed interests (CI) in autism are highly fixated and repetitive interests, generally centering on non-social and idiosyncratic topics. The increased salience of CI objects often results in decreased social attention, thus interfering with social interactions. Behavioural, biomarker and neuroimaging research points to enhanced social functioning in autistic children in the presence of animals. For instance, neuroimaging studies report a greater activation of reward systems in the brain in response to animal stimuli whereas eye-tracking studies reveal a higher visual preference for animal faces in autistic individuals. This potentially greater social reward attached to animals, introduces the interesting and yet unexplored possibility that the presence of competing animal stimuli may reduce the disproportionately higher visual attention to CI objects. METHOD We examined this using a paired-preference eye-tracking paradigm where images of human and animal faces were paired with CI and non-CI objects. 31 children (ASD n = 16; TD n = 15) participated in the study (3391 observations). RESULTS Autistic children showed a significantly greater visual attention to CI objects whereas typical controls showed a significantly greater visual attention to social images across pairings. Interestingly, pairing with a CI object significantly reduced the social attention elicited to human faces but not animal faces. Further, in pairings with CI objects, significantly greater sustained attention per visit was seen for animal faces when compared to human faces. CONCLUSIONS These results thus suggest that social attention deficits in ASD may not be uniform across human and animal stimuli. Animals may comprise a potentially important stimulus category modulating visual attention in ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harish Katti
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Marguerite E O'Haire
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Virender Sachdeva
- Child Sight Institute, Nimmagadda Prasad Children's Eye Care Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, GMRV Campus, Visakhapatnam, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shimizu N, Yamazaki C, Asano K, Ohe S, Ishida M. Non-randomized controlled trial examining the effects of livestock on motivation and anxiety in patients with chronic psychiatric disorders. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231175291. [PMID: 37251360 PMCID: PMC10214043 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231175291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Patients with chronic schizophrenia exhibit negative symptoms, including decreased work motivation. Animal-assisted therapy programs have been reported to benefit such patients; hence, there is a possibility that sheep-rearing, rather than conventional employment training, may motivate these patients. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a one-day experiential learning program of sheep-rearing on the work motivation and anxiety of patients with chronic schizophrenia. Methods Fourteen patients were included in a non-randomized controlled trial conducted between August 2018 and October 2018. The patients' participation in the sheep-rearing experiential learning (one day; intervention day) and normal day care (one day; control day) programs were compared. The salivary cortisol and testosterone levels and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores of the patients were analyzed. Results The patients' salivary testosterone was significantly higher on the intervention day (p = 0.04) than on the control day (p = 0.02). Their salivary cortisol was lower on the control day than on the intervention day, although the difference was not significant. Regression analysis was performed based on the change in salivary cortisol levels and STAI-Trait scores (p = 0.006), and a regression equation was established. Conclusions The study revealed that participation in sheep-rearing may have promoted the testosterone production but did not increase anxiety in patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, regression equations for salivary cortisol levels in such patients may provide information on individual differences in anxiety levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Shimizu
- Faculty of Nursing, Toyama Prefectural
University, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Chika Yamazaki
- Faculty of Nursing, Toyama Prefectural
University, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keigo Asano
- Faculty of Bioresources and
Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa,
Japan
| | - Shingo Ohe
- Faculty of Nursing, Ishikawa
Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Motohiko Ishida
- Scientific Cooperation Centre for
Industry Academia and Government, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi,
Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lavín-Pérez AM, Rivera-Martín B, Lobato-Rincón LL, Villafaina-Domínguez S, Collado-Mateo D. Benefits of animal-Assisted interventions in preschool children: A systematic review. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 28:850-873. [PMID: 36424180 DOI: 10.1177/13591045221142115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions are frequently used to stimulate and improve different skills in children with and without disabilities. However, the heterogeneity of AAI studies in preschool children is large, including different health conditions, duration, outcomes, study design or therapy animals. Therefore, the current study aims to summarize all intervention procedures and provide an updated analysis of the effectiveness of AAI intervention in the early childhood. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA), a systematic search was conducted in two databases: Pubmed (MedLine) and Web of Science. The risk of bias was assessed using the Evidence Project risk of bias tool. A total of 319 articles were identified and 17 were finally included in the qualitative synthesis. Due to the large heterogeneity in terms of study design, intervention, and sample characteristics, it was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis. Animal-assisted interventions might lead to a positive impact on physical, physiological, psychosocial, and language skills in preschool children. These enhancements may be observed both in healthy children and in those with different health conditions, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, autism disorder, or Down syndrome. Results must be interpreted with caution due to the large heterogeneity and risk of bias in the included articles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez
- Centre for Sport Studies, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,GO fitLAB, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rivera-Martín
- Animal-Assisted Intervention Office, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Communication and Sociology Sciences, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Lucio Lobato-Rincón
- Animal-Assisted Intervention Office, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychology, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Villafaina-Domínguez
- Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - Daniel Collado-Mateo
- Centre for Sport Studies, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,Animal-Assisted Intervention Office, 16776Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiao N, Shinwari K, Kiselev S, Huang X, Li B, Qi J. Effects of Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2630. [PMID: 36767996 PMCID: PMC9915993 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has become a critical public health issue that affects more than 78 million people. In many recent studies, the authors have demonstrated that equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAATs) can substantially improve the social and behavioral skills of children with ASD. However, the qualities of the studies differ, and some authors reached opposite conclusions. In this review, we systematically and objectively examined the effectiveness of EAATs for people with ASD, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. We searched five databases (PubMed, Scopus, ERIC, ProQuest, and MEDLINE) and added relevant references, and we identified 25 articles for data extraction and analysis. According to our results, EAAT programs can substantially improve the social and behavioral functioning and language abilities of children with ASD. However, among the subdomains, the results were inconsistent. According to the meta-analyses, there were considerable improvements in the social cognition, communication, irritability, and hyperactivity domains, but not in the domains of social awareness, mannerisms, motivation, lethargy, stereotypy, or inappropriate speech. Moreover, there was a lack of sufficient comparative data to conclude that EAAT programs lead to substantial improvements in motor and sensory functioning. In addition, among the included studies, we noted the indicator of whether EAAT programs decreased parental stress and improved family functioning, and although there were four articles in which the researchers considered this aspect, we were unable to draw any conclusions because of the insufficient data and conflicting descriptive evidence. However, we need to consider the improvement in parental mental health as a factor in the effectiveness of this complementary intervention. We hope that in future studies, researchers will focus on family functioning and conduct more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with blinded assessments using different scales and measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningkun Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | - Khyber Shinwari
- Department of Immunochemistry, Institution of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | - Sergey Kiselev
- Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | - Xinlin Huang
- Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | - Baoheng Li
- Engineering School of Information Technologies, Telecommunications and Control System, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Engineering School of Information Technologies, Telecommunications and Control System, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brief Report: Above and Beyond Safety: Psychosocial and Biobehavioral Impact of Autism-Assistance Dogs on Autistic Children and their Families. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:468-483. [PMID: 34984639 PMCID: PMC8726517 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autism-Assistance Dogs (AADs) are highly-skilled service animals trained primarily to ensure the safety of an autistic child by preventing elopement and mitigating 'meltdowns'. Although anecdotal accounts and case-studies have indicated that AADs confer benefits above and beyond safety, empirical support anchored in validated clinical, behavioral, and physiological measures is lacking. To address this gap, we studied children and their families before and after receiving a well-trained AAD using a within-subject, repeated-measures design. Notably, this study is the first to assess change in a biomarker for chronic stress in both autistic children and their parents. Final analyses included pre-/post-AAD data from 11 triads (parent/handler-dog-child) demonstrating significantly positive psychosocial and biobehavioral effects of AADs.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bodnar I, Pavlova I, Hamade A. Inclusive physical education program of schoolchildren with autism spectrum disorders. HEALTH, SPORT, REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.34142/hsr.2022.08.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose was to develop an inclusive physical education program for schoolchildren with ASD and experimentally test its effectiveness.
