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Jia L, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Han H, Zhao H, Yu Y, Yang J, Dong H. Proteomic Analysis of Fractionated Eimeria tenella Sporulated Oocysts Reveals Involvement in Oocyst Wall Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17051. [PMID: 38069374 PMCID: PMC10707475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is the most pathogenic intracellular protozoan parasite of the Eimeria species. Eimeria oocyst wall biogenesis appears to play a central role in oocyst transmission. Proteome profiling offers insights into the mechanisms governing the molecular basis of oocyst wall formation and identifies targets for blocking parasite transmission. Tandem mass tags (TMT)-labeled quantitative proteomics was used to analyze the oocyst wall and sporocysts of E. tenella. A combined total of 2865 E. tenella proteins were identified in the oocyst wall and sporocyst fractions; among these, 401 DEPs were identified, of which 211 were upregulated and 190 were downregulated. The 211 up-regulated DEPs were involved in various biological processes, including DNA replication, fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and propanoate metabolism. Among these proteins, several are of interest for their likely role in oocyst wall formation, including two tyrosine-rich gametocyte proteins (EtGAM56, EtSWP1) and two cysteine-rich proteins (EtOWP2, EtOWP6). Concurrently, 96 uncharacterized proteins may also participate in oocyst wall formation. The present study significantly expands our knowledge of the proteome of the oocyst wall of E. tenella, thereby providing a theoretical basis for further understanding of the biosynthesis and resilience of the E. tenella oocyst wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, China; (L.J.); (Q.Z.); (S.Z.); (H.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.)
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Ranasinghe S, Armson A, Lymbery AJ, Zahedi A, Ash A. Medicinal plants as a source of antiparasitics: an overview of experimental studies. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:535-553. [PMID: 36805662 PMCID: PMC10392325 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2179454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in modern human and veterinary medicine, gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections remain a significant health issue worldwide, mainly in developing countries. Increasing evidence of the multi-drug resistance of these parasites and the side effects of currently available synthetic drugs have led to increased research on alternative medicines to treat parasitic infections. The exploration of potential botanical antiparasitics, which are inexpensive and abundant, may be a promising alternative in this context. This study summarizes the in vitro/in vivo antiparasitic efficacy of different medicinal plants and their components against GI parasites. Published literature from 1990-2020 was retrieved from Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus. A total of 68 plant species belonging to 32 families have been evaluated as antiparasitic agents against GI parasites worldwide. The majority of studies (70%) were conducted in vitro. Most plants were from the Fabaceae family (53%, n = 18). Methanol (37%, n = 35) was the most used solvent. Leaf (22%, n = 16) was the most used plant part, followed by seed and rhizome (each 12%, n = 9). These studies suggest that herbal medicines hold a great scope for new drug discoveries against parasitic diseases and that the derivatives of these plants are useful structures for drug synthesis and bioactivity optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandamalie Ranasinghe
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Armson
- Exercise Science and Chiropractic, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan J. Lymbery
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Ash
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Chen L, Tang X, Sun P, Hu D, Zhang Y, Wang C, Chen J, Liu J, Gao Y, Hao Z, Zhang N, Chen W, Xie F, Suo X, Liu X. Comparative transcriptome profiling of Eimeria tenella in various developmental stages and functional analysis of an ApiAP2 transcription factor exclusively expressed during sporogony. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:241. [PMID: 37468981 PMCID: PMC10354945 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apicomplexan parasites Eimeria spp. are the causative agents of coccidiosis, a disease with a significant global impact on the poultry industry. The complex life cycle of Eimeria spp. involves exogenous (sporogony) and endogenous (schizogony and gametogony) stages. Unfortunately, the genetic regulation of these highly dynamic processes, particularly for genes involved in specific developmental phases, is not well understood. METHODS In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis to identify expressed genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at seven time points representing different developmental stages of Eimeria tenella. We then performed K-means clustering along with co-expression analysis to identify functionally enriched gene clusters. Additionally, we predicted apicomplexan AP2 transcription factors in E. tenella using bioinformatics methods. Finally, we generated overexpression and knockout strains of ETH2_0411800 to observe its impact on E. tenella development. RESULTS In total, we identified 7329 genes that are expressed during various developmental stages, with 3342 genes exhibiting differential expression during development. Using K-means clustering along with co-expression analysis, we identified clusters functionally enriched for oocyte meiosis, cell cycle, and signaling pathway. Among the 53 predicted ApiAP2 transcription factors, ETH2_0411800 was found to be exclusively expressed during sporogony. The ETH2_0411800 overexpression and knockout strains did not exhibit significant differences in oocyst size or output compared to the parental strain, while the resulting ETH2_0411800 knockout parasite showed a relatively small oocyst output. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our research suggest that ETH2_0411800 is not essential for the growth and development of E. tenella. Our study provides insights into the gene expression dynamics and is a valuable resource for exploring the roles of transcription factor genes in regulating the development of Eimeria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of MARA, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Dandan Hu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyue Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenkai Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fujie Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Machuve D, Nwankwo E, Mduma N, Mbelwa J. Poultry diseases diagnostics models using deep learning. Front Artif Intell 2022; 5:733345. [PMID: 35978651 PMCID: PMC9376463 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2022.733345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis, Salmonella, and Newcastle are the common poultry diseases that curtail poultry production if they are not detected early. In Tanzania, these diseases are not detected early due to limited access to agricultural support services by poultry farmers. Deep learning techniques have the potential for early diagnosis of these poultry diseases. In this study, a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was developed to diagnose poultry diseases by classifying healthy and unhealthy fecal images. Unhealthy fecal images may be symptomatic of Coccidiosis, Salmonella, and Newcastle diseases. We collected 1,255 laboratory-labeled fecal images and fecal samples used in Polymerase Chain Reaction diagnostics to annotate the laboratory-labeled fecal images. We took 6,812 poultry fecal photos using an Open Data Kit. Agricultural support experts annotated the farm-labeled fecal images. Then we used a baseline CNN model, VGG16, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, and Xception models. We trained models using farm and laboratory-labeled fecal images and then fine-tuned them. The test set used farm-labeled images. The test accuracies results without fine-tuning were 83.06% for the baseline CNN, 85.85% for VGG16, 94.79% for InceptionV3, 87.46% for MobileNetV2, and 88.27% for Xception. Finetuning while freezing the batch normalization layer improved model accuracies, resulting in 95.01% for VGG16, 95.45% for InceptionV3, 98.02% for MobileNetV2, and 98.24% for Xception, with F1 scores for all classifiers above 75% in all four classes. Given the lighter weight of the trained MobileNetV2 and its better ability to generalize, we recommend deploying this model for the early detection of poultry diseases at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Machuve
- Department of IT Systems Development and Management, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- *Correspondence: Dina Machuve
| | - Ezinne Nwankwo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Neema Mduma
- Department of IT Systems Development and Management, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jimmy Mbelwa
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Coccidiosis: Recent Progress in Host Immunity and Alternatives to Antibiotic Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020215. [PMID: 35214673 PMCID: PMC8879868 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an avian intestinal disease caused by several distinct species of Eimeria parasites that damage the host’s intestinal system, resulting in poor nutrition absorption, reduced growth, and often death. Increasing evidence from recent studies indicates that immune-based strategies such as the use of recombinant vaccines and various dietary immunomodulating feed additives can improve host defense against intracellular parasitism and reduce intestinal damage due to inflammatory responses induced by parasites. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between the host immune system, gut microbiota, enteroendocrine system, and parasites that contribute to the outcome of coccidiosis is necessary to develop logical strategies to control coccidiosis in the post-antibiotic era. Most important for vaccine development is the need to understand the protective role of the local intestinal immune response and the identification of various effector molecules which mediate anti-coccidial activity against intracellular parasites. This review summarizes the current understanding of the host immune response to coccidiosis in poultry and discusses various non-antibiotic strategies which are being developed for coccidiosis control. A better understanding of the basic immunobiology of pertinent host–parasite interactions in avian coccidiosis will facilitate the development of effective anti-Eimeria strategies to mitigate the negative effects of coccidiosis.
