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Guo YX, Xia CY, Yan Y, Han Y, Shi R, He J, Wang YM, Wang ZX, Zhang WK, Xu JK. Loganin improves chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and neurochemical dysfunction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116288. [PMID: 36809822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., is a valuable herb commonly used in Chinese medicine clinics. Loganin is a major iridoid glycoside obtained from the traditional Chinese herb Corni Fructus. Loganin, which has been shown to improve depression-like behavior in mice exposed to acute stress, is probably a potential antidepressant candidate. AIM OF THE STUDY Loganin was evaluated for its effect on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induced depressive-like mice, and its action mechanisms were explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR mice were subjected to the CUMS stimulation method to induce depression. The therapeutic effect of loganin on depressive-like behavior was evaluated by a series of behavioral tests such as sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and open-field test (OFT). In addition, the serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) were measured using ELISA. The levels of monoamine neurotransmitters were detected by high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). The levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus were measured using western blot analysis. RESULTS The results showed that CUMS induced depressive-like behaviors in mice, as indicated by behavioral tests. Administration of loganin increased the sucrose preference in SPT, as well as decreased the immobility time in FST and TST. Loganin could also improve food intake, and increased crossing times in the OFT. In mechanism, loganin restored the secretion of monoamine neurotransmitters, ACTH and CORT to normal levels. In addition, loganin elevated the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus. In conclusion, loganin exerts antidepressant-like effects in CUMS model mice through modulating monoamine neurotransmitters, ACTH, CORT and BDNF. CONCLUSION Loganin effectively ameliorated depressive-like symptoms in CUMS-exposed mice by increasing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) levels, alleviating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, and increasing BDNF expression. In conclusion, the findings of the current study extensive evidence for the application of loganin in stress-associated disorders, specifically targeting depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Guo
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Han
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Shi
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Xing Wang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Chen M, Xing J, Pan D, Gao P. Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine Mixture 919 Syrup on Regulation of the Ghrelin Pathway and Intestinal Microbiota in Rats With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:793854. [PMID: 35003024 PMCID: PMC8740226 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.793854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As a manifestation of metabolic syndrome in the liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the top cause of liver disease in many countries. Recent studies have shown that intestinal microbiota disorder plays an important role in the occurrence and development of NAFLD and that regulating intestinal microbiota provides a new option for NAFLD treatment. In addition, research indicates that risk of NAFLD increases as body mass index rises, and interventions that reduce body weight and change diet can help to lower the incidence of NAFLD. Studies have found that 919 syrup may effectively treat NAFLD in rats by improving liver function and lipid metabolism and regulating body weight and feed intake, however, its potential toxicity and the specific mechanism by which it controls this disease require further exploration. This study assesses both the toxicity of 919 syrup and its regulatory effect on the appetite-related Ghrelin pathway and intestinal microbiota of rats with NAFLD. Results indicate that 919 syrup has no obvious side-effects on body weight, feed intake, blood glucose level, hepatorenal function, and liver tissue structure of normal rats. Moreover, 919 syrup can reverse abnormal changes to expression of Ghrelin pathway genes related to appetite in both the brain and stomach and repair alterations to the intestinal microbiota in rats with NAFLD. This herbal medicine is a safe and promising therapeutic drug for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwei Xing
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danqing Pan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Yamada C, Hattori T, Ohnishi S, Takeda H. Ghrelin Enhancer, the Latest Evidence of Rikkunshito. Front Nutr 2021; 8:761631. [PMID: 34957179 PMCID: PMC8702727 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.761631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rikkunshito is a Japanese herbal medicine (Kampo) that has been attracting attention and researched by many researchers not only in Japan but also worldwide. There are 214 rikkunshito articles that can be searched on PubMed by August 2021. The reason why rikkunshito has attracted so much attention is due to an epoch-making report (Gastroenterology, 2008) discovered that rikkunshito promotes the secretion of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin. Since then, many researchers have discovered that rikkunshito has a direct effect on the ghrelin receptor, GHS-R1a, and an effect of enhancing the ghrelin signal to the brain. Additionally, a lot of evidence that rikkunshito is expected to be effective for various gastrointestinal diseases have also been demonstrated. Numerous basic and clinical studies have suggested that rikkunshito affects (i) various discomforts caused by anticancer drugs, gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, (ii) various stress-induced anorexia, (iii) hypophagia in the elderly, and (iv) healthy lifespan. In this review, as one who discovered the ghrelin enhancer effect of rikkunshito, we will review the research of rikkunshito so far and report on the latest research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Gastroenterology, Tokeidai Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Involvement of Ghrelin Dynamics in Stress-Induced Eating Disorder: Effects of Sex and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111695. [PMID: 34769125 PMCID: PMC8583769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, a factor that affects appetite in our daily lives, enhances or suppresses appetite and changes palatability. However, so far, the mechanisms underlying the link between stress and eating have not been fully elucidated. Among the peripherally produced appetite-related peptides, ghrelin is the only orexigenic peptide, and abnormalities in the dynamics and reactivity of this peptide are involved in appetite abnormalities in various diseases and psychological states. This review presents an overview of the research results of studies evaluating the effects of various stresses on appetite. The first half of this review describes the relationship between appetite and stress, and the second half describes the relationship between the appetite-promoting peptide ghrelin and stress. The effects of sex differences and aging under stress on appetite are also described.