Materials and methods: An inclusive physical education curriculum for children with ASD was made up and incorporated into the process of physical education in secondary schools. At the beginning and the end of the pedagogical experiment, 12-year-old children were tested in the experimental (involved in the author's program, n=9) and control groups (involved in the traditional curriculum, n=11). The indicators of psychophysical fitness of children were determined according to the results of 19 test exercises. The reliability of the differences was determined by the Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: Under the influence of the author's program, physical fitness of children of the experimental group improved significantly. Whereas the trend towards improving almost all indicators of the physical fitness of children with ASD in the traditional program has not been confirmed statistically. The traditional physical education program was most effective in promoting flexibility (inclinations forward) and coordination (passing and catching a ball against a wall) in children with ASD.
Conclusions: The author's program was proven to be significantly more effective than the traditional ones in the formation of the strength of shoulder extensors and hand flexors, fine coordination of hand muscles, the speed-strength of leg muscles, and balance. This allows us to recommend it for use in physical education lessons in institutions of general secondary education.
Collapse
|
15
|
Appleby R, Wright S, Williams L, Stanley M. Australian parents' experiences of owning an autism assistance dog. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e4113-e4121. [PMID: 35352418 PMCID: PMC10084065 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Autism assistance dogs (AADs) increase safety for children with autism and their families. Autism assistance dogs can also decrease familial stress and the isolation which families may experience due to fear for their child's safety and judgement from others within the community. Currently there is a paucity of literature on parents' experiences of AADs. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a rich understanding of parents' experiences of owning an AAD. A mixed methods design was utilised, with a qualitative descriptive design and the use of occupational mapping. Eight families were recruited through an Australian AAD programme and participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews throughout 2017. The interviews were analysed thematically. Mobility in the community before and after introduction of the dog was measured using occupational mapping. Families plotted on Google Map printouts the places they frequented before and after placement of their dog. Five major themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: freedom through restraint; expanding our world; a calming/sensory tool (AAD); "at the end of the day they're dogs"; and, friendship and personal growth. The occupational maps demonstrated a median increase of 8.5 more places and 20.50 km further travelled from home after having the dog for over a year. Families with an AAD experienced an expanded world for the child and their family. Families experienced freedom in the places they could go, decreased isolation due to the safety which the dog provides. Occupational mapping supported the qualitative data, showing increased mobility and decreased isolation of the family. The paradox of freedom through restraint is a new and key finding which requires further exploration. The results provide support for funding and increased awareness of AAD programmes. Future longitudinal comparative studies are needed to explore the long-term impact of AADs on the child and family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Appleby
- Allied Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
Novita422 Salisbury HighwayParafield GardensSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Shelley Wright
- Allied Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lindy Williams
- Allied Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Mandy Stanley
- Allied Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
Occupational TherapySchool of Medical and Health SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hellings D, Joosten A, Hatfield M, Netto J. Benefits and Challenges of Assistance Dogs for Families of Children on the Autism Spectrum: Mothers' Perspectives. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1648-1656. [PMID: 35772944 DOI: 10.1177/10497323221111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Assistance dogs are a potential intervention for families of children on the autism spectrum to support participation. However, the lived experience of families with new assistance dogs has not previously been explored. This study described the expectations, benefits, and challenges of assistance dog ownership for families of children on the autism spectrum. Data were collected from four mothers through semi-structured interviews and photovoice prior to assistance dog placement and following 6 months of ownership. Findings indicated assistance dog ownership enhanced the child's self-regulation and socialization, and increased participation in daily routines. Having an assistance dog also enhanced participation in family outings and activities. Challenges included the adjustment period and the lack of public awareness of autism assistance dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hellings
- Curtin School of Allied Health, 1649Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Annette Joosten
- School of Allied Health, 95359Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan Hatfield
- Curtin School of Allied Health, 1649Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Julie Netto
- Curtin School of Allied Health, 1649Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Teo JT, Johnstone SJ, Römer SS, Thomas SJ. Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the potential health benefits of human-dog interactions: A systematic literature review. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 180:27-48. [PMID: 35901904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
While the symbiotic nature of human-dog relationships and perceived benefits to human health have attracted much scientific interest, the mechanisms through which human-dog interactions may confer health benefits to humans are still poorly understood. The aim of this systematic literature review was to synthesize evidence of physiological changes associated with human-dog interactions with relevance to human health. Electronic databases were systematically searched (PubMed, MEDLINE with full text, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, and Web of Science Core Collection) for relevant studies. Of the 13,072 studies identified, 129 met the inclusion criteria, with approximately half being randomized trials (Level 2) based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine level system. Measures employed to study human physiological changes associated with human-dog interactions most commonly involved cardiac parameters and hormones, with negligible research of brain activity. The main positive findings were increases in heart rate variability and oxytocin, and decreases in cortisol with human-dog interactions. These physiological indicators are consistent with activation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and oxytocinergic system (OTS), and down-regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. These results provide evidence of specific pathways through which human-dog contact may confer health benefits, likely through relaxation, bonding, and stress reduction. However, these findings should be interpreted contextually due to limitations and methodological differences. Previous research using other biological variables was limited in quantity and quality, thus impeding firm conclusions on other possible mechanisms. Further research is needed in some psychophysiological domains, particularly electroencephalography, to better understand central nervous system (CNS) effects. The findings of this review have implications for human-dog interactions to positively affect several stress-sensitive physiological pathways and thus confer health benefits. This supports their incorporation in various clinical, non-clinical, and research settings to develop evidence-based interventions and practices for cost-effective and efficacious ways to improve human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian T Teo
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Stuart J Johnstone
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Stephanie S Römer
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Susan J Thomas
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, 2522, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Can dogs reduce stress levels in school children? effects of dog-assisted interventions on salivary cortisol in children with and without special educational needs using randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269333. [PMID: 35704561 PMCID: PMC9200172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged or excessive stress negatively affects learning, behavior and health across the lifespan. To alleviate adverse effects of stress in school children, stressors should be reduced, and support and effective interventions provided. Animal-assisted interventions (AAI) have shown beneficial effects on health and wellbeing, however, robust knowledge on stress mediation in children is lacking. Despite this, AAIs are increasingly employed in settings world-wide, including schools, to reduce stress and support learning and wellbeing. This study is the first randomized controlled trial to investigate dog-assisted interventions as a mediator of stress in school children with and without special educational needs (SEN) over the school term. Interventions were carried out individually and in small groups twice a week for 20 minutes over the course of 4 weeks. We compared physiological changes in salivary cortisol in a dog intervention group with a relaxation intervention group and a no treatment control group. We compared cortisol level means before and after the 4 weeks of interventions in all children as well as acute cortisol in mainstream school children. Dog interventions lead to significantly lower stress in children with and without special educational needs compared to their peers in relaxation or no treatment control groups. In neurotypical children, those in the dog interventions showed no baseline stress level increases over the school term. In addition, acute cortisol levels evidenced significant stress reduction following the interventions. In contrast, the no treatment control group showed significant rises in baseline cortisol levels from beginning to end of school term. Increases also occurred in the relaxation intervention group. Children with SEN showed significantly decreased cortisol levels after dog group interventions. No changes occurred in the relaxation or no treatment control groups. These findings provide crucial evidence that dog interventions can successfully attenuate stress levels in school children with important implications for AAI implementation, learning and wellbeing.