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Huang J, Chen S, Zhou Z, Sun X, Haseeb M, Lakho SA, Zhang Y, Liu J, Shah MAA, Song X, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) delivery system improve the protective efficacy of recombinant antigen TA4 against Eimeria tenella infection. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101083. [PMID: 33799117 PMCID: PMC8044688 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is a protozoan parasite endemic in chickens and is one of the causative agents of avian coccidiosis. The aim of this research was to determine if poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles carrying recombinant TA4 protein of E. tenella (rEtTA4) could improve the level of protective immunity against E. tenella challenge. Recombinant TA4 protein was expressed and purified. Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) loaded with rEtTA4 (PLGA-rEtTA4) nanoparticles was prepared and was delivered to 2-week-old layer chickens via intramuscular inoculation. Chickens injected with PBS and PLGA nanoparticles were served as control groups. The rEtTA4 and PLGA-rEtTA4 nanoparticles induced changes of serum cytokines, IgY levels, and T lymphocytes subpopulation, and the protective efficacy against E. tenella challenge was evaluated. Results showed that both rEtTA4 and PLGA-rEtTA4 vaccination groups induced significantly higher levels of specific EtTA4 IgY antibody and IL-17 and higher proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes. However, no significant differences were observed in the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes compared with the PBS control. Chickens immunized with rEtTA4 and PLGA-rEtTA4 prominently increased the BW gains and decreased oocyst output compared with chickens immunized with PBS and PLGA after oral challenge with E. tenella. Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) encapsulated rEtTA4 nanoparticles–immunized chickens significantly induced higher levels of interferon gamma, IL-6, and IL-17 and a little bit higher proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes compared with rEtTA4 subunit vaccine–immunized chickens. Thus, PLGA encapsulated rEtTA4 nanoparticles appeared to have great potential to enhance the immune response and improved the protective efficacy against E. tenella infection. Our results provided available protective subunit vaccine rEtTA4 and PLGA loaded with rEtTA4 nanoparticles against coccidiosis and suggested that PLGA nanoparticles could be an effective adjuvant to enhance the protective efficacy of rEtTA4 subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Siying Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zhouyang Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Lakho
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jiabin Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Ali A Shah
- Departure of Parasitology and Microbiology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
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Cha JO, Shim KS, Lee HW, Kim HC. Statistical Prediction of the Peak Point (Time) Required for Release of Maximum Number of Sporocysts after Eimeria Tenella Oocyst Excystation. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JO Cha
- Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - KS Shim
- Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea; Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - HW Lee
- Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - HC Kim
- Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
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Zhiqiang Y, Lizhi F, Wengui F, Hua Z, Hongmei T, Shaoqin Z, Chunlin C. Influence of Qingchang Oral Liquid on Second Generation Merozoite of the Chicken Eimeria tenella. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhiqiang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, China
| | - F Lizhi
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, China
| | - F Wengui
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, China
| | - Z Hua
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, China
| | - T Hongmei
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, China
| | - Z Shaoqin
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, China
| | - C Chunlin
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, China
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Lu M, Li RW, Zhao H, Yan X, Lillehoj HS, Sun Z, Oh S, Wang Y, Li C. Effects of Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens infections on cecal microbial composition and the possible correlation with body weight gain in broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:142-149. [PMID: 32575030 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the voluntary and regulatory withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from animal feed, coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) emerge as the top two enteric poultry infectious diseases responsible for major economic loss worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the cecal microbiota compositions with the growth trait after coccidiosis and NE. In this study, the effects of Eimeria maxima and/or Clostridium perfringens infections on the microbial composition and potential correlation with the body weight gain were investigated in broiler chickens using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. E. maxima and C. perfringens coinfection successfully induced NE with its typical gut lesions and significant reductions in the percentage of relative body weight gain (RBWG%). The NE challenge model did not affect cecal microbial diversity, but influenced the cecal microbial composition. KEGG enzymes in microbiota were significantly altered in abundance following dual infections. Furthermore, significant correlations between cecal microbiota modules and RBWG% were identified in the sham control, E. maxima or C. perfringens infected groups. Understanding of host-microbiota interaction in NE would enhance the development of antibiotics-independent strategies to reduce the harmful effect of NE on the gut microbiota structure, and improve the gut health and poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Robert W Li
- Animal Genomics & Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xianghe Yan
- Environment Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Zhifeng Sun
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - SungTak Oh
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Yueying Wang
- Animal Genomics & Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA; College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA.
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10
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Towards Innovative Design and Application of Recombinant Eimeria as a Vaccine Vector. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00861-19. [PMID: 32094255 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00861-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of antigenic cargo to trigger protective immune responses is critical to the success of vaccination. Genetically engineered microorganisms, including virus, bacteria, and protozoa, can be modified to carry and deliver heterologous antigens to the host immune system. The biological vectors can induce a broad range of immune responses and enhance heterologous antigen-specific immunological outcomes. The protozoan genus Eimeria is widespread in domestic animals, causing serious coccidiosis. Eimeria parasites with strong immunogenicity are potent coccidiosis vaccine candidates and offer a valuable model of live vaccines against infectious diseases in animals. Eimeria parasites can also function as a vaccine vector. Herein, we review recent advances in design and application of recombinant Eimeria as a vaccine vector, which has been a topic of ongoing research in our laboratory. By recapitulating the establishment of an Eimeria transfection platform and its application, it will help lay the foundation for the future development of effective parasite-based vaccine delivery vectors and beyond.
