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Daoust AR, Green H, Vandermeer MRJ, Liu P, Stanton K, Harkness KL, Hayden EP. Total cortisol output during an acute stressor predicts youths' internalizing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biol Psychol 2023; 184:108714. [PMID: 37839519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in cortisol output may influence adolescents' adjustment to the COVID-19 pandemic; however, boys and girls may differ in terms of associations between cortisol output and internalizing symptoms in the context of COVID-19-related stress. We examined whether pre-pandemic cortisol output during an acute stressor, assessed approximately three years prior to the pandemic, predicted change in adolescents' internalizing symptoms early during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consistent with previous work on other life stressors, girls' cortisol output was positively associated with anxious and somatic symptoms early in the pandemic. Conversely, cortisol output and depressive symptoms were negatively associated for boys; boys with higher cortisol had depressive symptoms which significantly decreased over time. Findings suggest that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress functioning plays a role in shaping differences between adolescent boys' and girls' adjustment during the experience of a ubiquitous chronic stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Daoust
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Haley Green
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew R J Vandermeer
- Anxiety Treatment & Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kasey Stanton
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Kate L Harkness
- Department of Psychology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Raess M, Valeria Maria Brentani A, Flückiger B, Ledebur de Antas de Campos B, Fink G, Röösli M. Association between community noise and children's cognitive and behavioral development: A prospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106961. [PMID: 34739922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noise exposure has been associated with adverse cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children, but evidence on longitudinal associations between community noise and child development in low- and middle-income countries is rare. We investigated associations between community noise and behavioral and cognitive development in preschool children in São Paulo. METHODS We linked child development data from the São Paulo Western Region Birth Cohort with average (Lden) and night-time (Lnight) community noise exposure at children's home, estimated by means of a land use regression model using various predictors (roads, schools, greenness, residential and informal settlements). Outcomes were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Regional Project on Child Development Indicators (PRIDI) at 3 years of age and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA) at 6 years of age. We investigated the relationship between noise exposure and development using cross-sectional and longitudinal regression models. RESULTS Data from 3385 children at 3 years of age and 1546 children at 6 years of age were analysed. Mean Lden and Lnight levels were 70.3 dB and 61.2 dB, respectively. In cross-sectional analyses a 10 dB increase of Lden above 70 dB was associated with a 32% increase in the odds of borderline or abnormal SDQ total difficulties score (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.04; 1.68) and 0.72 standard deviation (SD) increase in the CBCL total problems z-score (95% CI: 0.55; 0.88). No cross-sectional association was found for cognitive development. In longitudinal analyses, each 10 dB increase was associated with a 0.52 SD increase in behavioral problems (95% CI: 0.28; 0.77) and a 0.27 SD decrease in cognition (95%-CI: 0.55; 0.00). Results for Lnight above 60 dB were similar. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that community noise exposure above Lden of 70 dB and Lnight of 60 dB may impair behavioral and cognitive development of preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Raess
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Benjamin Flückiger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bartolomeu Ledebur de Antas de Campos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Günther Fink
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Fowler CH, Bogdan R, Gaffrey MS. Stress-induced cortisol response is associated with right amygdala volume in early childhood. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100329. [PMID: 33997154 PMCID: PMC8102621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent research suggests that dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the resulting cortisol stress response can alter the structure of the hippocampus and amygdala. Because early-life changes in brain structure can produce later functional impairment and potentially increase risk for psychiatric disorder, it is critical to understand the relationship between the cortisol stress response and brain structure in early childhood. However, no study to date has characterized the concurrent association between cortisol stress response and hippocampal and amygdala volume in young children. In the present study, 42 young children (M age = 5.97, SD = 0.76), completed a frustration task and cortisol response to stress was measured. Children also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), providing structural scans from which their hippocampal and amygdala volumes were extracted. Greater cortisol stress response was associated with reduced right amygdala volume, controlling for whole brain volume, age, sex, and number of cortisol samples. There were no significant associations between cortisol stress response and bilateral hippocampus or left amygdala volumes. The association between right amygdala volume and cortisol stress response raises the non-mutually exclusive possibilities that the function of the HPA axis may shape amygdala structure and/or that amygdala structure may shape HPA axis function. As both cortisol stress response and amygdala volume have been associated with risk for psychopathology, it is possible that the relationship between cortisol stress response and amygdala volume is part of a broader pathway contributing to psychiatric risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina H. Fowler