Collapse
|
19
|
Marszałek A, Kasperczyk T, Walaszek R. Dog Therapy in Supporting the Rehabilitation Process of Children with Autism. REHABILITACJA MEDYCZNA 2022. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Autism is not a specific condition. It is, however, a comprehensive disorder of psychomotor and social development. A number of factors, both environmental (family-related) and genetic, are believed to be the cause of autism. The percentage of children affected by autism has been increasing over the past 20 years. It is assumed that statistically, approximately 20 children in every 10,000 will become affected by this condition. Autism is 4 times more common in boys than in girls. The disorder is characterised by impaired mental growth, and, consequently, social and motor development.
Research objective: The aim of the article is to present the role of dog therapy in supporting the process of therapeutic rehabilitation among children with autism. In particular, the following aspects were taken into account: breeds of canines used in dog therapy, mechanisms of influence concerning dog therapy on the child's body, as well as the forms and results obtained.
Material and methods: The work is a narrative review. It was written on the basis of the document analysis method with the use of quantitative and qualitative techniques, as well as database searches for Polish and foreign scientific literature on the subject, i.e. Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar. In the article, the research results are presented in relation to the efficiency of applying dog therapy in the treatment of autistic children between 2002 and 2017, with emphasis on foreign literature.
Results: The most commonly used forms of dog therapy used are: Animal Assisted Activity (AAA), Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) and Animal Assisted Education (AAE).
Conclusions: The use of dogs in the process of therapeutic rehabilitation has positive influence both on the autistic child and his/her family environment. It helps cope better with many difficulties and motivates to take up more activities. Dog therapy affects all spheres of personal development, i.e. mental, motor and socio-emotional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marszałek
- Public Elementary School – Friends of Catholic School Association, Hucisko-Pewelka, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kasperczyk
- Department of Aesthetic Cosmetology, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Walaszek
- Department of Recreology and Biological Regeneration, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Richardson K, Mackenzie L, Lovarini M, Dickson C. Occupational therapy incorporating dogs for autistic children and young people: Parent perspectives. Br J Occup Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03080226221086217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Dogs may elicit positive therapy outcomes for children/adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about the parent perspectives of the use of dogs as part of an occupational therapy program for ASD. This study aimed to explore parent perspectives about the Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) component of the occupational therapy intervention their child/adolescent received across five weekly sessions. Method Using a phenomenological approach, 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents (13 mothers and four fathers) following an AAT occupational therapy program. Thematic analysis was conducted. Results Three themes were identified relating to the value parents attributed to the AAT occupational therapy program with dogs for their child/adolescent: 1. Stress and anxiety management; 2. Participation and engagement and 3. Social communication. Positive outcomes identified by parents included the dogs being a calming influence and facilitating the participation of their child/adolescent in life-skill activities. Conclusion Parents valued AAT occupational therapy involving dogs. Future studies should investigate how to best target this occupational therapy approach for autistic children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Richardson
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynette Mackenzie
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meryl Lovarini
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire Dickson
- Occupational Therapist, Assistance Dogs Australia, Engadine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
'They ask no questions and pass no criticism': A mixed-methods study exploring pet ownership in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2022:10.1007/s10803-022-05622-y. [PMID: 35678947 PMCID: PMC10313530 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many autistic people cite a strong attachment to animals, and some studies suggest they may even show a bias towards animals over people. This mixed-methods study explored companion animal attachment in the adult autistic community. In a quantitative study with 735 people, we found that autistic adults were equally attached to their pets as neurotypicals but were less likely to own them, even though pet ownership corresponded with better mental health outcomes. Substituting pets for people also served as a compensatory mechanism for social contact in the autistic sample. In a second qualitative study, we explored the lived experiences of 16 autistic pet owners. The interpretive phenomenological analysis highlighted the benefits and the barriers to animal companionship. Together these mixed methods findings underline how pets improve the lives of their autistic owners. We conclude with specific recommendations for increasing animal companionship opportunities for autistic adults.
Collapse
|
22
|
Dollion N, Grandgeorge M, Saint-Amour D, Hosein Poitras Loewen A, François N, Fontaine NMG, Champagne N, Plusquellec P. Emotion Facial Processing in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study of the Impact of Service Dogs. Front Psychol 2022; 13:869452. [PMID: 35668968 PMCID: PMC9165718 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing and recognizing facial expressions are key factors in human social interaction. Past research suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present difficulties to decode facial expressions. Those difficulties are notably attributed to altered strategies in the visual scanning of expressive faces. Numerous studies have demonstrated the multiple benefits of exposure to pet dogs and service dogs on the interaction skills and psychosocial development of children with ASD. However, no study has investigated if those benefits also extend to the processing of facial expressions. The aim of this study was to investigate if having a service dog had an influence on facial expression processing skills of children with ASD. Two groups of 15 children with ASD, with and without a service dog, were compared using a facial expression recognition computer task while their ocular movements were measured using an eye-tracker. While the two groups did not differ in their accuracy and reaction time, results highlighted that children with ASD owning a service dog directed less attention toward areas that were not relevant to facial expression processing. They also displayed a more differentiated scanning of relevant facial features according to the displayed emotion (i.e., they spent more time on the mouth for joy than for anger, and vice versa for the eyes area). Results from the present study suggest that having a service dog and interacting with it on a daily basis may promote the development of specific visual exploration strategies for the processing of human faces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dollion
- Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ., CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine) - UMR 6552, Rennes, France.,Laboratoire d'Observation et d'Éthologie Humaine du Québec, Montréal Mental Health University Institute, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS Est), Montréal, QC, Canada.,School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Mira Foundation Inc., Sainte-Madeleine, QC, Canada
| | - Marine Grandgeorge
- Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ., CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine) - UMR 6552, Rennes, France
| | - Dave Saint-Amour
- Department of Psychology, Centre de Recherche en Neuroscience Cognitives, NeuroQAM, Université du Quebec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anthony Hosein Poitras Loewen
- Department of Psychology, Centre de Recherche en Neuroscience Cognitives, NeuroQAM, Université du Quebec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Nathalie M G Fontaine
- School of Criminology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pierrich Plusquellec
- Laboratoire d'Observation et d'Éthologie Humaine du Québec, Montréal Mental Health University Institute, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS Est), Montréal, QC, Canada.,School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ávila-Álvarez A, Alonso-Bidegain M, Ramos-Veiguela D, Iglesias-Jove E, De-Rosende-Celeiro I. Changes in social functioning and engagement during canine-assisted intervention for children with neurodevelopmental disorders in the context of an early intervention service. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 124:104216. [PMID: 35303550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives were to evaluate the feasibility of early implementation of a canine-assisted intervention (CAI) for children with neurodevelopmental disorders, and to determine the changes in social functioning and in engagement experienced by the participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS A CAI consisting of 24 sessions was piloted in an intra-subject quasi-experimental longitudinal design. The outcome measures were the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills (ACIS) and Individual Child Engagement Record-Revised (ICER-R). RESULTS No adverse events or side-effects were noted. The sample consisted of 44 participants (median age 37 months). A total of 33 children (75%) attended all sessions. Main results showed that after completing the intervention, the overall ACIS score improved significantly (p < 0.001); the effect size was large. There was a significant improvement in the scales of the ICER-R from baseline to the final assessment: overall engagement (p < 0.001), frequency of repetitive behaviours (p < 0.001), frequency of interaction between the child and adults (p < 0.001), and the quality of this interaction (p < 0.001); the effect sizes ranged from medium to large. CONCLUSIONS The early application was feasible. The results in the areas of social functioning and engagement suggest that this CAI may be a useful complementary strategy in early therapeutic intervention with these children. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS?: The results of implementation of a canine-assisted intervention (CAI) at an early therapeutic intervention unit for children with neurodevelopmental disorders are not known. This research supported the feasibility and positive impact of a CAI in a population consisting of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in the earliest stages of their life, with similar proportions of participants with global developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder. The study was pioneering in the development of this form of actions in an early intervention service for children with these health conditions. The intervention appears feasible and the results extend the existing evidence base for this intervention modality. The findings suggest significant improvements of a medium to large size in the domains of communication skills and social relations, engagement levels, frequency and quality of interaction with adults and repetitive behaviours after 12 and 24 weekly CAI sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ávila-Álvarez
- Occupational Therapy Research Unit in Non-Pharmacological Interventions, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Miguel Alonso-Bidegain
- Child Rehabilitation and Early Care Unit, A Coruña University Hospital Complex, A Coruña, Spain.