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Fan XC, Liu TL, Wang Y, Wu XM, Wang YX, Lai P, Song JK, Zhao GH. Genome-wide analysis of differentially expressed profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs in chickens during Eimeria necatrix infection. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:167. [PMID: 32245514 PMCID: PMC7118956 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eimeria necatrix, the most highly pathogenic coccidian in chicken small intestines, can cause high morbidity and mortality in susceptible birds and devastating economic losses in poultry production, but the underlying molecular mechanisms in interaction between chicken and E. necatrix are not entirely revealed. Accumulating evidence shows that the long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are key regulators in various infectious diseases. However, the expression profiles and roles of these two non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) during E. necatrix infection are still unclear. METHODS The expression profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs in mid-segments of chicken small intestines at 108 h post-infection (pi) with E. necatrix were analyzed by using the RNA-seq technique. RESULTS After strict filtering of raw data, we putatively identified 49,183 mRNAs, 818 lncRNAs and 4153 circRNAs. The obtained lncRNAs were classified into four types, including 228 (27.87%) intergenic, 67 (8.19%) intronic, 166 (20.29%) anti-sense and 357 (43.64%) sense-overlapping lncRNAs; of these, 571 were found to be novel. Five types were also predicted for putative circRNAs, including 180 exonic, 54 intronic, 113 antisense, 109 intergenic and 3697 sense-overlapping circRNAs. Eimeria necatrix infection significantly altered the expression of 1543 mRNAs (707 upregulated and 836 downregulated), 95 lncRNAs (49 upregulated and 46 downregulated) and 13 circRNAs (9 upregulated and 4 downregulated). Target predictions revealed that 38 aberrantly expressed lncRNAs would cis-regulate 73 mRNAs, and 1453 mRNAs could be trans-regulated by 87 differentially regulated lncRNAs. Additionally, 109 potential sponging miRNAs were also identified for 9 circRNAs. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of target mRNAs for lncRNAs, and sponging miRNA targets and source genes for circRNAs identified associations of both lncRNAs and circRNAs with host immune defense and pathogenesis during E. necatrix infection. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, the present study provides the first genome-wide analysis of mRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs in chicken small intestines infected with E. necatrix. The obtained data will offer novel clues for exploring the interaction mechanisms between chickens and Eimeria spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Cheng Fan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.,Center of Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Huyi District, Xi'an, 710300, China
| | - Ting-Li Liu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xue-Mei Wu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yu-Xin Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Peng Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jun-Ke Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Aguanta BN, Fuller AL, Milfort MC, Williams SM, Rekaya R, Aggrey SE. Histologic Effects of Concurrent Heat Stress and Coccidial Infection on the Lymphoid Tissues of Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2019; 62:345-350. [PMID: 31119917 DOI: 10.1637/11907-052818-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the histologic effects of two stressors (heat and coccidial infection) alone or in combination on bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen in broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty Cobb500 male chicks at 14 days of age were randomly assigned to two treatments in a 2×2 factorial design, with 15 replicates per treatment and eight birds per replicate. The treatment factors were temperature (25 and 35 C) and a mixed culture of 2.5 × 105 sporulated Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima oocysts (infection or no infection). Histologic lesion severity was scored in these tissues at different ages. At 21 and 28 days of age, bursal and thymic tissues from birds raised at 35 C exhibited significant increases in lymphoid depletion severity compared with those raised at 25 C. No significant differences were detected in the lymphoid depletion severity of birds infected with Eimeria when compared with uninfected birds. These results indicate that continuous exposure to heat stress-inducing temperatures results in lymphoid depletion of the bursa and thymus in broiler chickens, a potential histologic marker for the immunologic changes known to arise as a result of heat stress. Bursal and thymic atrophy are thought to contribute to immunologic changes that underlie the negative effects of heat stress on poultry production characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan N Aguanta
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Alberta L Fuller
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Marie C Milfort
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Susan M Williams
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Romdhane Rekaya
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,
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Zhao Z, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Huang B, Lv L, Chen T, Yan M, Han H, Dong H. iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of cells infected with Eimeria tenella sporozoites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:7. [PMID: 30789155 PMCID: PMC6383524 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasite that actively invades cecal epithelial cells of chickens. When E. tenella infects a host cell, the host produces a corresponding change to deal with damage caused by this infection. To date, our knowledge on the mechanism of how the host cell responds to E. tenella infection is highly limited at both the molecular and cellular levels. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with LC-MS/MS was used to screen the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in BHK-21 cells infected with E. tenella sporozoites for 24 h post infection. In total, 6139 non-redundant distinct proteins were identified and 195 of these were found to have a fold change ratio ≥1.3 or ≤0.7 and p < 0.05, including 151 up-regulated proteins and 44 down-regulated proteins. The reliability of the proteomic data was further validated with qPCR and western blot. Gene Ontology enrichment indicated that the up-regulated DEPs were mainly involved in binding and catalytic activity, whereas the down-regulated DEPs were catalytic activity and molecular function regulators. Furthermore, KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEPs participated in the PI3K-Akt, chemokine, Ras, Wnt, and p53 signaling pathways and so on, and the up-regulated and down-regulated DEPs mainly related to the ribosome and mRNA surveillance pathway, respectively. The data in this study provide an important basis to further analyze E. tenella host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Ling Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Ming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai 200241, PR China
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Araujo RGAC, Polycarpo GV, Barbieri A, Silva KM, Ventura G, Polycarpo VCC. Performance And Economic Viability Of Broiler Chickens Fed With Probiotic And Organic Acids In An Attempt To Replace Growth-Promoting Antibiotics. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - KM Silva
- University Estadual Paulista, Brazil
| | - G Ventura
- University Estadual Paulista, Brazil
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Liu T, Huang J, Li Y, Ehsan M, Wang S, Zhou Z, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Molecular characterisation and the protective immunity evaluation of Eimeria maxima surface antigen gene. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:325. [PMID: 29848353 PMCID: PMC5977735 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis is recognised as a major parasitic disease in chickens. Eimeria maxima is considered as a highly immunoprotective species within the Eimeria spp. family that infects chickens. In the present research, the surface antigen gene of E. maxima (EmSAG) was cloned, and the ability of EmSAG to stimulate protection against E. maxima was evaluated. METHODS Prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasmids expressing EmSAG were constructed. The EmSAG transcription and expression in vivo was performed based on the RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. The expression of EmSAG in sporozoites and merozoites was detected through immunofluorescence analyses. The immune protection was assessed based on challenge experiments. Flow cytometry assays were used to determine the T cell subpopulations. The serum antibody and cytokine levels were evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS The open reading frame (ORF) of EmSAG gene contained 645 bp encoding 214 amino acid residues. The immunoblot and RT-PCR analyses indicated that the EmSAG gene were transcribed and expressed in vivo. The EmSAG proteins were expressed in sporozoite and merozoite stages of E. maxima by the immunofluorescence assay. Challenge experiments showed that both pVAX1-SAG and the recombinant EmSAG (rEmSAG) proteins were successful in alleviating jejunal lesions, decreasing loss of body weight and the oocyst ratio. Additionally, these experiments possessed anticoccidial indices (ACI) of more than 170. Higher percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were detected in both EmSAG-inoculated birds than those of the negative control groups (P < 0.05). The EmSAG-specific antibody concentrations of both the rEmSAG and pVAX1-EmSAG groups were much higher than those of the negative controls (P < 0.05). Higher concentrations of IL-4, IFN-γ, TGF-β1 and IL-17 were observed more in both the rEmSAG protein and pVAX1-SAG inoculated groups than those of negative controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that EmSAG is capable of eliciting a moderate immune protection and could be used as an effective vaccine candidate against E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouyang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Liu T, Huang J, Ehsan M, Wang S, Fei H, Zhou Z, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Protective immunity against Eimeria maxima induced by vaccines of Em14-3-3 antigen. Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:79-86. [PMID: 29605008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria maxima 14-3-3 (Em14-3-3) open reading frame (ORF) which consisted of 861 bp encoding a protein of 286 amino acids was successfully amplified and sequenced. Subsequently, the Em14-3-3 ORF was subcloned into pET-32a (+) and pVAX1, respectively. RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses confirmed that the target gene was successfully transcribed and expressed in vivo. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Em14-3-3 was expressed in both the sporozoites and merozoites. The animal experiments demonstrated that both rEm14-3-3 and pVAX1-14-3-3 could clearly alleviate jejunum lesions and body weight loss. The Em14-3-3 vaccines could increase oocyst decrease ratio, as well as produce an anticoccidial index of more than 165. The percentages of CD4+ in both the Em14-3-3 immunized groups were much higher, when compared with those of PBS, pET32a (+), and pVAX1 controls (P < 0.05). Similarly, the anti-Em14-3-3 antibody titers of both rEm14-3-3 and pVAX1-14-3-3 immunized groups showed higher levels compared with those of PBS, pET32a (+), and pVAX1 controls (P < 0.05). The IFN-γ and tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels showed significant increments in the rEm14-3-3 and pVAX1-14-3-3 immunized groups, when compared with those in the negative controls (P < 0.05). These results demonstrated that Em14-3-3 could be used as a promising antigen candidate for developing vaccines against E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Jingwei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Hong Fei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhouyang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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17
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An optimized DNA extraction method for molecular identification of coccidian species. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:655-664. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ma C, Zhang L, Gao M, Ma D. Construction of Lactococcus lactis expressing secreted and anchored Eimeria tenella 3-1E protein and comparison of protective immunity against homologous challenge. Exp Parasitol 2017; 178:14-20. [PMID: 28526337 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two novel plasmids pTX8048-SP-Δ3-1E and pTX8048-SP-NAΔ3-1E-CWA were constructed. The plasmids were respectively electrotransformed into L. lactis NZ9000 to generate strain of L. lactis/pTX8048-SP-Δ3-1E in which 3-1E protein was expressed in secretion, and L. lactis/pTX8048-SP-NAΔ3-1E-CWA on which 3-1E protein was covalently anchored to the surface of bacteria cells. The expression of target proteins were examined by Western blot. The live lactococci expressing secreted 3-1E protein, anchored 3-1E protein, and cytoplasmic 3-1E protein was administered orally to chickens respectively, and the protective immunity and efficacy were compared by animal experiment. The results showed oral immunization to chickens with recombinant lactococci expressing anchored 3-1E protein elicited high 3-1E-specific serum IgG, increased high proportion of CD4+ and CD8α+ cells in spleen, alleviated average lesion score in cecum, decreased the oocyst output per chicken compared to lactococci expressing cytoplasmic or secreted 3-1E protein. Taken together, these findings indicated the surface anchored Eimeria protein displayed by L. lacits can induce protective immunity and partial protection against homologous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Ma
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, NO. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingyang Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, NO. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Dexing Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, NO. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, NO. 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China.