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Reuben-Cooke Building, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Somers Family Hall, Forsyth Blvd, St. Louis, Missouri, 63105, USA
| | - Michael S. Gaffrey
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Reuben-Cooke Building, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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4
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Lopez M, Ruiz MO, Rovnaghi CR, Tam GKY, Hiscox J, Gotlib IH, Barr DA, Carrion VG, Anand KJS. The social ecology of childhood and early life adversity. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:353-367. [PMID: 33462396 PMCID: PMC7897233 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An increasing prevalence of early childhood adversity has reached epidemic proportions, creating a public health crisis. Rather than focusing only on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as the main lens for understanding early childhood experiences, detailed assessments of a child's social ecology are required to assess "early life adversity." These should also include the role of positive experiences, social relationships, and resilience-promoting factors. Comprehensive assessments of a child's physical and social ecology not only require parent/caregiver surveys and clinical observations, but also include measurements of the child's physiology using biomarkers. We identify cortisol as a stress biomarker and posit that hair cortisol concentrations represent a summative and chronological record of children's exposure to adverse experiences and other contextual stressors. Future research should use a social-ecological approach to investigate the robust interactions among adverse conditions, protective factors, genetic and epigenetic influences, environmental exposures, and social policy, within the context of a child's developmental stages. These contribute to their physical health, psychiatric conditions, cognitive/executive, social, and psychological functions, lifestyle choices, and socioeconomic outcomes. Such studies must inform preventive measures, therapeutic interventions, advocacy efforts, social policy changes, and public awareness campaigns to address early life adversities and their enduring effects on human potential. IMPACT: Current research does not support the practice of using ACEs as the main lens for understanding early childhood experiences. The social ecology of early childhood provides a contextual framework for evaluating the long-term health consequences of early life adversity. Comprehensive assessments reinforced with physiological measures and/or selected biomarkers, such as hair cortisol concentrations to assess early life stress, may provide critical insights into the relationships between early adversity, stress axis regulation, and subsequent health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lopez
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Monica O. Ruiz
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Cynthia R. Rovnaghi
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Grace K-Y. Tam
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Jitka Hiscox
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine,Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford School of Engineering, Stanford, CA
| | - Ian H. Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University School of Humanities & Sciences, Stanford, CA
| | - Donald A. Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA
| | - Victor G. Carrion
- Department of Psychiatry (Child and Adolescent Psychiatry), Clinical & Translational Neurosciences Incubator, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Kanwaljeet J. S. Anand
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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5
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Vandermeer MRJ, Liu P, Mohamed Ali O, Daoust AR, Joanisse MF, Barch DM, Hayden EP. Orbitofrontal cortex grey matter volume is related to children's depressive symptoms. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102395. [PMID: 32889399 PMCID: PMC7479290 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adults with a history of depression show distinct patterns of grey matter volume (GMV) in frontal cortical (e.g., prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex) and limbic (e.g., anterior cingulate, amygdala, hippocampus, dorsal striatum) structures, regions relevant to the processing and regulation of reward, which is impaired in the context of depression. However, it is unclear whether these GMV associations with depression precede depressive disorder onset or whether GMV is related to early emerging symptoms or familial depression. To address these questions, we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to examine GMV in 85 community-dwelling children (M = 11.12 years, SD = 0.63 years) screened for current and lifetime depression. Associations between children's depressive symptoms (self- and mother-report of children's symptoms), children's maternal depression history, and GMV were examined. Although maternal depression history was unrelated to children's GMV, child GMV in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was negatively related to children's self-reported depressive symptoms, using both a priori ROI and whole-brain analyses. Moderated regression analyses indicated that girls' GMV was negatively related to girls' depressive symptoms (as indexed by both self- and mother-report of girls' symptoms), whereas boys' symptoms were positively related to GMV. Our findings suggest that brain morphology in the OFC, a region with functional roles in processes relevant to depressive symptoms (i.e., reward-based learning and reward processing), is associated with early depressive symptoms prior to the development of clinically significant depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R J Vandermeer