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Lynn MA, Eden G, Ryan FJ, Bensalem J, Wang X, Blake SJ, Choo JM, Chern YT, Sribnaia A, James J, Benson SC, Sandeman L, Xie J, Hassiotis S, Sun EW, Martin AM, Keller MD, Keating DJ, Sargeant TJ, Proud CG, Wesselingh SL, Rogers GB, Lynn DJ. The composition of the gut microbiota following early-life antibiotic exposure affects host health and longevity in later life. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109564. [PMID: 34433065 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies investigating whether there is a causative link between the gut microbiota and lifespan have largely been restricted to invertebrates or to mice with a reduced lifespan because of a genetic deficiency. We investigate the effect of early-life antibiotic exposure on otherwise healthy, normal chow-fed, wild-type mice, monitoring these mice for more than 700 days in comparison with untreated control mice. We demonstrate the emergence of two different low-diversity community types, post-antibiotic microbiota (PAM) I and PAM II, following antibiotic exposure. PAM II but not PAM I mice have impaired immunity, increased insulin resistance, and evidence of increased inflammaging in later life as well as a reduced lifespan. Our data suggest that differences in the composition of the gut microbiota following antibiotic exposure differentially affect host health and longevity in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Georgina Eden
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Feargal J Ryan
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Julien Bensalem
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blake
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jocelyn M Choo
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Yee Tee Chern
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Anastasia Sribnaia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jane James
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Saoirse C Benson
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Lauren Sandeman
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jianling Xie
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sofia Hassiotis
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Emily W Sun
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Marianne D Keller
- Preclinical, Imaging & Research Laboratories (PIRL), South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Timothy J Sargeant
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Steve L Wesselingh
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Geraint B Rogers
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - David J Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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6
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Inokuchi K, Masaoka T, Kanai T. Rikkunshito as a Therapeautic Agent for Functional Dyspepsia and its Prokinetic and Non-Prokinetic Effects. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:640576. [PMID: 34168558 PMCID: PMC8217963 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.640576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokinetics is one of the therapeutic agents for functional and motility disorders of the stomach. However, its efficacy is limited. Kampo medicine is a unique medical system that was developed in Japan. In Kampo medicine, herbal medicine is prescribed based on the patient’s condition. Therefore, even for functional and motility disorders of the stomach, some herbal medicines are considered as a therapeutic option. Recently, there has been an increase in evidence for the efficacy or the mechanism of herbal medicine for functional and motility disorders of the stomach. Among these, rikkunshito is a well-studied herbal medicine that could be used as an alternative to prokinetics. In this review, we discuss the possibilities of rikkunshito for functional dyspepsia with its prokinetic and non-prokinetic effects and provide an overview of their current use with a focus on their therapeutic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Inokuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Masaoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Liu JH, Hsieh CH, Liu CY, Chang CW, Chen YJ, Tsai TH. Anti-inflammatory effects of Radix Aucklandiae herbal preparation ameliorate intestinal mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113912. [PMID: 33567307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapy agent that is widely used in clinical oncologic practice. However, intestinal mucositis is the most frequently occurring side effect of cancer therapy with 5-FU. Based on a literature survey, Radix Aucklandiae herbal preparation potentially ameliorates intestinal mucositis in 5-FU-treated mice. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammation and gastrointestinal regulation of intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU, including the intestinal morphology, as well as the reduction in food intake, body weight loss, and diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intestinal mucositis was induced in mice by 5-FU (30 mg/kg, i.p., for 5 consecutive days). The dose-dependent Radix Aucklandiae herbal preparation (0.3, 1, and 3 g/kg/day, p.o.), loperamide (3 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or celecoxib (40 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was concurrently administered until the 7th day. Physical status observation, diarrhea assessment, serum proinflammatory cytokine levels, intestinal villus height and crypt depth, and total goblet cells from tissues were assessed. RESULTS The dosage regimen of 5-FU administration caused severe intestinal mucositis in mice, including damage to the intestinal morphology, accompanied by a reduction in food intake, body weight loss, and diarrhea. The high-dose Radix Aucklandiae herbal preparation significantly relieves 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis by enhancing proliferative activity in epithelial crypts; improving anepithymia, body weight loss, and diarrhea; and displaying protective effects on goblet cells in intestinal mucosal epithelia. Activation of NF-κB in the intestinal mucositis model was also suppressed by the Radix Aucklandiae herbal preparation, suggesting that it is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the conclusion that the Radix Aucklandiae herbal preparation could effectively ameliorate 5-FU-induced gastrointestinal toxicity and be applied clinically for the prevention of intestinal mucositis during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Han Liu
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsi Hsieh
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 220, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 251, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan; Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Chang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 251, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan; Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 251, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Yamada C. Relationship between Orexigenic Peptide Ghrelin Signal, Gender Difference and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073763. [PMID: 33916403 PMCID: PMC8038632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), which is one of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is involved in various physiological actions such as energy consumption, growth hormone secretion promoting action, and cardiovascular protective action. The ligand was searched for as an orphan receptor for a while, but the ligand was found to be acylated ghrelin (ghrelin) discovered by Kangawa and Kojima et al. in 1999. Recently, it has also been reported that dysregulation of GHS-R1a mediates reduced feeding in various diseases. On the other hand, since the physiological effects of ghrelin have been studied exclusively in male mice, few studies have been conducted on gender differences in ghrelin reactivity. In this review, we describe (1) the characteristics of GHS-R1a, (2) the role of ghrelin in hypophagia due to stress or anticancer drugs, and (3) the gender differences in the physiological effects of GHS-R1a and the influence of stress on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
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9
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Yamada C, Iizuka S, Nahata M, Hattori T, Takeda H. Vulnerability to psychological stress-induced anorexia in female mice depends on blockade of ghrelin signal in nucleus tractus solitarius. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4666-4682. [PMID: 32754963 PMCID: PMC7520439 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Women have a higher incidence of eating disorders than men. We investigated whether the effects of ghrelin on feeding are affected by sex and stress, and to elucidate the mechanisms that may cause sex differences in stress‐mediated anorexia, focusing on ghrelin. Experimental Approach Acylated ghrelin was administered to naïve and psychologically stressed male and female C57BL/6J mice, followed by measurements of food intake and plasma hormone levels. Ovariectomy was performed to determine the effects of ovary‐derived oestrogen on stress‐induced eating disorders in female mice. The numbers of Agrp or c‐Fos mRNA‐positive cells and estrogen receptor α/c‐Fos protein‐double‐positive cells were assessed. Key Results Ghrelin administration to naïve female mice caused a higher increase in food intake, growth hormone secretion, Agrp mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and c‐Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) than in male mice. In contrast, psychological stress caused a more sustained reduction in food intake in females than males. The high sensitivity of naïve females to exogenous ghrelin was attenuated by stress exposure. The stress‐induced decline in food intake was not abolished by ovariectomy. Estrogen receptor‐α but not ‐β antagonism prevented the decrease in food intake under stress. Estrogen receptor‐α/c‐Fos‐double‐positive cells in the NTS were significantly increased by stress only in females. Conclusion and Implications Stress‐mediated eating disorders in females may be due to blockade of ghrelin signalling via estrogen receptor‐α activation in the NTS. Targeting the ghrelin signal in the brain could be a new treatment strategy to prevent these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiichi Iizuka
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Hokkaido University Hospital Gastroenterological Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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10