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19
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Wang Z, Huang B, Dong H, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Xia W, Xu S, Xie Y, Cui X, Tang M, Men Q, Yang Z, Li C, Zhu X, Han H. Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of a Novel Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 4 from Eimeria tenella. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168132. [PMID: 27977727 PMCID: PMC5158193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasite that actively invades cecal epithelial cells of chickens. The basis of cell invasion is not completely understood, but some key molecules of host cell invasion have been discovered. This paper investigated the characteristics of calcium-dependent protein kinase 4 (EtCDPK4), a critical molecule in E. tenella invasion of host cells. A full-length EtCDPK4 cDNA was identified from E. tenella using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. EtCDPK4 had an open reading frame of 1803 bp encoding a protein of 600 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting were used to explore differences in EtCDPK4 transcription and translation in four developmental stages of E. tenella. EtCDPK4 was expressed at higher levels in sporozoites, but translation was higher in second-generation merozoites. In vitro invasion inhibition assays explored whether EtCDPK4 was involved in invasion of DF-1 cells by E. tenella sporozoites. Polyclonal antibodies against recombinant EtCDPK4 (rEtCDPK4) inhibited parasite invasion, decreasing it by approximately 52%. Indirect immunofluorescence assays explored EtCDPK4 distribution during parasite development after E. tenella sporozoite invasion of DF-1 cells in vitro. The results showed that EtCDPK4 might be important in sporozoite invasion and development. To analyze EtCDPK4 functional domains according to the structural characteristics of EtCDPK4 and study the kinase activity of rEtCDPK4, an in vitro phosphorylation system was established. We verified that rEtCDPK4 was a protein kinase that was completely dependent on Ca2+ for enzyme activity. Specific inhibitors of rEtCDPK4 activity were screened by kinase activity in vitro. Some specific inhibitors were applied to assays of DF-1 cell invasion by E. tenella sporozoites to confirm that the inhibitors functioned in vitro. W-7, H-7, H-89, and myristoylated peptide inhibited DF-1 invasion by E. tenella sporozoites. The experimental results showed that EtCDPK4 may be involved in E. tenella invasion of chicken cecal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weili Xia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuaibin Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Xie
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Min Tang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qifei Men
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiyuang Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Cong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xuelong Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, PR China
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Xu ZY, Zheng MX, Zhang Y, Cui XZ, Yang SS, Liu RL, Li S, Lv QH, Zhao WL, Bai R. The effect of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore on apoptosis in Eimeria tenella host cells. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2405-13. [PMID: 27444446 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) is associated with cellular apoptosis and necrosis, its effect in host response to Eimeria infections is not well understood. In an effort to better understand the effect of MPTP on apoptosis in Eimeria tenella host cells, an MPTP inhibitor (cyclosporin A) was used to inhibit MPTP opening in vitro. Cecal epithelial cells from chick embryos, which were either treated or non-treated with cyclosporin A, were used as Eimeria tenella host cells. In addition, primary chick embryo cecum epithelial cell culture techniques and flow cytometry were used to detect the dynamic changes in MPTP opening, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and cell apoptosis rate of Eimeria tenella host cells. Compared with the control group, cytometric techniques showed that untreated host cells exhibited a significantly higher (P < 0.01) degree of MPTP opening but lower (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Moreover, untreated group cells had less apoptosis (P < 0.01) at 4 h and more apoptosis (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) at 24 to 120 h as compared with control group cells. After the application of cyclosporin A, the degree of MPTP opening in the treated group was significantly lower (P < 0.01) at 4 to 120 h compared to the untreated group, whereas the treated group had higher (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) mitochondrial transmembrane potentials at 24 to 120 h. Flow cytometry assays also showed that there was less (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) apoptosis after 24 h in the treated group than in the untreated group. Taken together, these observations indicate that MPTP is a key node that plays a predominant role in the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in the host cell induced by Eimeria tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Ming-Xue Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Sha-Sha Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Rui-Li Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Shan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Qiang-Hua Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Wen-Long Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Rui Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
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Hamzic E, Bed'Hom B, Juin H, Hawken R, Abrahamsen MS, Elsen JM, Servin B, Pinard-van der Laan MH, Demeure O. Large-scale investigation of the parameters in response to Eimeria maxima challenge in broilers. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:1830-40. [PMID: 26020204 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis, a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract caused by members of the genera Eimeria and Isospora, is one of the most common and costly diseases in chicken. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of the challenge and level of variability of measured parameters in chickens during the challenge with Eimeria maxima. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate which parameters are the most relevant indicators of the health status. Finally, the study also aimed to estimate accuracy of prediction for traits that cannot be measured on large scale (such as intestinal lesion score and fecal oocyst count) using parameters that can easily be measured on all animals. The study was performed in 2 parts: a pilot challenge on 240 animals followed by a large-scale challenge on 2,024 animals. In both experiments, animals were challenged with 50,000 Eimeria maxima oocysts at 16 d of age. In the pilot challenge, all animals were measured for BW gain, plasma coloration, hematocrit, and rectal temperature and, in addition, a subset of 48 animals was measured for oocyst count and the intestinal lesion score. All animals from the second challenge were measured for BW gain, plasma coloration, and hematocrit whereas a subset of 184 animals was measured for intestinal lesion score, fecal oocyst count, blood parameters, and plasma protein content and composition. Most of the parameters measured were significantly affected by the challenge. Lesion scores for duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.001), oocyst count (P < 0.05), plasma coloration for the optical density values between 450 and 490 nm (P < 0.001), albumin (P < 0.001), α1-globulin (P < 0.01), α2-globulin (P < 0.001), α3-globulin (P < 0.01), and β2-globulin (P < 0.001) were the most strongly affected parameters and expressed the greatest levels of variation. Plasma protein profiles proved to be a new, reliable parameter for measuring response to Eimeria maxima. Prediction of intestinal lesion score and fecal oocyst count using the other parameters measured was not very precise (R2 < 0.7). The study was successfully performed in real raising conditions on a large scale. Finally, we observed a high variability in response to the challenge, suggesting that broilers' response to Eimeria maxima has a strong genetic determinism, which may be improved by genetic selection.