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ola Mohamed Ali
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Andrew R Daoust
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Marc F Joanisse
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Hayden
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 3190, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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6
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Sandstrom A, Daoust AR, Russell E, Koren G, Hayden EP. Hair cortisol concentrations predict change in girls’ depressive symptoms. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2020.1774359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sandstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew R. Daoust
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Evan Russell
- Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gideon Koren
- Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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7
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Wadsworth ME, Broderick AV, Loughlin-Presnal JE, Bendezu JJ, Joos CM, Ahlkvist JA, Perzow SED, McDonald A. Co-activation of SAM and HPA responses to acute stress: A review of the literature and test of differential associations with preadolescents' internalizing and externalizing. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:1079-1093. [PMID: 31102264 PMCID: PMC6823107 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding co-activation patterns of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and sympathetic adrenal medullary (SAM) during early adolescence may illuminate risk for development of internalizing and externalizing problems. The present study advances empirical work on the topic by examining SAM-HPA co-activation during both the reactivity and recovery phases of the stress response following acute stress exposure. Fourth and fifth grade boys and girls (N = 149) provided cortisol and alpha-amylase via saliva at seven times throughout a 95-min assessment in which they were administered the modified Trier Social Stress Test. Parents reported on adolescents' life stress, pubertal development, medication use, and externalizing problems. Adolescents reported their own internalizing symptoms. Multiple linear regressions tested both direct and interactive effects of SAM and HPA reactivity and recovery on internalizing and externalizing problems. Results from these analyses showed that whereas SAM and HPA reactivity interacted to predict internalizing symptoms, it was their interaction during the recovery phase that predicted externalizing. Concurrent high SAM and HPA reactivity scores predicted high levels of internalizing and concurrently low SAM and HPA recovery scores predicted high levels of externalizing. Implications of the findings for further study and clinical application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason J Bendezu
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Celina M Joos
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jarl A Ahlkvist
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah E D Perzow
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashley McDonald
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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8
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Lim J, Kweon K, Kim HW, Cho SW, Park J, Sim CS. Negative impact of noise and noise sensitivity on mental health in childhood. Noise Health 2019; 20:199-211. [PMID: 30516173 PMCID: PMC6301087 DOI: 10.4103/nah.nah_9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Noise and noise sensitivity have negative effects on mental health and are not well-studied in children and adolescents. In this study, we investigated these effects in the aforementioned population with respect to sociodemographic variables and environmental factors. Materials and Methods: In this population-based study conducted in two large cities in South Korea, 918 elementary and middle-school students were included. After direct measurements at the selected sites, a noise map was created using an interpolation method. The road traffic noise of the participants’ residential areas was calculated based on this noise map. Noise sensitivity was assessed on an 11-point Likert scale. Using multivariate logistic regression, we investigated the relationship among noise, noise sensitivity, and the Child Behavior Checklist. Further analyses were performed subdividing the data according to household income levels. Results: Noise sensitivity was significantly associated with internalizing, externalizing, and total behavioral problems. Noise was positively associated with total behavioral problems. In the low-income group, the degree of association with problem behaviors was higher, whereas the relationship between noise sensitivity and externalization problems disappeared in the high-income group. Conclusion: Noise and noise sensitivity are negatively associated with the mental health of children and adolescents, particularly in low-income groups. The findings of this study suggest that noise sensitivity and socioeconomic status should be considered in coping with negative effects of noise in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseok Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Kukju Kweon