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Effects of 5-HT 2C, 5-HT 1A receptor challenges and modafinil on the initiation and persistence of gambling behaviours. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1745-1756. [PMID: 32123974 PMCID: PMC7239826 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Problematic patterns of gambling are characterised by loss of control and persistent gambling often to recover losses. However, little is known about the mechanisms that mediate initial choices to begin gambling and then continue to gamble in the face of losing outcomes. OBJECTIVES These experiments first assessed gambling and loss-chasing performance under different win/lose probabilities in C57Bl/6 mice, and then investigated the effects of antagonism of 5-HT2CR with SB242084, 5-HT1AR agonism with 8-OH-DPAT and modafinil, a putative cognitive enhancer. RESULTS As seen in humans and other species, mice demonstrated the expected patterns of behaviour as the odds for winning were altered increasing gambling and loss-chasing when winning was more likely. SB242084 decreased the likelihood to initially gamble, but had no effects on subsequent gambling choices in the face of repeated losses. In contrast, 8-OH-DPAT had no effects on choosing to gamble in the first place, but once started 8-OH-DPAT increased gambling choices in a dose-sensitive manner. Modafinil effects were different to the serotonergic drugs in both decreasing the propensity to initiate gambling and chase losses. CONCLUSIONS We present evidence for dissociable effects of systemic drug administration on different aspects of gambling behaviour. These data extend and reinforce the importance of serotonergic mechanisms in mediating discrete components of gambling behaviour. They further demonstrate the ability of modafinil to reduce gambling behaviour. Our work using a novel mouse paradigm may be of utility in modelling the complex psychological and neurobiological underpinnings of gambling problems, including the analysis of genetic and environmental factors.
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Matsumoto C, Yamada C, Sadakane C, Nahata M, Hattori T, Takeda H. Psychological stress in aged female mice causes acute hypophagia independent of central serotonin 2C receptor activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187937. [PMID: 29125864 PMCID: PMC5695286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences exist in the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis following exposure to stress, and the stress response is further affected by aging. This study was conducted to elucidate the mechanism of hypophagia in aged female mice exposed to stress. Immediately after a stress load, aged female mice exhibited acute hypophagia and a rise in plasma corticosterone levels. The administration of a serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) antagonist suppressed plasma corticosterone but did not affect the reduction in food intake. In contrast, an endogenous ghrelin enhancer, rikkunshito (RKT), significantly inhibited the reduction in food intake. An increase in peripheral acylated ghrelin levels during fasting, which occurs in young mice, was not observed in aged female mice. Moreover, in these mice, significantly increased levels of ghrelin and gastric preproghrelin mRNA expression were observed in the fed status. Moreover, plasma ghrelin levels were elevated by RKT and not by the 5-HT2CR antagonist. In female mice, the hypothalamic non-edited (INI) and partially edited mRNA 5-HT2CR isoforms (VNV, VNI, VSV or VSI) decreased with age, while in male mice, the editing isoform was unchanged by aging or stress. Estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive cell counts in the arcuate nucleus of young male mice exposed to stress and control aged male mice were increased compared with those in young control mice. In aged male mice exposed to stress, the number of ERα-expressing cells in the paraventricular nucleus were significantly increased compared with those in aged control mice; in female mice, there was no increase in the number of ERα-positive cells. Hypophagia in aged female mice exposed to stress may be independent of 5-HT2CR activation. It seems likely that the mechanisms may be caused by sex dependent, differential regulation in 5-HT2CR mRNA expression, peripheral acylated ghrelin secretion and/or hypothalamic ERα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Hokkaido University Hospital Gastroenterological Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Yamada C, Mogami S, Hattori T. Psychological stress exposure to aged mice causes abnormal feeding patterns with changes in the bout number. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:2269-2287. [PMID: 29129830 PMCID: PMC5723686 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses are affected by aging. However, studies on stress-related changes in feeding patterns with aging subject are minimal. We investigated feeding patterns induced by two psychological stress models, revealing characteristics of stress-induced feeding patterns as “meal” and “bout” (defined as the minimum feeding behavior parameters) in aged mice. Feeding behaviors of C57BL/6J mice were monitored for 24 h by an automatic monitoring device. Novelty stress reduced the meal amount over the 24 h in both young and aged mice, but as a result of a time course study it was persistent in aged mice. In addition, the decreased bout number was more pronounced in aged mice than in young mice. The 24-h meal and bout parameters did not change in either the young or aged mice following water avoidance stress (WAS). However, the meal amount and bout number increased in aged mice for 0–6 h after WAS exposure but remained unchanged in young mice. Our findings suggest that changes in bout number may lead to abnormal stress-related feeding patterns and may be one tool for evaluating eating abnormality in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Mogami