| | | | - Elba Iglesias-Jove
- Fundación Profesor Nóvoa Santos and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Iván De-Rosende-Celeiro
- Occupational Therapy Research Unit in Non-Pharmacological Interventions, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Futeran N, Mackenzie L, Wilkes-Gillan S, Dickson C. Understanding the participation outcomes for persons with disability when partnered with assistance dogs: A scoping review. Aust Occup Ther J 2022; 69:475-492. [PMID: 35470459 PMCID: PMC9540062 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Assistance dogs are trained to support persons living with disability and mitigate limitations that hinder their participation in everyday activities. Despite participation being a frequent challenge for people with disabilities, evidence linking assistance dog provision to improved participation outcomes is underdeveloped. This scoping review aimed to improve understanding by mapping the participation outcomes claimed in research on assistance dogs using the International Classification of Functioning (ICF), Disability and Health framework. Methods Using the Arksey and O′Malley's six‐step framework, this scoping review searched six databases. Data were collected, mapped and summarised in accordance with the domains outlined in the ICF. Results In total, 38 studies across 41 papers met the inclusion criteria. Included studies investigated assistance dogs who were partnered with people living with physical disabilities, mental illness, autism and chronic conditions that require alerting (e.g., epilepsy and diabetes). Mapping of participation outcomes suggested that assistance dogs can have a positive impact on participation in many areas of daily life. Conclusion Findings can assist practitioners, funders and policymakers to recognise the value of assistance dogs as a support for people with disability. However, further research is needed to address limitations regarding study designs, for example, the outcome measures used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Futeran
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lynette Mackenzie
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Wilkes-Gillan
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire Dickson
- Occupational Therapy, Assistance Dogs Australia, Engadine, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Physical Activity and Sleep Improvements in a Group of Equestrian Therapy Volunteers: A Pilot Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5364491. [PMID: 35399627 PMCID: PMC8986376 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5364491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to assess whether participation as a supportive volunteer in equestrian therapy (ET) sessions influences participants' physiological health-related parameters, including physical activity and sleep. Physical activity, measured in steps, and hours of sleep were measured in 10 subjects who participated regularly as volunteers in ET sessions using a triaxial accelerometer which continuously recorded their activity for 30 days. On the one hand, the subjects showed higher physical activity levels on days when they volunteered in ET sessions versus the days they did not. A significant difference and large effect magnitude were found. On the other hand, on the days they attended ET, they slept an average of 30 minutes more, with significant differences and a moderate effect. Thus, participation as a volunteer in ET sessions seems to have a positive influence on physical activity and sleep time, so it should be recommended as an activity to promote healthy habits.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kemeny B, Burk S, Hutchins D, Gramlich C. Therapeutic Riding or Mindfulness: Comparative Effectiveness of Two Recreational Therapy Interventions for Adolescents with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 52:2438-2462. [PMID: 34131850 PMCID: PMC8204925 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic riding (THR) and HeartMath (HM) mindfulness-based interventions have promise for reducing stress in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. In three 10-week periods, this study compared THR, HM, and control on salivary cortisol, self-reported stress, parent-reported social responsiveness, and heart-rate variability. This crossover design included 27 participants (12-21 years) randomly assigned to order of intervention. Findings suggest that HM and THR manualized protocols are equally beneficial in decreasing cortisol levels immediately following a session, but HM sessions had more impact on heart-rate variability. There was no significant effect on follow-up cortisol levels within a week after either intervention, but THR had more impact on decreasing some self-reported stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Kemeny
- Department of Recreational Therapy, Slippery Rock University, 106 Patterson Hall, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 USA
| | - Steffanie Burk
- Department of Equine Science, Otterbein University, Westerville, USA
| | - Deborah Hutchins
- Department of Recreational Therapy, Slippery Rock University, 106 Patterson Hall, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 USA
| | - Courtney Gramlich
- Storm Harbor Equestrian Center, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tárraga-Mínguez R, Lacruz-Pérez I, Peiró-Estela R, Sanz-Cervera P. Terapias y actividades asistidas con animales para niños con TEA: un estudio de revisión. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy20.taaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Este trabajo incluye una revisión de la literatura publicada entre 2010 y 2019 que aborda la efectividad de las Terapias y Actividades Asistidas con Animales como intervención con niños y adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, ProQuest, ERIC y Google Scholar, empleando los términos [(animal assisted therapy OR animal assisted intervention OR dog-assisted therapy OR equine-assisted therapy OR dolphin-assisted therapy) AND (autism OR ASD)]. Se identificaron 245 estudios, de los cuales se seleccionaron 40 con base en diferentes criterios de inclusión, tales como que las intervenciones descritas tengan un enfoque psicoeducativo y sean evaluadas mediante instrumentos rigurosos. En cada uno de ellos se revisaron las variables analizadas, los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados, las características de cada intervención y los resultados obtenidos. Los resultados sugieren que los animales más utilizados son el caballo y el perro, y que este tipo de intervención tiene efectos positivos para niños con TEA en áreas como la interacción y la comunicación social, el comportamiento y el desarrollo motor, entre otros. Se concluye que es una intervención beneficiosa para niños y adolescentes con autismo, aunque siempre como complemento de otro tipo de tratamientos.
Collapse
|
28
|
Malik J. Animal-Assisted Interventions in Intensive Care Delirium: A Literature Review. AACN Adv Crit Care 2021; 32:391-397. [PMID: 34879136 DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2021708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Critical illness has lasting consequences on the mind and the body. Acute sequelae include a decline in cognitive function known as delirium. Increased interest in improving outcomes for intensive care unit survivors without a high incidence of delirium has initiated a focus on an array of nonpharmacologic interventions in many countries. One such intervention is animalassisted intervention. As the role of animals in human healing is being recognized by clinicians, need is increasing for formal and professionally directed therapies. This review ascertains the effect of interaction with animals on critically ill patients. Emerging evidence indicates that animal-assisted intervention improves the efficacy of critical care regarding primary symptoms and secondary factors of delirium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahanzeb Malik
- Jahanzeb Malik is the Senior Registrar, Emergency and Critical Care, Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Rawal Road, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Understanding the impact of dog ownership on autistic adults: implications for mental health and suicide prevention. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23655. [PMID: 34880277 PMCID: PMC8655007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health problems and suicide are more frequent in autistic adults than general population. Dog ownership can improve human well-being. This study aimed to generate a framework of well-being outcomes for dog-related activities in autistic adults and compare it to the framework generated for a general adult population. Thirty-six autistic dog owners (18–74 years old, 18 males) from diverse UK regions were interviewed and transcripts thematically analysed. 16.7% reported that their dogs prevented them from taking their own lives, mainly due to the dog's affection and the need to care for the animal. Close dog-owner interactions (e.g., cuddling, walking, dog's presence) were the most frequent activities improving emotions/moods and life functioning, whereas routine-like activities (e.g., feeding the animal) particularly enhanced life functioning. Well-being worsening was mainly linked to dog behaviour problems, dog poor health/death and obligations to the dog. Despite some negatives associated with ownership, having a dog could improve the well-being of many autistic adults and assist suicide prevention strategies in this high-risk group. The framework was consistent with that generated previously, indicating its robustness and the potential opportunity to focus on dog-related activities rather than the vague concept of “ownership” when considering the impact of ownership on well-being.