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hyo-Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Chang Sun Sim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Golub Y, Kuitunen-Paul S, Panaseth K, Stonawski V, Frey S, Steigleder R, Grimm J, Goecke TW, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Kornhuber J, Kratz O, Heinrich H, Moll GH, Eichler A. Salivary and hair cortisol as biomarkers of emotional and behavioral symptoms in 6-9 year old children. Physiol Behav 2019; 209:112584. [PMID: 31228497 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to investigate the association of salivary and cumulative cortisol levels with emotional and behavioral symptoms in a Franconian Cognition and Emotion Studies (FRANCES) general population cohort of 158 6- to 9 year old children. Salivary cortisol values were measured by one-day diurnal cortisol profile, whereas cumulative cortisol was estimated via one-month hair cortisol concentrations (rHCC). Nearly all significant associations of clinical symptoms with child cortisol indices were age dependent: We report emotional symptoms being associated with lower rHCC in younger children (6.06-7.54 years). In older children (7.55-9.41 years) behavioral problems were further associated with higher rHCC and lower salivary cortisol awakening responses. In summary, child clinical symptoms were stronger associated with markers of hair cortisol compared to salivary cortisol. To picture developmental mechanisms, we suggest longitudinal designs for cortisol measures of stress systems in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Golub
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; University Hospital Dresden, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sören Kuitunen-Paul
- University Hospital Dresden, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Panaseth
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Valeska Stonawski
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Frey
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Ruth Steigleder
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Grimm
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tamme W Goecke
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universitätsstraße 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Perinatal Medicine and Obstetrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Peter A Fasching
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universitätsstraße 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universitätsstraße 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Kratz
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Heinrich
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; kbo-Heckscher-Klinikum, Deisenhofener Str. 28, 81539 München, Germany.
| | - Gunter H Moll
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Anna Eichler
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Schwabachanlage 6 & 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Mohamed Ali O, Vandermeer MRJ, Sheikh HI, Joanisse MF, Hayden EP. Girls' internalizing symptoms and white matter tracts in Cortico-Limbic circuitry. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 21:101650. [PMID: 30611742 PMCID: PMC6412069 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction in cortico-limbic circuitry is implicated in internalizing disorders (i.e., depressive and anxious disorders), but less is known about whether structural variations precede frank disorder and thus potentially mark risk. We therefore examined associations between white matter (WM) tract microstructure in cortico-limbic circuitry at age 7 and concurrent and longitudinal patterns of internalizing symptoms in 42 typically developing girls using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Girls' internalizing symptoms were concurrently associated with reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in segments of the cingulum bundle (CB) and the uncinate fasciculus (UF), bilaterally. Moreover, latent profile analysis showed that girls with increasing internalizing symptoms, based on assessments at ages 3, 6, 7, and 8, had reduced FA in these segments compared to girls with stably low symptoms. These results point to a putative neural mechanism underlying the course of childhood internalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Mohamed Ali
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Matthew R J Vandermeer
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Haroon I Sheikh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Marc F Joanisse
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P Hayden
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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11
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Kryski KR, Olino TM, Dyson MW, Durbin CE, Klein DN, Hayden EP. Associations between observed temperament in preschoolers and parent psychopathology. Personal Ment Health 2018; 12:131-144. [PMID: 29160041 PMCID: PMC5962380 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parent history of psychopathology is an established marker of children's own risk for later disorder and can therefore be used as a means of validating other risks, such as child temperament. While associations between children's temperament and parent psychopathology have been reported, few studies have used observational measures of child temperament or examined trait interactions, particularly between children's affective and regulatory traits such as effortful control (EC). In this bottom-up family study of 968 three-year-olds and their parents, we examined interactions between preschoolers' observed positive and negative affectivity (NA) and EC as predictors of a known marker of psychopathology risk: parent history of disorder. Children with lower positive affectivity had an increased probability of paternal depression history in the context of higher child NA. In addition, children with lower EC and higher NA had an increased probability of maternal anxiety. Findings shed new light on the main effects and interactions that account for associations between child temperament and parent history of disorder, one of the best-established markers of an individual's own risk for future disorder, implicating reactive and regulatory traits that merit special consideration in future longitudinal work. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Kryski