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
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Lax NC, Ahmed KT, Ignatz CM, Spadafora C, Kolber BJ, Tidgewell KJ. Marine cyanobacteria-derived serotonin receptor 2C active fraction induces psychoactive behavioral effects in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2723-2731. [PMID: 27181630 PMCID: PMC5155707 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1181659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Marine cyanobacteria offer a robust resource for natural products drug discovery due to the secondary metabolites they produce. OBJECTIVE To identify novel cyanobacterial compounds that exhibit CNS psychoactive effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cyanobacteria were collected from Las Perlas Archipelago, Panama and subjected to dichloromethane/methanol extraction and fractionation by column chromatography before being screened for affinity against a panel of CNS targets. A 50:50 ethyl acetate:methanol fraction of one cyanobacterial extract (2064H) was subjected to HPLC and the major peak was isolated (2064H3). At a dose of 20 μg per animal, 2064H and 2064H3 were tested in mice using behavioral assays that included the forced swim, open field and formalin tests. RESULTS 2064H was shown to bind to the serotonin 2C (5-HT2C) receptor, a known target for depression and pain treatment. 2064H showed 59.6% inhibition of binding of [3H]-mesulergine with an IC50 value of 179 ng/mL and did not show inhibition of binding greater than 45% with any other receptors tested. Both 2064H and 2064H3 decreased immobility time in the first minute of the tail suspension test. 2064H increased time, distance and number of entries in the center region in the first half of the open field test. 2064H increased overall nocifensive behaviors in the formalin test. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Overall, manipulating the 5-HT2C receptor with these receptor-specific ligands derived from cyanobacteria altered pain, depression and anxiety-like behaviors, illustrating the importance of this receptor in affective behaviors. These results demonstrate the potential of cyanobacteria as a source for CNS active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C. Lax
- Duquesne University Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
- Duquesne University Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Kh Tanvir Ahmed
- Duquesne University Mylan School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
- Duquesne University Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Christopher M. Ignatz
- Duquesne University Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
- Duquesne University Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia, Clayton, Apartado 0816-02852, Panama
| | - Benedict J. Kolber
- Duquesne University Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
- Duquesne University Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Kevin J. Tidgewell
- Duquesne University Mylan School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
- Duquesne University Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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CRF receptor 1 antagonism and brain distribution of active components contribute to the ameliorative effect of rikkunshito on stress-induced anorexia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27516. [PMID: 27273195 PMCID: PMC4897628 DOI: 10.1038/srep27516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rikkunshito (RKT), a Kampo medicine, has been reported to show an ameliorative effect on sustained hypophagia after novelty stress exposure in aged mice through serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) antagonism. We aimed to determine (1) whether the activation of anorexigenic neurons, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, is involved in the initiation of hypophagia induced by novelty stress in aged mice; (2) whether the ameliorative effect of RKT is associated with CRF and POMC neurons and downstream signal transduction; and (3) the plasma and brain distribution of the active components of RKT. The administration of RKT or 5-HT2CR, CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1), and melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists significantly restored the decreased food intake observed in aged male C57BL/6 mice in the early stage after novelty stress exposure. Seven components of RKT exhibited antagonistic activity against CRFR1. Hesperetin and isoliquiritigenin, which showed antagonistic effects against both CRFR1 and 5-HT2CR, were distributed in the plasma and brain of male Sprague-Dawley rats after a single oral administration of RKT. In conclusion, the ameliorative effect of RKT in this model is assumed to be at least partly due to brain-distributed active components possessing 5-HT2CR and CRFR1 antagonistic activities.