Collapse
|
30
|
Muela A, Balluerka N, Sansinenea E, Machimbarrena JM, García-Ormaza J, Ibarretxe N, Eguren A, Baigorri P. A Social-Emotional Learning Program for Suicide Prevention through Animal-Assisted Intervention. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123375. [PMID: 34944152 PMCID: PMC8698043 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Youth suicide is a global public health problem. According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), suicide is the fourth leading cause of death in the age group between 15 and 29 years, after injuries due to traffic accidents, tuberculosis, and interpersonal violence. For this reason, the reduction of mortality by suicide is one of the WHO’s priority objectives. Here we describe a pilot study evaluating the OverCome-AAI program, a pioneering animal-assisted intervention for preventing suicidal behavior. After the intervention, the young people showed reductions in suicidal behavior and non-suicidal self-harm, as well as a greater predisposition to seek help. Mental pain was less intense, although no changes in symptoms of hopelessness or depression were found. The results of this pilot study suggest that the inclusion of specially prepared and trained animals can promote socio-emotional learning for preventing suicidal behavior in high-risk populations. Abstract The aim of the study was to carry out a pilot implementation and evaluation of the OverCome-AAI program, a pioneering program for the prevention of suicidal behavior through animal-assisted interventions for young people with high risk factors for suicidal behavior. The study sample consisted of 30 adolescents (11 boys and 19 girls) aged between 14 and 17 years (Mean age = 15.50, SD = 1.60) from the Basque Country (Northern Spain). After the intervention, subjects presented reductions in suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and non-suicidal self-harm, as well as a greater predisposition to seek help. A reduction in the intensity of mental pain was also found, although no differences were observed in indicators of hopelessness and depression. The preliminary results obtained in this pilot study suggest that the OverCome-AAI program may be effective in reducing suicidal behavior and non-suicidal self-harm in young people in residential care who present high risk factors for suicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Muela
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methodology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain; (N.B.); (E.S.); (J.M.M.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943-01-8310
| | - Nekane Balluerka
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methodology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain; (N.B.); (E.S.); (J.M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Eneko Sansinenea
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methodology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain; (N.B.); (E.S.); (J.M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Juan Manuel Machimbarrena
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methodology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain; (N.B.); (E.S.); (J.M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Jon García-Ormaza
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain;
- Bizkaia Mental Health Network, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Zamudio Hospital, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nekane Ibarretxe
- Agintzari Cooperative Society of Social Initiative, 48014 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Ane Eguren
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methodology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain; (N.B.); (E.S.); (J.M.M.); (A.E.)
- Agintzari Cooperative Society of Social Initiative, 48014 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Patxi Baigorri
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Development, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dollion N, Toutain M, François N, Champagne N, Plusquellec P, Grandgeorge M. Visual Exploration and Observation of Real-Life Interactions Between Children with ASD and Service Dogs. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:3785-3805. [PMID: 34595574 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two original studies explored relationships between visual attention of children with ASD (candidates for receiving a service dog) and their behaviors during their first interaction with a service dog. The first study consisted in video behavioural analyses of 16 children with ASD interacting with a service dog. During the interaction with a service dog, the time children with ASD spent looking towards social items vs objects was associated with how they interacted with the service dog. The second study was exploratory (i.e. 6 children), using the same behavioural approach but coupled with eye-tracking data. The more children with ASD looked at both their parent and the evaluator, as opposed to inanimate items, the more they interacted with the service dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dollion
- Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine) - UMR 6552, 35000, Rennes, France. .,Laboratoire d'Observation et d'Éthologie Humaine du Québec, Research Centre, Montral Mental Health University Institute, CIUSSS Est, Montreal, Canada. .,School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Fondation Mira, 1820 Rang Nord-Ouest, Sainte-Madeleine,, QC, Canada. .,Laboratoire Ethos, UMR 6552, B008, Station Biologique de Paimpont, 35380, Paimpont, France.
| | - Manon Toutain
- Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine) - UMR 6552, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nathe François
- Fondation Mira, 1820 Rang Nord-Ouest, Sainte-Madeleine,, QC, Canada
| | - Noël Champagne
- Fondation Mira, 1820 Rang Nord-Ouest, Sainte-Madeleine,, QC, Canada
| | - Pierrich Plusquellec
- Laboratoire d'Observation et d'Éthologie Humaine du Québec, Research Centre, Montral Mental Health University Institute, CIUSSS Est, Montreal, Canada.,School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marine Grandgeorge
- Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale et Humaine) - UMR 6552, 35000, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Willmund G, Zimmermann P, Alliger-Horn C, Varn A, Fischer C, Parent I, Sobottka A, Bering R, Rose C, Ströhle A, Köhler K. Equine-assisted psychotherapy with traumatized couples-Improvement of relationship quality and psychological symptoms. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2021; 47:925-944. [PMID: 33512042 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many traumatised individuals suffering from deployment related PTSD report severe problems in their relationships. Up until now, the therapeutic interventions used by the German Armed Forces have rarely targeted these problems through the integration of partners. For this reason, a Program designed specifically for couples was developed. In this prospective study equine-assisted psychotherapy was applied to soldiers and their spouses. The study population consisted of n = 36 couples, divided in n = 20 therapy group with a inpatient equine-assisted intervention and a 16-couples control group. After the intervention, numerous significant improvements occurred in the therapy group in the areas of current, somatic and communication problems, depressive symptoms and partnership quality but not in the control group. PTSD was reduced significantly on the sub-scale associated with negative thoughts. These results show that the intervention is an effective way to improve partnership quality and reduce the stressors that the partners of afflicted service members face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Willmund
- German Armed Forces Center for Military Mental Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Zimmermann
- German Armed Forces Center for Military Mental Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Varn
- German Armed Forces Center for Military Mental Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Robert Bering
- Alexianer Institute for Psychotraumatology, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Carolyn Rose
- German Armed Forces Center for Military Mental Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Köhler
- German Armed Forces Center for Military Mental Health, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Benítez-Burraco A, Pörtl D, Jung C. Did Dog Domestication Contribute to Language Evolution? Front Psychol 2021; 12:695116. [PMID: 34589022 PMCID: PMC8473740 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different factors seemingly account for the emergence of present-day languages in our species. Human self-domestication has been recently invoked as one important force favoring language complexity mostly via a cultural mechanism. Because our self-domestication ultimately resulted from selection for less aggressive behavior and increased prosocial behavior, any evolutionary or cultural change impacting on aggression levels is expected to have fostered this process. Here, we hypothesize about a parallel domestication of humans and dogs, and more specifically, about a positive effect of our interaction with dogs on human self-domestication, and ultimately, on aspects of language evolution, through the mechanisms involved in the control of aggression. We review evidence of diverse sort (ethological mostly, but also archeological, genetic, and physiological) supporting such an effect and propose some ways of testing our hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Benítez-Burraco
- Department of Spanish, Linguistics, and Theory of Literature (Linguistics), Faculty of Philology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Daniela Pörtl
- Psychiatric Department, Saale-Unstrut Klinikum, Teaching Hospital Leipzig and Jena Universities, Naumburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