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Huang J, Zhang Z, Li M, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Immune protection of microneme 7 (EmMIC7) againstEimeria maximachallenge in chickens. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:392-400. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1071780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Blake DP. Eimeria genomics: Where are we now and where are we going? Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huang J, Zhang Z, Li M, Song X, Yan R, Xu L, Li X. Eimeria maxima microneme protein 2 delivered as DNA vaccine and recombinant protein induces immunity against experimental homogenous challenge. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:408-16. [PMID: 26072304 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
E. maxima is one of the seven species of Eimeria that infects chicken. Until now, only a few antigenic genes of E. maxima have been reported. In the present study, the immune protective effects against E. maxima challenge of recombinant protein and DNA vaccine encoding EmMIC2 were evaluated. Two-week-old chickens were randomly divided into five groups. The experimental group of chickens was immunized with 100 μg DNA vaccine pVAX1-MIC2 or 200 μg rEmMIC2 protein while the control group of chickens was injected with pVAX1 plasmid or sterile PBS. The results showed that the anti-EmMIC2 antibody titers of both rEmMIC2 protein and pVAX1-MIC2 groups were significantly higher as compared to PBS and pVAX1 control (P<0.05). The splenocytes from both vaccinated groups of chickens displayed significantly greater proliferation compared with the controls (P<0.05). Serum from chickens immunized with pVAX1-MIC2 and rEmMIC2 protein displayed significantly high levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17, TGF-β and IL-4 (P<0.05) compared to those of negative controls. The challenge experiment results showed that both the recombinant protein and the DNA vaccine could obviously alleviate jejunum lesions, body weight loss, increase oocyst, decrease ratio and provide ACIs of more than 165. All the above results suggested that immunization with EmMIC2 was effective in imparting partial protection against E. maxima challenge and it could be an effective antigen candidate for the development of new vaccines against E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Menghui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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Moraes JC, França M, Sartor AA, Bellato V, de Moura AB, Magalhães MDLB, de Souza AP, Miletti LC. Prevalence ofEimeriaspp. in Broilers by Multiplex PCR in the Southern Region of Brazil on Two Hundred and Fifty Farms. Avian Dis 2015; 59:277-81. [DOI: 10.1637/10989-112014-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wu LL, Lin RQ, Sun MF, Liu LD, Duan WF, Zou SS, Yuan ZG, Weng YB. Biological characteristics of Chinese precocious strain of eimeria acervulina and its immune efficacy against different field strains. Avian Dis 2015; 58:367-72. [PMID: 25518429 DOI: 10.1637/10706-102413.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the biologic characteristics of one experimental precocious strain of Eimeria acervulina and seven field isolates from different geographic locations in China were compared, and the immune efficacy of two precocious strains against coccidiosis in chickens was assessed to explore their potential use as coccidiosis vaccines. All the different strains were purified by single oocyst separation and their monospecificity was confirmed using E acervulina-specific PCR assays. The average sizes of E. acervulina oocysts were 18.28-20.19 X 14.09-14.79 microm and the shape indexes were from 1.28 to 1.40. The prepatent periods ranged from 93 to 115 hr, except for the Heyuan precocious strain (HYP; 75 hr). Chickens infected with Huadu field strain (GHD) produced the highest oocyst output whereas HYP induced the lowest level. When inoculated with 50,000 sporulated oocysts or more, the average weight gains of infected chickens were reduced, with apparent clinical symptoms. To assess the immunogenicity of precocious strains HYP and Baoding (BDP), birds were orally immunized and challenged with seven different field strains of E. acervulina. Body weight gain, fecal oocyst output, and gut lesion scores were compared to evaluate their vaccine potential. The results showed that the average body weight gains of chickens in all the vaccinated and challenged groups were higher than those of nonvaccinated and challenged groups. In general, oocyst shedding was reduced 34.39%-95.31% and gut lesion scores decreased 31.03%-86.21% compared with unvaccinated and challenged control chickens. In summary, this study indicated that the precocious strains of E. acervulina could induce a protective immune effect with various responses against coccidiosis caused by different field strains.
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Walker RA, Sharman PA, Miller CM, Lippuner C, Okoniewski M, Eichenberger RM, Ramakrishnan C, Brossier F, Deplazes P, Hehl AB, Smith NC. RNA Seq analysis of the Eimeria tenella gametocyte transcriptome reveals clues about the molecular basis for sexual reproduction and oocyst biogenesis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:94. [PMID: 25765081 PMCID: PMC4345034 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protozoan Eimeria tenella is a common parasite of chickens, causing avian coccidiosis, a disease of on-going concern to agricultural industries. The high prevalence of E. tenella can be attributed to the resilient oocyst stage, which is transmitted between hosts in the environment. As in related Coccidia, development of the eimerian oocyst appears to be dependent on completion of the parasite’s sexual cycle. RNA Seq transcriptome profiling offers insights into the mechanisms governing the biology of E. tenella sexual stages (gametocytes) and the potential to identify targets for blocking parasite transmission. Results Comparisons between the sequenced transcriptomes of E. tenella gametocytes and two asexual developmental stages, merozoites and sporozoites, revealed upregulated gametocyte transcription of 863 genes. Many of these genes code for proteins involved in coccidian sexual biology, such as oocyst wall biosynthesis and fertilisation, and some of these were characterised in more depth. Thus, macrogametocyte-specific expression and localisation was confirmed for two proteins destined for incorporation into the oocyst wall, as well as for a subtilisin protease and an oxidoreductase. Homologues of an oocyst wall protein and oxidoreductase were found in the related coccidian, Toxoplasma gondii, and shown to be macrogametocyte-specific. In addition, a microgametocyte gamete fusion protein, EtHAP2, was discovered. Conclusions The need for novel vaccine candidates capable of controlling coccidiosis is rising and this panel of gametocyte targets represents an invaluable resource for development of future strategies to interrupt parasite transmission, not just in Eimeria but in other Coccidia, including Toxoplasma, where transmission blocking is a relatively unexplored strategy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1298-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Walker
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia. .,Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Philippa A Sharman
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
| | - Catherine M Miller
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
| | - Christoph Lippuner
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Department of Farm Animal, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Michal Okoniewski
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ramon M Eichenberger
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Chandra Ramakrishnan
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Fabien Brossier
- Apicomplexes et Immunité Mucosale, INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380, Nouzilly, France. .,Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000, Tours, France.
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Adrian B Hehl
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Nicholas C Smith
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
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Transfection of Eimeria mitis with yellow fluorescent protein as reporter and the endogenous development of the transgenic parasite. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114188. [PMID: 25490541 PMCID: PMC4260837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advancements have been made in the genetic manipulation of apicomplexan parasites. Both the in vitro transient and in vivo stable transfection of Eimeria tenella have been developed successfully. Herein, we report the transient and stable transfection of Eimeria mitis. Methods and Findings Sporozoites of E. mitis transfected with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) expression plasmid were inoculated into chickens via the cloacal route. The recovered fluorescent oocysts were sorted by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and then passaged 6 generations successively in chickens. The resulting population was analyzed by genome walking and Western blot. The endogenous development of the transgenic E. mitis was observed and its reproduction potential was tested. The stable transfection of E. mitis was developed. Genome walking confirmed the random integration of plasmid DNA into the genome; while Western blot analysis demonstrated the expression of foreign proteins. Constitutive expression of EYFP was observed in all stages of merogony, gametogony and sporogony. The peak of the transgenic oocyst output was delayed by 24 h and the total oocyst reproduction was reduced by 7-fold when compared to the parental strain. Conclusion Stable transfection of E. mitis was successfully developed. The expression of foreign antigens in the transgenic parasites will facilitate the development of transgenic E. mitis as a vaccine vector.