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Yamada C, Saegusa Y, Nahata M, Sadakane C, Hattori T, Takeda H. Influence of Aging and Gender Differences on Feeding Behavior and Ghrelin-Related Factors during Social Isolation in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140094. [PMID: 26448274 PMCID: PMC4598162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress due to social isolation is known to cause abnormal feeding behaviors, but the influences of gender and aging on subchronic stress-induced changes in feeding behaviors are unknown. Thus, we examined the changes in body weight, food intake, and orexigenic ghrelin-related factors during 2 weeks of isolation stress in young and aged mice. Food intake increased significantly in young mice in the isolation group compared with the group-housed control throughout the experimental period. This isolation-induced increase in food intake was not observed in aged mice. In young mice, there were no significant differences in body weight between the isolated group and group-housed control up to 2 weeks. However, aged male mice exhibited significant weight loss at 2 weeks and a similar tendency was observed in aged female mice. Young male mice, but not female mice, had significantly increased (2.2-fold) plasma acylated ghrelin levels after 1 week of isolation compared with the group-housed control. A significant but lower increase (1.3-fold) was also observed in aged male mice. Hypothalamic preproghrelin gene expression decreased significantly with isolation in young male mice, whereas it increased significantly in female mice. The expression levels of NPY and AGRP in the hypothalamus, which are transmitted by elevated peripheral ghrelin signals, increased significantly in isolated young male mice, whereas the AGRP expression levels decreased significantly in young female mice. Isolation caused no significant differences in the expression levels of these genes in aged mice. In isolation, young female mice exhibited markedly increased dark- and light-phase locomotor activities compared with male mice, whereas male and female aged mice exhibited no obvious increases in activity immediately after the dark phase started. We conclude that the gender-specific homeostatic regulatory mechanisms required to maintain body weight operated during subchronic psychological stress in young mice but not in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yayoi Saegusa
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Hokkaido University Hospital Gastroenterological Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Harada Y, Ro S, Ochiai M, Hayashi K, Hosomi E, Fujitsuka N, Hattori T, Yakabi K. Ghrelin enhancer, rikkunshito, improves postprandial gastric motor dysfunction in an experimental stress model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1089-97. [PMID: 26088415 PMCID: PMC4744783 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common disorders of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. However, no curable treatment is available for FD because the detailed mechanism of GI dysfunction in stressed conditions remains unclear. We aimed to clarify the association between endogenous acylated ghrelin signaling and gastric motor dysfunction and explore the possibility of a drug with ghrelin signal-enhancing action for FD treatment. METHODS Solid gastric emptying (GE) and plasma acylated ghrelin levels were evaluated in an urocortin1 (UCN1) -induced stress model. To clarify the role of acylated ghrelin on GI dysfunction in the model, exogenous acylated ghrelin, an endogenous ghrelin enhancer, rikkunshito, or an α2 -adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist was administered. Postprandial motor function was investigated using a strain gauge force transducer in a free-moving condition. KEY RESULTS Exogenous acylated ghrelin supplementation restored UCN1-induced delayed GE. Alpha2 -AR antagonist and rikkunshito inhibited the reduction in plasma acylated ghrelin and GE in the stress model. The action of rikkunshito on delayed GE was blocked by co-administration of the ghrelin receptor antagonist. UCN1 decreased the amplitude of contraction in the antrum while increasing it in the duodenum. The motility index of the antrum but not the duodenum was significantly reduced by UCN1 treatment, which was improved by acylated ghrelin or rikkunshito. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The UCN1-induced gastric motility dysfunction was mediated by abnormal acylated ghrelin dynamics. Supplementation of exogenous acylated ghrelin or enhancement of endogenous acylated ghrelin secretion by rikkunshito may be effective in treating functional GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Harada
- Tsumura Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | - S. Ro
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan,Central Research LaboratoriesTeikyo University Chiba Medical CenterChibaJapan
| | - M. Ochiai
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - K. Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - E. Hosomi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - N. Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | - T. Hattori