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret W Dyson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C Emily Durbin
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Daniel N Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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12
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Lu Q, Pan F, Ren L, Xiao J, Tao F. Sex differences in the association between internalizing symptoms and hair cortisol level among 10-12 year-old adolescents in China. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29522544 PMCID: PMC5844552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have described the relationship between HPA axis dysregulation and internalizing symptoms among adolescents, research using hair cortisol concentrations in pre- and young adolescent samples has not been reported. We investigated the association of self-reported internalizing symptoms with cortisol concertration in hair among pre- and young adolescents aged 10–12 years. Forty-six boys and 39 girls supplied a hair sample of at least 3 cm in length for an analysis of this period (3 months) cortisol excretion. Saliva cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) also was assessed. The study found a positive association between ratings of depressive symptoms and cumulative levels of hair cortisol only in boys. Furthermore, higher ratings of anxiety symptoms were associated with lower hair cortisol concertration and lower saliva cortisol reactivity among girls. This study provides the first evidence for the notion that depressive symptoms in boys are associated with long-term cortisol concertration in hair, whereas anxiety symptoms in girls are associated with HPA-axis hypoactivity, when hair cortisol concentrations and saliva cortisol reactivity to acute stress are assessed concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Lu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fada Pan
- Colleage of education science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingling Ren
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In adults, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity shows sexual dimorphism, and this is thought to be a mechanism underlying sex-specific disease incidence. Evidence is scarce on whether these sex differences are also present in childhood. In a meta-analysis, we recently found that basal (non-stimulated) cortisol in saliva and free cortisol in 24-h urine follow sex-specific patterns. We explored whether these findings could be extended with sex differences in HPA axis reactivity. METHODS From inception to January 2016, PubMed and EMBASE.com were searched for studies that assessed HPA axis reactivity in healthy girls and boys aged ≤18 years. Articles were systematically assessed and reported in the categories: (1) diurnal rhythm, (2) cortisol awakening response (CAR), (3) protocolled social stress tests similar or equal to the Trier Social Stress Test for children (TSST-C), (4) pharmacological (ACTH and CRH) stress tests, and (5) miscellaneous stress tests. RESULTS Two independent assessors selected 109 out of 6158 records for full-text screening, of which 81 studies (with a total of 14,591 subjects) were included. Studies showed that girls had a tendency towards a more variable diurnal rhythm (12 out of 29 studies), a higher CAR (8 out of 18 studies), and a stronger cortisol response to social stress tests (9 out of 21 studies). We found no evidence for sex differences in cortisol response after a pharmacological challenge or to miscellaneous stress tests. DISCUSSION Sex differences in HPA axis reactivity appear to be present in childhood, although evidence is not unequivocal. For a better evaluation of sex differences in HPA axis reactivity, standardization of protocols and reports of stress tests is warranted.
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Abstract
This article reviews recent empirical literature on the prevalence, correlates, assessment, and treatment of preschool-onset internalizing disorders. Major advances in the acceptance and recognition of both preschool-onset depression and anxiety have occurred over the past decade. This work has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of genetic, neural, and physiologic indicators, which further validate these constellations of symptoms in young children. Despite this growth in research, much work still needs to be done to further elucidate the cause, risk, treatment, and protective factors for preschool-onset internalizing disorders.
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The interaction between parenting and children's cortisol reactivity at age 3 predicts increases in children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms at age 6. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1319-1331. [PMID: 28290253 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of stress reactivity in the emergence of psychopathology across early childhood. In this longitudinal study, we tested the hypothesis that child cortisol reactivity at age 3 moderates associations between early parenting and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms from age 3 to age 6. One hundred and sixty children were assessed at age 3, and 135 children were reassessed at age 6. At age 3, we exposed children to stress-inducing laboratory tasks, during which we obtained four salivary cortisol samples, and parental hostility was assessed using an observational parent-child interaction task. At ages 3 and 6, child psychiatric symptoms were assessed using a clinical interview with parents. The results indicated that the combination of high child cortisol reactivity and high observed parental hostility at age 3 was associated with greater concurrent externalizing symptoms at age 3 and predicted increases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms from age 3 to age 6. Findings highlight that increased stress reactivity, within the context of hostile parenting, plays a role in the emergence of psychopathology from preschool to school entry.