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Liu D, Li J, Cao L, Wang S, Han H, Wu Y, Tao J. Analysis of differentially expressed genes in two immunologically distinct strains of Eimeria maxima using suppression subtractive hybridization and dot-blot hybridization. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:259. [PMID: 24894832 PMCID: PMC4049472 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that different Eimeria maxima strains exhibit significant antigenic variation. However, the genetic basis of these phenotypes remains unclear. Methods Total RNA and mRNA were isolated from unsporulated oocysts of E. maxima strains SH and NT, which were found to have significant differences in immunogenicity in our previous research. Two subtractive cDNA libraries were constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and specific genes were further analyzed by dot-blot hybridization and qRT-PCR analysis. Results A total of 561 clones were selected from both cDNA libraries and the length of the inserted fragments was 0.25–1.0 kb. Dot-blot hybridization revealed a total of 86 differentially expressed clones (63 from strain SH and 23 from strain NT). Nucleotide sequencing analysis of these clones revealed ten specific contigs (six from strain SH and four from strain NT). Further analysis found that six contigs from strain SH and three from strain NT shared significant identities with previously reported proteins, and one contig was presumed to be novel. The specific differentially expressed genes were finally verified by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses. Conclusions The data presented here suggest that specific genes identified between the two strains may be important molecules in the immunogenicity of E. maxima that may present potential new drug targets or vaccine candidates for coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianping Tao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Key Lab of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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Ren C, Yin G, Qin M, Suo J, Lv Q, Xie L, Wang Y, Huang X, Chen Y, Liu X, Suo X. CDR3 analysis of TCR Vβ repertoire of CD8⁺ T cells from chickens infected with Eimeria maxima. Exp Parasitol 2014; 143:1-4. [PMID: 24801021 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells play a major role in the immune protection of host against the reinfection of Eimeria maxima, the most immunogenic species of eimerian parasites in chickens. To explore the dominant complementarity-determining regions 3 (CDR3) of CD8(+) T cell populations induced by the infection of this parasite, sequence analysis was performed in this study for CDR3 of CD8(+) T cells from E. maxima infected chickens. After 5 days post the third or forth infection, intraepithelial lymphocytes were isolated from the jejunum of bird. CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells were sorted and subjected to total RNA isolation and cDNA preparation. PCR amplification and cloning of the loci between Vβ1 and Cβ was conducted for the subsequent sequencing of CDR3 of T cell receptor (TCR). After the forth infection, 2 birds exhibited two same frequent TCR CDR3 sequences, i.e., AKQDWGTGGYSNMI and AGRVLNIQY; while the third bird showed two different frequent TCR CDR3 sequences, AKQGARGHTPLN and AKQDIEVRGPNTPLN. No frequent CDR3 sequence was detected from uninfected birds, though AGRVLNIQY was also found in two uninfected birds. Our result preliminarily demonstrates that frequent CDR3 sequences may exist in E. maxima immunized chickens, encouraging the mining of the immunodominant CD8(+) T cells against E. maxima infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangwen Yin
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mei Qin
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingxia Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiyao Lv
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Xie
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunzhou Wang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Dalloul RA, Lillehoj HS. Poultry coccidiosis: recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:143-63. [PMID: 16451116 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is recognized as the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan protozoan Eimeria. Coccidiosis seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of infected animals resulting in loss of productivity. Conventional disease control strategies rely heavily on chemoprophylaxis and, to a certain extent, live vaccines. Combined, these factors inflict tremendous economic losses to the world poultry industry in excess of USD 3 billion annually. Increasing regulations and bans on the use of anticoccidial drugs coupled with the associated costs in developing new drugs and live vaccines increases the need for the development of novel approaches and alternative control strategies for coccidiosis. This paper aims to review the current progress in understanding the host immune response to Eimeria and discuss current and potential strategies being developed for coccidiosis control in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Dalloul
- Animal & Natural Resources Institute, BARC-East, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Ramly NZ, Rouzheinikov SN, Sedelnikova SE, Baker PJ, Chow YP, Wan KL, Nathan S, Rice DW. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a surface antigen glycoprotein, SAG19, from Eimeria tenella. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:1380-3. [PMID: 24316835 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113029734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis in chickens is caused by the apicomplexan parasite Eimeria tenella and is thought to involve a role for a superfamily of more than 20 cysteine-rich surface antigen glycoproteins (SAGs) in host-parasite interactions. A representative member of the family, SAG19, has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized by the hanging-drop method of vapour diffusion using ammonium sulfate as the precipitant. Crystals of SAG19 diffracted to beyond 1.50 Å resolution and belonged to space group I4, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 108.2, c = 37.5 Å. Calculation of possible values of VM suggests that there is a single molecule in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Zazarina Ramly
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, England
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Ma D, Gao M, Li J, Ma C, Li G. Construction of novel cytokine by fusion of chicken IL-2 signal peptide to mature chicken IL-15 and comparison of the adjuvant effects by DNA immunization against Eimeria challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:114-20. [PMID: 24139475 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel fusion cytokine was constructed by replacing signal peptide (SP) of chicken IL-15 (ChIL-15) with SP of chicken IL-2 (ChIL-2). The fusion cytokine (NChIL-15) was cloned into the expression vector pcDNA3.1(+) to generate pcDNA-NChIL-15. An animal experiment was carried out to evaluate the adjuvant effects of NChIL-15 on DNA vaccine pcDNA-3-1E against Eimeria acervulina challenge. The mRNA profiles of ChIL-2 and ChIFN-γ in spleen were characterized by means of real-time PCR. The recombinant positive eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA-NChIL-15 were constructed successfully. The protective effects provided by co-immunization with 100 μg pcDNA-3-1E and 50 μg pcDNA-NChIL-15, measured by relative body weight gain (BWG), average lesion score in duodenum and oocyst decrease ratio, showed no significant difference with 50 μg pcDNA-ChIL-15 as an adjuvant on day 6 post infection (PI). However, chickens co-immunized with pcDNA-3-1E and pcDNA-NChIL-15 exhibited significant upregulated level of ChIL-2 and ChIFN-γ transcripts in spleen. Our original data suggests the constructed novel cytokine NChIL-15 could be a potential adjuvant used to enhance the immune protective effects, although the optimized dosage need to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexing Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Li WC, Zhang XK, Du L, Pan L, Gong PT, Li JH, Yang J, Li H, Zhang XC. Eimeria maxima: efficacy of recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing apical membrane antigen1 against homologous infection. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3825-33. [PMID: 23949244 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is one of the most important protozoan diseases and inflicts severe economic losses on the poultry industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) to deliver apical membrane antigen1 (AMA1) of Eimeria maxima to stimulate specific cellular and humoral immune responses in chickens. Day-old birds were immunized twice with rBCG/pMV261-AMA1, rBCG/pMV361-AMA1, or BCG via oral, intranasal, and subcutaneous routes and then orally challenged with homologous E. maxima sporulated oocysts. Gain of body weight, fecal oocyst output, lesion scores, serum antibody responses, numbers of splenocyte CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and gut cytokine transcript levels were assessed as measures of protective immunity. Challenge experiments demonstrated that rBCG vaccination via intranasal or subcutaneous routes could increase weight gain, decrease intestinal lesions, and reduce fecal oocyst shedding, and the subcutaneous and intranasal routes were superior to the oral route based on the immune effects. Furthermore, intranasal rBCG immunization could also lead to a significant increase in serum antibody, the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte cells, and the levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-15, and IL-10 mRNAs compared with the control group. These results suggested that intranasal rBCG immunization could induce a strong humoral and cellular response directed against homologous E. maxima infection. This study provides data for the use of rBCG to develop a prophylactic vaccine against coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
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Liu X, Zou J, Yin G, Su H, Huang X, Li J, Xie L, Cao Y, Cui Y, Suo X. Development of transgenic lines of Eimeria tenella expressing M2e-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (M2e-EYFP). Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Molecular characterization and analysis of a novel calcium-dependent protein kinase from Eimeria tenella. Parasitology 2013; 140:746-55. [PMID: 23369433 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012002107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are unique enzymes found only in plants, green algae, ciliates and apicomplexan parasites. In this study, a novel CDPK gene of Eimeria tenella, designed EtCDPK3, was cloned using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) based on the expressed sequence tag (EST). The entire cDNA of EtCDPK3 contained 1637 nucleotides encoding 433 amino acids and the deduced EtCDPK3 protein had canonical characteristic domains identified in other CDPKs, including a well-conserved amino-terminal kinase domain and a carboxy-terminal calmodulin-like structure with 4 EF-hand motifs for calcium binding. The expression profiles of the EtCDPK3 gene in different development stages were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR. Messenger RNA levels from the EtCDPK3 gene were higher in sporozoites than in other stages (unsporulated oocysts, sporulated oocysts and merozoites). Western blot analysis showed that rabbit antiserum against recombinant EtCDPK3 could recognize a native 49 kDa protein band of parasite. Indirect immunofluorescent antibody labelling revealed dispersed localization of EtCDPK3 during the first schizogony and intense specific staining. EtCDPK3 was located at the apical end of the sporozoites after early infection of DF-1 cells and the protein was highly expressed. Inhibition of EtCDPK3 function using specific antibodies reduced the ability of E. tenella to invade host cells. These results suggested that EtCDPK3 may be involved in invasion and survival of the parasite intracellular stages of E. tenella. Because this kinase family is absent from hosts, it represents a valid target that could be exploited for chemotherapy against Eimeria spp.