- Tsumura Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | - K. Yakabi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
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Kitagawa H, Munekage M, Matsumoto T, Sadakane C, Fukutake M, Aoki K, Watanabe J, Maemura K, Hattori T, Kase Y, Uezono Y, Inui A, Hanazaki K. Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Active Ingredients and Its Metabolites Derived from Rikkunshito, a Ghrelin Enhancer, in Healthy Japanese Volunteers: A Cross-Over, Randomized Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133159. [PMID: 26186592 PMCID: PMC4506051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rikkunshito, a traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine, has been used to treat upper gastrointestinal disorders such as functional dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux. This study investigated the exposure and pharmacokinetics of the ingredients of rikkunshito in healthy volunteers. Methods and Results First, an exploratory nonrandomized, open-label, one-period, noncrossover study using four healthy Japanese volunteers to detect 32 typical ingredients of rikkunshito in plasma and urine. As a result, 18 or 21 of 32 ingredients was detected in plasma or urine samples after oral administration of rikkunshito (7.5 g/day). Furthermore, a randomized, open-label, three-arm, three-period, crossover study using 21 subjects was conducted to determine the amounts of exposure and pharmacokinetic parameters of nine ingredients derived from rikkunshito (atractylodin, atractylodin carboxylic acid, pachymic acid, 3,3′,4′,5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone, naringenin, nobiletin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid) after oral administration of rikkunshito at three different doses (2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 g/day) during each period. The pharmacokinetic profiles of the nine ingredients in plasma were characterized. The geometric means (95% confidence interval) for the Cmax of the ingredients at a dose of 7.5 g were 1570 (1210–2040), 14,300 (12,200–16,800), 91.0 (71.8–115), 105 (75.6–144), 1150 (802–1650), 35.9 (24.6–52.5), 800 (672–952), 42.8 (30.4–60.3), and 55,600 (39,600–78,100) pg/mL, respectively, and for the AUC0–last were 1760 (1290–2390), 12700 (11,100–14,600), 1210 (882–1650), 225 (157–322), 4630 (2930–7320), 35.7 (20.4–62.7), 4040 (3260–5010), 122 (88.2–168), and 832,000 (628,000–1,100,000) pg·h/mL respectively. Conclusions We identified the ingredients of rikkunshito that are absorbed in humans. Furthermore, we determined the pharmacokinetics of nine ingredients derived from rikkunshito. This information will be useful for elucidating the pharmacological effects of rikkunshito. Trial Registration Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center #CTI-121801 and -142522
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masaya Munekage
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiharu Sadakane
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miwako Fukutake
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Aoki
- Kampo Formulations Development Center, Production Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maemura
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yosio Kase
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hanazaki
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
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A New Strategy Using Rikkunshito to Treat Anorexia and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:364260. [PMID: 26064162 PMCID: PMC4433667 DOI: 10.1155/2015/364260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Because the clinical condition of gastrointestinal dysfunction, including functional dyspepsia, involves tangled combinations of pathologies, there are some cases of insufficient curative efficacy. Thus, traditional herbal medicines (Kampo medicines) uniquely developed in Japan are thought to contribute to medical treatment for upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Rikkunshito is a Kampo medicine often used to treat dyspeptic symptoms. Over the past few years, several studies have investigated the efficacy of rikkunshito for dysmotility, for example, upper abdominal complaints, in animals and humans. Rikkunshito ameliorated the decrease in gastric motility and anorexia in cisplatin-treated rats, stress-loaded mice, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-treated rats by enhancing plasma ghrelin levels via serotonin2B/2C receptor antagonism. In addition, rikkunshito ameliorated the decrease in food intake in aged mice and stress-loaded decreased gastric motility via enhanced ghrelin receptor signaling. Several clinical studies revealed that rikkunshito was effective in ameliorating upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including dyspepsia, epigastric pain, and postprandial fullness. In this review, we discuss these studies and propose additional evidence-based research that may promote the clinical use of Kampo medicines, particularly rikkunshito, for treating anorexia and gastrointestinal dysfunction.