The effects of Animal Assisted Therapy on autonomic and endocrine activity in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 72:36-44. [PMID: 34237553 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress and its sequelae are very common in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) without an intellectual disability (ID). Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) has shown physiological stress-reductive effects in children with ASD. The aim of the current study was to examine the acute psychophysiological response to an AAT session, and to examine the longer-term stress-physiological effects of the intervention, up until 10 weeks post-treatment, in comparison to waiting-list controls. METHOD A randomized controlled trial with pre-intervention (T0), post-intervention (T1: 10 weeks) and follow-up (T2: 20 weeks) measurements of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular measures, was conducted in 53 adults with ASD (N = 27 in intervention arm; N = 26 in control arm). Within the intervention group, stress-physiological data were collected during the 5th therapy session (acute effects). Data were analyzed with mixed models for outcome measures cortisol, alpha-amylase, heart rate variability and sympathetic activity. RESULTS The AAT interventional session was significantly associated with reduced cortisol levels (β = -0.41, p = .010), while parasympathetic and sympathetic cardiovascular activity remained unaltered. No significant changes were found for stress-physiological measures at post-treatment time points. CONCLUSIONS Acute stress reduction, reflected in significant reduction in cortisol levels, was found during an AAT session in adults with ASD, without ID. More research is needed to explore to what extent the specific factors of AAT have contributed to the decrease in cortisol and whether stress reduction is possible for the longer-term.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hallez Q, Baltenneck N, Galiano AR. When Dogs Shrink the Typical Lengthening Effect Caused by Negative Emotions. Exp Psychol 2021; 68:94-106. [PMID: 34405692 PMCID: PMC8820265 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This paper examines how dogs can modulate the effects of
emotion on time perception. To this end, participants performed a temporal
bisection task with stimulus durations presented in the form of neutral or
emotional facial expressions (angry, sad, and happy faces). In the first
experiment, dog owners were compared with nondog owners, while in the second
experiment, students were randomly assigned to one of the three waiting groups
(waiting alone, with another person, or with a dog) before being confronted with
the temporal bisection task. The results showed that dogs allowed the
participants to regulate the intensity of negative emotional effects, while no
statistical differences emerged for the happy facial expressions. In certain
circumstances, dogs could even lead the subjects to generate underestimation of
time when faced with negative facial expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Hallez
- Department of Psychology, Unité de recherche DIPHE (Développement Individu Processus Handicap Education), University Lumiere Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - Nicolas Baltenneck
- Department of Psychology, Unité de recherche DIPHE (Développement Individu Processus Handicap Education), University Lumiere Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - Anna-Rita Galiano
- Department of Psychology, Unité de recherche DIPHE (Développement Individu Processus Handicap Education), University Lumiere Lyon 2, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Carlisle GK, Johnson RA, Wang Z, Bibbo J, Cheak-Zamora N, Lyons LA. Exploratory Study of Cat Adoption in Families of Children with Autism: Impact on Children's Social Skills and Anxiety. J Pediatr Nurs 2021; 58:28-35. [PMID: 33290937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) occurs in one in 54 children and companion animals (CA) are common in families of children with ASD. Despite evidence of CA ownership benefits for children with ASD, little is known about cats. The purpose was to explore the impact of shelter cat adoption by families of children with ASD. DESIGN AND METHODS This was the first randomized controlled trial of adoption of a temperament screened cat by families of children with ASD. Families assigned to the treatment group adopted a cat and were followed for 18 weeks. Families assigned to the control group were followed for 18 weeks without intervention, then converted to treatment, by adopting a cat and were followed another 18 weeks. Adopted cats were screened using the Feline Temperament Profile to identify a calm temperament. Surveys measured children's social skills and anxiety and parent/child cat bonding. RESULTS Our study (N = 11) found cat adoption was associated with greater Empathy and less Separation Anxiety for children with ASD, along with fewer problem behaviors including Externalizing, Bullying and Hyperactivity/Inattention. Parents and children reported strong bonds to the cats. CONCLUSION This exploratory study found introduction of a cat into the home may have a positive impact on children with ASD and their parents. Based on this intial finding, future studies with larger sample sizes are recommended. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS If parents of children with ASD are considering cat adoption, health care providers might consider recommending adoption of a cat screened for calm temperament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen K Carlisle
- Research Center for Human-Animal Interaction, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, MO, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Johnson
- Research Center for Human-Animal Interaction, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Ze Wang
- Educational, School and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Jessica Bibbo
- Center for Research and Education, Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging, OH, USA
| | | | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gee NR, Rodriguez KE, Fine AH, Trammell JP. Dogs Supporting Human Health and Well-Being: A Biopsychosocial Approach. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:630465. [PMID: 33860004 PMCID: PMC8042315 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.630465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have long realized that dogs can be helpful, in a number of ways, to achieving important goals. This is evident from our earliest interactions involving the shared goal of avoiding predators and acquiring food, to our more recent inclusion of dogs in a variety of contexts including therapeutic and educational settings. This paper utilizes a longstanding theoretical framework- the biopsychosocial model- to contextualize the existing research on a broad spectrum of settings and populations in which dogs have been included as an adjunct or complementary therapy to improve some aspect of human health and well-being. A wide variety of evidence is considered within key topical areas including cognition, learning disorders, neurotypical and neurodiverse populations, mental and physical health, and disabilities. A dynamic version of the biopsychosocial model is used to organize and discuss the findings, to consider how possible mechanisms of action may impact overall human health and well-being, and to frame and guide future research questions and investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R Gee
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Human Animal Interaction, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kerri E Rodriguez
- Human-Animal Bond in Colorado, School of Social Work, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Aubrey H Fine
- Department of Education, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Janet P Trammell
- Division of Social Sciences and Natural Sciences, Seaver College, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Animal Interaction Affecting Core Deficit Domains Among Children with Autism: A Meta-Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:4605-4620. [PMID: 33582878 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal-assisted intervention (AAI) has garnered public interest and has been implemented for youth with autism spectrum disorders-a practice supported by anecdotal evidence. While investigations of AAI for children with autism have been conducted, the extant literature is characterized by significant variability in methodology and practice. The present meta-analysis examines the aggregated effects of equine AAI on adaptive functioning among children with autism. Results indicated that interacting with an equine specifically during AAI produced small-to-medium effects (g = 0.40) on the adaptive functioning of children with autism. Recommendations are made for future research on this topic.
Collapse
|
39
|
Figueiredo MDO, Alegretti AL, Magalhães L. Terapia ocupacional assistida por cães: uma revisão de escopo da literatura brasileira. CADERNOS BRASILEIROS DE TERAPIA OCUPACIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2526-8910.ctoar2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Terapeutas ocupacionais têm praticado a Terapia Assistida por Animais (TAA) incorporando cães em suas intervenções. A produção de conhecimento nacional sobre a Terapia Ocupacional Assistida por Cães foi analisada por meio de uma revisão de escopo. Esta investigação buscou obter respostas sobre quais populações têm sido focalizadas na Terapia Ocupacional Assistida por Cães no Brasil, quais os objetivos e resultados terapêuticos, de que forma o cão atuou neste processo, qual o treinamento necessário aos cães e qual a formação requerida ao terapeuta ocupacional para realizar tal terapia. A busca ocorreu nos periódicos nacionais de Terapia Ocupacional e na biblioteca Scielo.br por meio de descritores e critérios de inclusão. Não foram encontrados estudos da terapia ocupacional tendo cães como assistentes, mas sim sobre o cuidar de animais como uma ocupação humana e um papel ocupacional (n=4). Um estudo referiu a terapia ocupacional como uma das profissões que, no contexto estrangeiro, realiza a terapia assistida por cães com pessoas com deficiência e/ou sequelas físicas ou mentais, sendo os objetivos e resultados terapêuticos de reabilitação física ou cognitiva. A revisão revela que a produção nacional é incipiente, sobretudo se comparada à literatura estrangeira, que relata sobre a Terapia Ocupacional Assistida por Cães e informa sobre as populações, objetivos e resultados terapêuticos, a formação e competências necessárias ao terapeuta e o treinamento requerido ao cão. Reafirma-se a necessidade de estudos e de produção de conhecimento nacional para o embasamento teórico e diretrizes para a prática da Terapia Ocupacional Assistida por Cães no Brasil.