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Garratt EA, Chandola T, Purdam K, Wood AM. Income and Social Rank Influence UK Children's Behavioral Problems: A Longitudinal Analysis. Child Dev 2016; 88:1302-1320. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leppert KA, Kushner M, Smith VC, Lemay EP, Dougherty LR. Children's cortisol responses to a social evaluative laboratory stressor from early to middle childhood. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 58:1019-1033. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Leppert
- Department of Psychology; University of Maryland College Park; College Park Maryland
| | - Marissa Kushner
- Department of Psychology; University of Maryland College Park; College Park Maryland
| | - Victoria C. Smith
- Department of Psychology; University of Maryland College Park; College Park Maryland
| | - Edward P. Lemay
- Department of Psychology; University of Maryland College Park; College Park Maryland
| | - Lea R. Dougherty
- Department of Psychology; University of Maryland College Park; College Park Maryland
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Hankin BL. Depression from childhood through adolescence: Risk mechanisms across multiple systems and levels of analysis. Curr Opin Psychol 2015; 4:13-20. [PMID: 25692174 PMCID: PMC4327904 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper selectively reviews recent research, especially in the last two years (2012-2014) in preschool, child, and adolescent depression. In particular, attention is paid to developmental epidemiology as well as risk factors and processes that contribute to depression trajectories over time. Emphasis is placed on a developmental psychopathology perspective in which risks are instantiated across multiple systems and levels of analysis, including genetics, stress contexts and processes, biological stress mechanisms, temperament, emotion, reward, cognitive factors and processes, and interpersonal influences. These risks dynamically transact over time, as they emerge and stabilize into relatively trait-like vulnerabilities that confer risk for the increasing rates of depression observed in adolescence. Overall, this summary illustrates that considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the complex developmental processes contributing to depression. Finally, a few gaps are highlighted as opportunities for future research.
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Ouellette SJ, Russell E, Kryski KR, Sheikh HI, Singh SM, Koren G, Hayden EP. Hair cortisol concentrations in higher- and lower-stress mother-daughter dyads: A pilot study of associations and moderators. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 57:519-34. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan Russell
- University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | | | | | | | - Gideon Koren
- University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
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20
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Christian LM, Galley JD, Hade EM, Schoppe-Sullivan S, Kamp Dush C, Bailey MT. Gut microbiome composition is associated with temperament during early childhood. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:118-27. [PMID: 25449582 PMCID: PMC4342262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the dynamics of the gut-brain axis has clinical implications for physical and mental health conditions, including obesity and anxiety. As such disorders have early life antecedents, it is of value to determine if associations between the gut microbiome and behavior are present in early life in humans. METHODS We used next generation pyrosequencing to examine associations between the community structure of the gut microbiome and maternal ratings of child temperament in 77 children at 18-27months of age. It was hypothesized that children would differ in their gut microbial structure, as indicated by measures of alpha and beta diversity, based on their temperamental characteristics. RESULTS Among both boys and girls, greater Surgency/Extraversion was associated greater phylogenetic diversity. In addition, among boys only, subscales loading on this composite scale were associated with differences in phylogenetic diversity, the Shannon Diversity index (SDI), beta diversity, and differences in abundances of Dialister, Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Parabacteroides. In girls only, higher Effortful Control was associated with a lower SDI score and differences in both beta diversity and Rikenellaceae were observed in relation to Fear. Some differences in dietary patterns were observed in relation to temperament, but these did not account for the observed differences in the microbiome. CONCLUSIONS Differences in gut microbiome composition, including alpha diversity, beta diversity, and abundances of specific bacterial species, were observed in association with temperament in toddlers. This study was cross-sectional and observational and, therefore, does not permit determination of the causal direction of effects. However, if bidirectional brain-gut relationships are present in humans in early life, this may represent an opportunity for intervention relevant to physical as well as mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Christian
- Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, United States; The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, United States; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, United States.