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Yamada C, Sadakane C, Nahata M, Saegusa Y, Nakagawa K, Okubo N, Ohnishi S, Hattori T, Takeda H. Serotonin 2C receptor contributes to gender differences in stress-induced hypophagia in aged mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 55:81-93. [PMID: 25732068 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The combination of depression and anorexia may influence morbidity and progressive physical disability in the elderly. Gender differences exist in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation following stress exposure. The objective of this study was to investigate gender differences in feeding behavior under novelty stress in aged mice. Food intake measurement, immunohistochemical assessment, and mRNA expression analysis were conducted to investigate the role of serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT(2C)R) and its relationship with ghrelin in stress-induced suppression of feeding behavior in aged mice. After exposure to novelty stress, a 21-fold increase in plasma corticosterone and remarkable suppression of food intake were observed in aged male mice. Furthermore, a 5-HT(2C)R agonist suppressed food intake in aged male mice. Novelty stress induced a 7-fold increase in 5-HT(2C)R and c-Fos co-expressing cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in aged male mice but caused no change in aged female mice. Plasma acylated ghrelin levels decreased in stressed aged male mice and administration of the 5-HT(2C)R antagonist inhibited this decrease. The 5-HT(2C)R antagonist also reversed the suppression of food intake in estrogen receptor α agonist-treated aged male mice. Therefore, conspicuously suppressed feeding behavior in novelty stress-exposed aged male mice may be mediated by 5-HT(2C)R hypersensitivity, leading to hypoghrelinemia. The hypersensitivity may partly be due to estrogen receptor activation in aged male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Chiharu Sadakane
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Yayoi Saegusa
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Koji Nakagawa
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12 W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Naoto Okubo
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12 W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, N12 W6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan; Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
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Fujitsuka N, Uezono Y. Rikkunshito, a ghrelin potentiator, ameliorates anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:271. [PMID: 25540621 PMCID: PMC4261902 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia–cachexia syndrome develops during the advanced stages of various chronic diseases in which patients exhibit a decreased food intake, weight loss, and muscle tissue wasting. For these patients, this syndrome is a critical problem leading to an increased rate of morbidity and mortality. The present pharmacological therapies for treating anorexia–cachexia have limited effectiveness. The Japanese herbal medicine rikkunshito is often prescribed for the treatment of anorexia and upper gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Thus, rikkunshito is expected to be beneficial for the treatment of patients with anorexia–cachexia syndrome. In this review, we summarize the effects of rikkunshito and its mechanisms of action on anorexia–cachexia. Persistent loss of appetite leads to a progressive depletion of body energy stores, which is frequently associated with cachexia. Consequently, regulating appetite and energy homeostasis is critically important for treating cachexia. Ghrelin is mainly secreted from the stomach, and it plays an important role in initiating feeding, controlling GI motility, and regulating energy expenditure. Recent clinical and basic science studies have demonstrated that the critical mechanism of rikkunshito underlies endogenous ghrelin activity. Interestingly, several components of rikkunshito target multiple gastric and central sites, and regulate the secretion, receptor sensitization, and degradation of ghrelin. Rikkunshito is effective for the treatment of anorexia, body weight loss, muscle wasting, and anxiety-related behavior. Furthermore, treatment with rikkunshito was observed to prolong survival in an animal model of cachexia. The use of a potentiator of ghrelin signaling, such as rikkunshito, may represent a novel approach for the treatment of anorexia–cachexia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo, Japan
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Rikkunshito, a Japanese kampo medicine, ameliorates decreased feeding behavior via ghrelin and serotonin 2B receptor signaling in a novelty stress murine model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:792940. [PMID: 24288687 PMCID: PMC3830778 DOI: 10.1155/2013/792940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of rikkunshito (RKT), a ghrelin signal enhancer, on the decrease in food intake after exposure to novelty stress in mice. RKT administration (500 mg/kg, per os) improved the decrease in 6 h cumulative food intake. In control mice, the plasma acylated ghrelin levels significantly increased by 24 h fasting. In contrast, the acylated ghrelin levels did not increase by fasting in mice exposed to the novelty stress. RKT administration to the novelty stress mice showed a significant increase in the acylated ghrelin levels compared with that in the distilled-water-treated control mice. Food intake after administering serotonin 2B (5-HT2B) receptor antagonists was evaluated to clarify the role of 5-HT2B receptor activation in the decrease in feeding behavior after novelty stress. SB215505 and SB204741, 5-HT2B receptor antagonists, significantly improved the decrease in food intake after exposure to novelty stress. A component of RKT, isoliquiritigenin, prevented the decrease in 6 h cumulative food intake. Isoliquiritigenin showed 5-HT2B receptor antagonistic activity in vitro. In conclusion, the results suggested that RKT improves the decrease in food intake after novelty stress probably via 5-HT2B receptor antagonism of isoliquiritigenin contained in RKT.
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