Collapse
|
40
|
Effects of Dog-Based Animal-Assisted Interventions in Prison Population: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112129. [PMID: 33207818 PMCID: PMC7697666 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal-assisted interventions, in concrete dog-assisted intervention, have been introduced in prisons to reduce recidivism as well as to improve the well-being of prisoners. Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review is to provide an up-to-date analysis of the research on the effects of dog-based animal-assisted therapy in prison population. METHODS An electronic search of the literature was performed, and 20 articles were included. The PRISMA guideline methodology was employed. RESULTS Included studies involved a total of 1577 participants. The vast majority of protocols included activities related with dog training, dog caring, or activities, which included vocational or educational components. Duration of dog-based therapies ranged between 60 and 120 min, with the frequency being between 1 and 3 days/week. Statistically significant improvements in prisoners were observed in 13 studies. CONCLUSIONS Dog-based animal-assisted therapy may improve anxiety, stress, recidivism, and other social variables in male or female inmates.
Collapse
|
41
|
Lisk C, Lawson LM, Vaduvathiriyan P. The Impact of Animal Exposure for Children with ASD: a Scoping Review. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-020-00227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
42
|
Lindsay S, Thiyagarajah K. The impact of service dogs on children, youth and their families: A systematic review. Disabil Health J 2020; 14:101012. [PMID: 33069669 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Having a service dog can help to increase independence and well-being among people with a disability or a chronic health condition. Although there has been an increasing use of service dogs among children and youth their impact has not yet been synthesized. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article was to conduct a systematic review assessing the impact of service dogs on children, youth and their families. METHODS Systematic searches of seven international databases from 1985 to 2020 led to 29 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Using a narrative synthesis review approach we analyzed these studies regarding their sample characteristics, methods, results and quality of evidence. RESULTS There were 29 studies in our review that included 1121 children and youth (or parents representing them) that spanned across six countries over a 32-year period. Although the outcomes of the impact of service dogs varied across the studies, 23/29 of them reported an improvement in at least one of the following: physical health (i.e., diabetes management, seizure management, mobility), psychological health (i.e., quality of life, safety, behavior, stress, anxiety, self-confidence and independence), social well-being (i.e., social interactions, school and work) and dog-owner-bond. Children, youth and their parents also described several challenges in owning a service dog. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that service dogs have potential to provide many benefits for children, youth and their families. Further research, including more rigorously designed studies, is needed to fully understand their impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Lindsay
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, 150 Kilgour Road, Toronto, ON, M4G 1R8, Canada; Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kavitha Thiyagarajah
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, 150 Kilgour Road, Toronto, ON, M4G 1R8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wijker C, Leontjevas R, Spek A, Enders-Slegers MJ. Effects of Dog Assisted Therapy for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:2153-2163. [PMID: 30900194 PMCID: PMC7261269 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatments of highly prevalent stress-related outcomes such as depression and anxiety are understudied in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A randomized controlled trial with baseline, post-intervention, and 10-week follow-up, that explores the effects of animal assisted therapy (AAT) was conducted. In total, 53 adults with ASD with normal to high intelligence were randomized in an intervention (N = 27) versus waiting list control group (N = 26). The remarkable adherence to the therapy program by study participants and the program's clinically relevant effects indicate that AAT with dogs can be used to reduce perceived stress and symptoms of agoraphobia, and to improve social awareness and communication in adults with ASD with normal to high intelligence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Wijker
- GGZ Oost Brabant, P.O. Box 3, 5427 ZG, Boekel, The Netherlands. .,Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruslan Leontjevas
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands.,Department of Primary and Community Care, Center for Family Medicine, Geriatric Care and Public Health, Medical Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie-Jose Enders-Slegers
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ávila-Álvarez A, Alonso-Bidegain M, De-Rosende-Celeiro I, Vizcaíno-Cela M, Larrañeta-Alcalde L, Torres-Tobío G. Improving social participation of children with autism spectrum disorder: Pilot testing of an early animal-assisted intervention in Spain. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:1220-1229. [PMID: 32022346 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience moderate to profound challenges in relation to the skills required for social participation. Animal-assisted intervention (AAI) is increasingly used within early community care. However, the results of its early application in this population group are not known. This pilot study aimed to explore the feasibility of an early intervention based on the use of therapy dogs and to examine their impact on communication and social interaction skills. A within-subject quasi-experimental longitudinal design was used. The instruments for measuring results were the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills (ACIS) and Animal-assisted Therapy Flow Sheet, both based on observation. A total of 19 children with confirmed or probable ASD (with mean age of 46.2 months), cared for in a Spanish therapeutic unit, participated in a median of nine AAI sessions, with a mean duration of 19.9 min per session. The total ACIS score increased significantly between the initial and final assessments of the study, with communication and social interaction skills improving with a large effect size. In the Animal-assisted Therapy Flow Sheet instrument, statistically significant improvements were found in most of the items that evaluate the frequency of child-dog social relationships (look at the dog, touch it, talk to it and get involved in an activity with the animal) and child-therapist relationships (look at the therapist and talk to him/her); the effect sizes ranged from medium to large. In conclusion, the early application of an AAI is feasible and seems to improve communication and social interaction skills, both essential elements for social participation. The results suggest that this intervention may be a beneficial non-pharmacological therapy as a complementary approach within community care for children with ASD in the early years of their life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ávila-Álvarez
- Occupational Therapy Research Unit in Non-Pharmacological Interventions, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Miguel Alonso-Bidegain
- Child Rehabilitation and Early Care Unit, A Coruña University Hospital Complex, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Iván De-Rosende-Celeiro
- Occupational Therapy Research Unit in Non-Pharmacological Interventions, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mirian Vizcaíno-Cela
- Occupational Therapy Research Unit in Non-Pharmacological Interventions, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Gabriel Torres-Tobío
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Griffioen RE, van der Steen S, Verheggen T, Enders-Slegers MJ, Cox R. Changes in behavioural synchrony during dog-assisted therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder and children with Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 33:398-408. [PMID: 31809563 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dog-assisted therapy (DAT) is hypothesized to help children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Down syndrome (DS). METHODS The present authors compared synchronous movement patterns of these children (n = 10) and their therapy dogs during the first and last session of a DAT programme, and their post-therapy changes in emotional and behavioural problems. RESULTS The present authors found a significant increase in synchrony between child and therapy dog over time. Exploratory analyses suggest more synchrony between children with ASD and their therapy dogs, compared to the children with DS. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to test the synchrony hypothesis, shedding light upon a mechanism that may underlie the effect of DAT and how this may be different for children with ASD and DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Eric Griffioen
- Section Anthrozoology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Steffie van der Steen
- Department of Special Needs Education and Youth Care, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Verheggen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Enders-Slegers
- Section Anthrozoology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Cox
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Leaving A Mark, An Animal-Assisted Intervention Programme for Children Who Have Been Exposed to Gender-Based Violence: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214084. [PMID: 31652894 PMCID: PMC6862676 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Gender-based violence is one of the most serious social and health problems faced by women around the world. Importantly, it has a negative impact not only on the woman’s physical and mental health, but also on all members of the family system in which it takes place. The aims of this study were to implement Leaving a Mark, an animal-assisted intervention (AAI) programme for children who have been exposed to gender-based violence, and to examine its effect on their associated clinical symptoms. The participants were 19 children (13 boys and 6 girls; Mage = 8.89, SD = 2.23) who had been exposed to domestic violence perpetrated either by their father or their mother’s intimate partner. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). After taking part in the AAI programme, the children showed a reduction in internalizing symptoms and in symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. However, no significant changes were observed in externalizing symptoms or in affective and behavioural dysregulation (CBCL-Dysregulation Profile). These results provide preliminary support for the use of the Leaving a Mark programme with children who have been exposed to domestic violence. However, further studies with a larger sample and more rigorous design are required.