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Jiang L, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Han H, Dong H, Huang B. Establishment of Eimeria tenella (local isolate) in chicken embryos. Parasite 2013; 19:285-9. [PMID: 22910673 PMCID: PMC3671444 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012193285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an in vitro Eimeria (E.) tenella model could be valuable as a tool for vaccine, coccidiostats or molecular biology research. 1.0 × 10,000 sporozoites per 0.1 mL were inoculated into the allantoic cavity of ten-day-old chicken embryos. The complete life-cycle of E. tenella was accomplished in eight-nine days at 37 °C and 70% humidity. The addition of 100 U insulin to the embryos could remarkably improve the output of oocysts. The development of the parasite within the embryos was systematically observed, allowing guidelines to be set regarding the appropriate times at which different developmental stages of the parasite may be sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
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Molnár K, Ostoros G, Dunams-Morel D, Rosenthal BM. Eimeria that infect fish are diverse and are related to, but distinct from, those that infect terrestrial vertebrates. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1810-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lim LS, Tay YL, Alias H, Wan KL, Dear PH. Insights into the genome structure and copy-number variation of Eimeria tenella. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:389. [PMID: 22889016 PMCID: PMC3505466 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eimeria is a genus of parasites in the same phylum (Apicomplexa) as human parasites such as Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium and the malaria parasite Plasmodium. As an apicomplexan whose life-cycle involves a single host, Eimeria is a convenient model for understanding this group of organisms. Although the genomes of the Apicomplexa are diverse, that of Eimeria is unique in being composed of large alternating blocks of sequence with very different characteristics - an arrangement seen in no other organism. This arrangement has impeded efforts to fully sequence the genome of Eimeria, which remains the last of the major apicomplexans to be fully analyzed. In order to increase the value of the genome sequence data and aid in the effort to gain a better understanding of the Eimeria tenella genome, we constructed a whole genome map for the parasite. RESULTS A total of 1245 contigs representing 70.0% of the whole genome assembly sequences (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute) were selected and subjected to marker selection. Subsequently, 2482 HAPPY markers were developed and typed. Of these, 795 were considered as usable markers, and utilized in the construction of a HAPPY map. Markers developed from chromosomally-assigned genes were then integrated into the HAPPY map and this aided the assignment of a number of linkage groups to their respective chromosomes. BAC-end sequences and contigs from whole genome sequencing were also integrated to improve and validate the HAPPY map. This resulted in an integrated HAPPY map consisting of 60 linkage groups that covers approximately half of the estimated 60 Mb genome. Further analysis suggests that the segmental organization first seen in Chromosome 1 is present throughout the genome, with repeat-poor (P) regions alternating with repeat-rich (R) regions. Evidence of copy-number variation between strains was also uncovered. CONCLUSIONS This paper describes the application of a whole genome mapping method to improve the assembly of the genome of E. tenella from shotgun data, and to help reveal its overall structure. A preliminary assessment of copy-number variation (extra or missing copies of genomic segments) between strains of E. tenella was also carried out. The emerging picture is of a very unusual genome architecture displaying inter-strain copy-number variation. We suggest that these features may be related to the known ability of this parasite to rapidly develop drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lik-Sin Lim
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
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Jiang L, Lin J, Han H, Dong H, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Huang B. Identification and characterization of Eimeria tenella apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1). PLoS One 2012; 7:e41115. [PMID: 22829917 PMCID: PMC3400601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1) is a micronemal protein of apicomplexan parasites that appears to be essential during the invasion of host cells. In this study, a full-length cDNA of AMA1 was identified from Eimeria tenella (Et) using expressed sequence tag and the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. EtAMA1 had an open reading frame of 1608 bp encoding a protein of 535 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that EtAMA1 was expressed at higher levels in sporozoites than in the other developmental stages (unsporulated oocysts, sporulated oocysts and second-generation merozoites). The ectodomain sequence was expressed as recombinant EtAMA1 (rEtAMA1) and rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against the rEtAMA1 recognized a 58-kDa native parasite protein by Western Blotting and had a potent inhibitory effect on parasite invasion, decreasing it by approximately 70%. Immunofluorescence analysis and immunohistochemistry analysis showed EtAMA1 might play an important role in sporozoite invasion and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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EmaxDB: Availability of a first draft genome sequence for the apicomplexan Eimeria maxima. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 184:48-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Su H, Liu X, Yan W, Shi T, Zhao X, Blake DP, Tomley FM, Suo X. piggyBac transposon-mediated transgenesis in the apicomplexan parasite Eimeria tenella. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40075. [PMID: 22768223 PMCID: PMC3386905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
piggyBac, a type II transposon that is useful for efficient transgenesis and insertional mutagenesis, has been used for effective and stable transfection in a wide variety of organisms. In this study we investigate the potential use of the piggyBac transposon system for forward genetics studies in the apicomplexan parasite Eimeria tenella. Using the restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) method, E. tenella sporozoites were electroporated with a donor plasmid containing the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) gene flanked by piggyBac inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), an Asc I-linearized helper plasmid containing the transposase gene and the restriction enzyme Asc I. Subsequently, electroporated sporozoites were inoculated into chickens via the cloacal route and transfected progeny oocysts expressing EYFP were sorted by flow cytometry. A transgenic E. tenella population was selected by successive in vivo passage. Southern-blotting analysis showed that exogenous DNA containing the EYFP gene was integrated into the parasite genome at a limited number of integration sites and that the inserted part of the donor plasmid was the fragment located between the 5′ and 3′ ITRs as indicated by primer-specific PCR screening. Genome walking revealed that the insertion sites were TTAA-specific, which is consistent with the transposition characteristics of piggyBac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Su
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Yan
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tuanyuan Shi
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Infectious Diseases, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. Tomley
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Infectious Diseases, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Eimeria tenella heat shock protein 70 enhances protection of recombinant microneme protein MIC2 subunit antigen vaccination against E. tenella challenge. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:239-46. [PMID: 22494937 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins have been reported to stimulate the immune system via innate receptors. Our study found that the novel immunopotentiator, Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), enhanced protective immunity elicited by E. tenella antigen microneme protein 2 (EtMIC2) against avian coccidiosis. It demonstrated that the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were strongly upregulated in EtHSP70 and EtMIC2 plus EtHSP70 stimulated chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) compared with untreated controls and EtMIC2 alone. In addition, the same treatment induced high levels of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ that are critical cytokines of innate immunity. In vivo experiments involved using broiler chickens subcutaneously immunized with EtMIC2 alone or EtMIC2 plus EtHSP70 at 7 and 14 days post-hatch, which were then orally challenged with live E. tenella at 7 days following secondary immunization. Body weight gains, cecal lesion scores, fecal oocyst shedding, serum antibody responses against MIC2, and intestinal cytokine transcript levels were assessed as measures of protective immunity. Chickens immunized with EtMIC2 plus EtHSP70 showed increased body weight gains, decreased oocyst shedding, increased serum antibody responses, and high levels of IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-17 compared with the EtMIC2 only or control groups. Moreover, chickens immunized with EtHSP70 alone showed significantly protective effect against E. tenella infection. In summary, this study provides the first evidence of the immunoenhancing activities of EtHSP70 in poultry.