| | - Jeffrey D Galley
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, United States; Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Erinn M Hade
- Center for Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, United States
| | | | - Claire Kamp Dush
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Michael T Bailey
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, United States; Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, United States
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Saridjan NS, Velders FP, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. The longitudinal association of the diurnal cortisol rhythm with internalizing and externalizing problems in pre-schoolers. The Generation R Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 50:118-29. [PMID: 25202831 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating the association between diurnal cortisol rhythm and behavioural problems in young children have yielded inconsistent results. We tested the hypothesis that variations in diurnal cortisol rhythm in pre-schoolers are already related to problem behaviour early in life with a cross-sectional and longitudinal design. METHODS This study was embedded in Generation R, a population-based cohort from foetal life onwards. Parents collected saliva samples from their infant at 5 moments during 1 day. In 322 infants aged 12-20 months, we determined the diurnal cortisol rhythm by calculating the area under the curve (AUC), the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and the diurnal slope. Problem behaviour was assessed at ages 1.5 and 3 years with the Child Behavior Checklist/1.5-5 years. RESULTS No cross-sectional associations between the cortisol composite measures and problem behaviour were found at 1.5 years. However, cortisol predicted change in internalizing problems as assessed from 1.5 to 3 years, but not change in externalizing problems. Children with higher AUC levels, flatter slopes and a more positive CAR at baseline were more likely to score higher on the Internalizing Problems scale (β per nmol/L AUC: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.00; 0.17, p=0.04; β per nmol/L/h slope: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.17; 0.98, p=0.006; β per nmol/L CAR: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01; 0.08, p=0.02) at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Variations in diurnal cortisol rhythm are associated with change in internalizing problems in pre-schoolers. The results suggest that variations in diurnal cortisol patterns early in life precede internalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie S Saridjan
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur P Velders
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sheikh HI, Joanisse MF, Mackrell SM, Kryski KR, Smith HJ, Singh SM, Hayden EP. Links between white matter microstructure and cortisol reactivity to stress in early childhood: evidence for moderation by parenting. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 6:77-85. [PMID: 25379418 PMCID: PMC4215465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (measured via cortisol reactivity) may be a biological marker of risk for depression and anxiety, possibly even early in development. However, the structural neural correlates of early cortisol reactivity are not well known, although these would potentially inform broader models of mechanisms of risk, especially if the early environment further shapes these relationships. Therefore, we examined links between white matter architecture and young girls' cortisol reactivity and whether early caregiving moderated these links. We recruited 45 6-year-old girls based on whether they had previously shown high or low cortisol reactivity to a stress task at age 3. White matter integrity was assessed by calculating fractional anisotropy (FA) of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. Parenting styles were measured via a standardized parent–child interaction task. Significant associations were found between FA in white matter regions adjacent to the left thalamus, the right anterior cingulate cortex, and the right superior frontal gyrus (all ps < .001). Further, positive early caregiving moderated the effect of high cortisol reactivity on white matter FA (all ps ≤ .05), with high stress reactive girls who received greater parent positive affect showing white matter structure more similar to that of low stress reactive girls. Results show associations between white matter integrity of various limbic regions of the brain and early cortisol reactivity to stress and provide preliminary support for the notion that parenting may moderate associations. We examined neural correlates of cortisol reactivity to stress in young girls. DTI was performed in young girls to examine white matter fractional anisotropy (FA). Lower FA was linked to high cortisol reactivity to stress. Differences in neuronal fiber projections were linked to cortisol reactivity. Parenting style buffered the effect of high cortisol reactivity on white matter FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon I Sheikh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Marc F Joanisse
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Sarah M Mackrell
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Katie R Kryski
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Heather J Smith
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shiva M Singh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P Hayden
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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