Collapse
|
47
|
Hadwin JA, Lee E, Kumsta R, Cortese S, Kovshoff H. Cortisol awakening response in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 2019; 22:118-124. [PMID: 31253603 PMCID: PMC10270439 DOI: 10.1136/ebmental-2019-300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is characterised by an increase in cortisol in the 30 to 60 min after waking. Research has found significant associations between an atypical CAR and symptoms of stress and anxiety in typically developing (TD) children and adolescents. A number of studies have explored the CAR in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but no evidence synthesis is available to date. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS Based on a preregistered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42017051187), we carried out a systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) of CAR studies to explore potential significant differences between children and adolescents with ASD and TD controls. Web of Science, PubMed and PsychInfo were searched until January 2019. A random-effects model was used to pool studies and we used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) to assess study quality and risk of bias. FINDINGS The SR retrieved a total of nine studies, with mixed findings on the comparison of the CAR between children and adolescents with ASD and TD controls. The MA, based on four studies (ASD; n=117 and TD n=118), suggested no differences between the CAR in ASD and TD populations (SMD: -0.21, 95% CI -0.49 to 0.08). In terms of NOS items, no study specified Representativeness of the cases and Non-response rate. DISCUSSION AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Given the relatively few studies and lack of appropriately matched TD controls, additional research is needed to further understand and recommend the utility of the CAR as a reliable marker to differentiate ASD and TD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Lee
- Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Uccheddu S, Albertini M, Pierantoni L, Fantino S, Pirrone F. The Impacts of a Reading-to-Dog Programme on Attending and Reading of Nine Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080491. [PMID: 31357456 PMCID: PMC6721078 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The purpose of this research was to compare reading motivation and attitude, as well as reading and cognitive skills, of school-age children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) who attended a 10 session reading programme with and without the presence of a dog. Children who read to a dog had 100% attendance at sessions over the course of the programme versus 75% (range 25–100%) of children attending reading sessions without a dog. In addition, after the programme, they were significantly more motivated and willing to read at home, as perceived by their parents. However, there were no significant differences in scores on reading and cognitive tests either within each group or between groups. Based on these results, we can conclude that reading to a dog can have positive effects on an ASD child’s motivation and attitude toward reading. More research is needed to better understand if it can also have positive effects on children with ASD’s overall reading and cognitive abilities. Abstract Poor knowledge is available on the effectiveness of reading to dogs in educational settings, particularly in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). In this study, we test the hypothesis that reading to a dog improves propensity towards books and motivation to read after the end of the programme, as well as reading and cognitive skills in children with ASD. The study is a prospective, randomized controlled trial, consisting of testing and re-testing after a 10 sessions reading programme with and without the presence of a dog. Nine Children with ASD (6–11 years old) were randomly assigned to a control (CG, reading without a dog, n. 4) or experimental group (EG, reading to a dog, n. 5). Children’s attendance at reading sessions was recorded at each session. Parents’ perceptions were evaluated at the end of the programme to detect changes in children’s attitudes and motivation toward reading. Psychologist-administered validated reading (Cornoldi’s MT2 reading test; test of reading comprehension, TORC; metaphonological competence test, MCF) and cognitive tests (Wechsler intelligence scale for children Wisc IV, Vineland) to all children, at baseline and at the end of the reading programme. Compared with CG children, children in the EG group participated more frequently in the reading sessions, and they were reported to be more motivated readers at home after the programme. However, there were no differences on reading and cognitive tests’ scores either within each group of children or between groups. Further studies are warranted in order to understand whether and how incorporating dogs into a reading programme is beneficial to Children with ASD at the socio-emotional and cognitive level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariangela Albertini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovica Pierantoni
- CAN (Comportamento Animale Napoli) S.S.D.R.L., Via Camaldolilli, 79, 80128 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Fantino
- CAN (Comportamento Animale Napoli) S.S.D.R.L., Via Camaldolilli, 79, 80128 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Pirrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pan Z, Granger DA, Guérin NA, Shoffner A, Gabriels RL. Replication Pilot Trial of Therapeutic Horseback Riding and Cortisol Collection With Children on the Autism Spectrum. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:312. [PMID: 30693284 PMCID: PMC6339889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether results of our prior randomized control trial [RCT; NCT02301195, (1)] of Therapeutic Horseback Riding (THR) for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could be replicated at a different riding center and if treatment effects also included differences in the expression of associations between problem behavior and the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Participants with ASD (N = 16) ages 6-16 years were randomized by nonverbal intelligence quotient to either a 10-week THR group (n = 8) or no horse interaction barn activity (BA) control group (n = 8). Outcome measures were a standard speech-language sample and caregiver-report of aberrant and social behaviors. Participants' saliva was sampled weekly at a consistent afternoon time immediately pre- and 20 min' post-condition (later assayed for cortisol). Intent-to-treat analysis revealed that compared to controls, THR participants had significant improvements in hyperactivity, and social awareness, and significant improvements at the 0.1 significance level in irritability and social communication behaviors. There were no significant improvements in number of words or new words spoken during the standard language sample. Linear mixed effects model analysis indicated that greater weekly pre-lesson irritability levels were associated with smaller post-lesson reduction in salivary cortisol levels, and greater weekly pre-lesson hyperactivity levels were associated with smaller cortisol reduction in the THR group, but not in the BA control group. The findings represent a partial replication of prior results (1), extend prior observations to include THR effects on biobehavioral relationships and suggest that cortisol could be a target mediator for THR effects on irritability and hyperactivity behaviors in youth with ASD. Clinical Trial Registration: Trial of Therapeutic Horseback Riding in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder; http://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT02301195.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxing Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Noémie A. Guérin
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond of Purdue, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Amy Shoffner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robin L. Gabriels
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Catala A, Cousillas H, Hausberger M, Grandgeorge M. Dog alerting and/or responding to epileptic seizures: A scoping review. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208280. [PMID: 30513112 PMCID: PMC6279040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a rising interest in service dogs for people with epilepsy. Dogs have been reported as being sensitive to epileptic episodes in their owners, alerting before and/or responding during or after a seizure, with or without specific training. The purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the scientific research on seizure-alert/response dogs for people with epilepsy. We aimed to identify the existing scientific literature on the topic, describe the characteristics of seizure-alert/response dogs, and evaluate the state of the evidence base and outcomes. Out of 28 studies published in peer-reviewed journals dealing with this topic, only 5 (one prospective study and four self-reported questionnaires) qualified for inclusion according to PRISMA guidelines. Reported times of alert before seizure varied widely among dogs (with a range from 10 seconds to 5 hours) but seemed to be reliable (accuracy from ≥70% to 85% according to owner reports). Alerting behaviors were generally described as attention-getting. The alert applied to many seizure types. Dogs mentioned as being seizure-alert dogs varied in size and breed. Training methods differed between service animal programs, partially relying on hypothesized cues used by dogs (e.g., variations in behavior, scent, heart rate). Most studies indicated an increase in quality of life and a reduction in the seizure frequency when living with a dog demonstrating seizure-related behavior. However, the level of methodological rigor was generally poor. In conclusion, scientific data are still too scarce and preliminary to reach any definitive conclusion regarding the success of dogs in alerting for an impending seizure, the cues on which this ability may be based, the best type of dog, and associated training. While these preliminary data suggest that this is a promising topic, further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Catala
- Université de Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)—UMR 6552, Paimpont, France
- Association Handi’Chiens, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Cousillas
- Université de Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)—UMR 6552, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Hausberger
- CNRS, Université de Rennes, Normandie Univ, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)—UMR 6552, Paimpont, France
| | - Marine Grandgeorge
- Université de Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine)—UMR 6552, Paimpont, France
| |
Collapse
|