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Zhang DF, Sun BB, Yue YY, Yu HJ, Zhang HL, Zhou QJ, Du AF. Anticoccidial effect of halofuginone hydrobromide against Eimeria tenella with associated histology. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:695-701. [PMID: 22415441 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Halofuginone (stenorol) has been used as an effective anticoccidial reagent for decades but very little is known about its mode of action. In this study, chickens were inoculated with Eimeria tenella oocysts on 14-day-old and medicated with halofuginone at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 post inoculations (groups 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively). Chickens in group 7 were taken as challenge-unmedicated control and in group 8 unchallenged-unmedicated control. The survival rate, body weight gains (BWG), oocysts production, cecal scores, bloody diarrhea and histological examinations were analyzed to evaluate the anticoccidial efficacy of halofuginone and to initially elucidate its mechanisms. Results showed that halofuginone which acted as a coccidiostatic can significantly enhance the BWG, and decrease both the oocyst shedding and cecal destruction caused by E. tenella infection. The histological slide examination noted that halofuginone was effective when provided 0-2 days post inoculation but only partially effective when applied 3-7 days post infection. The second-generation schizonts treated with halofuginone appeared vacuolated and degenerated. It is concluded that halofuginone can inhibit the parasite's invasion of host cecal hypothetical cell at the early stages of life cycle and later disturb the parasite's development by vacuolation of the schizonts. The resulting abnormal schizonts could not divide into schizoites and were eventually eliminated by the host's immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Fu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Stange J, Hepworth MR, Rausch S, Zajic L, Kühl AA, Uyttenhove C, Renauld JC, Hartmann S, Lucius R. IL-22 mediates host defense against an intestinal intracellular parasite in the absence of IFN-γ at the cost of Th17-driven immunopathology. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:2410-8. [PMID: 22266282 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The roles of Th1 and Th17 responses as mediators of host protection and pathology in the intestine are the subjects of intense research. In this study, we investigated a model of intestinal inflammation driven by the intracellular apicomplexan parasite Eimeria falciformis. Although IFN-γ was the predominant cytokine during E. falciformis infection in wild-type mice, it was found to be dispensable for host defense and the development of intestinal inflammation. E. falciformis-infected IFN-γR(-/-) and IFN-γ(-/-) mice developed dramatically exacerbated body weight loss and intestinal pathology, but they surprisingly harbored fewer parasites. This was associated with a striking increase in parasite-specific IL-17A and IL-22 production in the mesenteric lymph nodes and intestine. CD4(+) T cells were found to be the source of IL-17A and IL-22, which drove the recruitment of neutrophils and increased tissue expression of anti-microbial peptides (RegIIIβ, RegIIIγ) and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Concurrent neutralization of IL-17A and IL-22 in E. falciformis-infected IFN-γR(-/-) mice resulted in a reduction in infection-induced body weight loss and inflammation and significantly increased parasite shedding. In contrast, neutralization of IL-22 alone was sufficient to increase parasite burden, but it had no effect on body weight loss. Treatment of an E. falciformis-infected intestinal epithelial cell line with IFN-γ, IL-17A, or IL-22 significantly reduced parasite development in vitro. Taken together, to our knowledge these data demonstrate for the first time an antiparasite effect of IL-22 during an intestinal infection, and they suggest that IL-17A and IL-22 have redundant roles in driving intestinal pathology in the absence of IFN-γ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Stange
- Molekulare Parasitologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Amiruddin N, Lee XW, Blake DP, Suzuki Y, Tay YL, Lim LS, Tomley FM, Watanabe J, Sugimoto C, Wan KL. Characterisation of full-length cDNA sequences provides insights into the Eimeria tenella transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:21. [PMID: 22244352 PMCID: PMC3315734 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eimeria tenella is an apicomplexan parasite that causes coccidiosis in the domestic fowl. Infection with this parasite is diagnosed frequently in intensively reared poultry and its control is usually accorded a high priority, especially in chickens raised for meat. Prophylactic chemotherapy has been the primary method used for the control of coccidiosis. However, drug efficacy can be compromised by drug-resistant parasites and the lack of new drugs highlights demands for alternative control strategies including vaccination. In the long term, sustainable control of coccidiosis will most likely be achieved through integrated drug and vaccination programmes. Characterisation of the E. tenella transcriptome may provide a better understanding of the biology of the parasite and aid in the development of a more effective control for coccidiosis. Results More than 15,000 partial sequences were generated from the 5' and 3' ends of clones randomly selected from an E. tenella second generation merozoite full-length cDNA library. Clustering of these sequences produced 1,529 unique transcripts (UTs). Based on the transcript assembly and subsequently primer walking, 433 full-length cDNA sequences were successfully generated. These sequences varied in length, ranging from 441 bp to 3,083 bp, with an average size of 1,647 bp. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis identified CAG as the most abundant trinucleotide motif, while codon usage analysis revealed that the ten most infrequently used codons in E. tenella are UAU, UGU, GUA, CAU, AUA, CGA, UUA, CUA, CGU and AGU. Subsequent analysis of the E. tenella complete coding sequences identified 25 putative secretory and 60 putative surface proteins, all of which are now rational candidates for development as recombinant vaccines or drug targets in the effort to control avian coccidiosis. Conclusions This paper describes the generation and characterisation of full-length cDNA sequences from E. tenella second generation merozoites and provides new insights into the E. tenella transcriptome. The data generated will be useful for the development and validation of diagnostic and control strategies for coccidiosis and will be of value in annotation of the E. tenella genome sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzirah Amiruddin
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
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Zhang DF, Xu H, Sun BB, Li JQ, Zhou QJ, Zhang HL, Du AF. Adjuvant effect of ginsenoside-based nanoparticles (ginsomes) on the recombinant vaccine against Eimeria tenella in chickens. Parasitol Res 2012; 110:2445-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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The role of sialyl glycan recognition in host tissue tropism of the avian parasite Eimeria tenella. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002296. [PMID: 22022267 PMCID: PMC3192848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria spp. are a highly successful group of intracellular protozoan parasites that develop within intestinal epithelial cells of poultry, causing coccidiosis. As a result of resistance against anticoccidial drugs and the expense of manufacturing live vaccines, it is necessary to understand the relationship between Eimeria and its host more deeply, with a view to developing recombinant vaccines. Eimeria possesses a family of microneme lectins (MICs) that contain microneme adhesive repeat regions (MARR). We show that the major MARR protein from Eimeria tenella, EtMIC3, is deployed at the parasite-host interface during the early stages of invasion. EtMIC3 consists of seven tandem MAR1-type domains, which possess a high specificity for sialylated glycans as shown by cell-based assays and carbohydrate microarray analyses. The restricted tissue staining pattern observed for EtMIC3 in the chicken caecal epithelium indicates that EtMIC3 contributes to guiding the parasite to the site of invasion in the chicken gut. The microarray analyses also reveal a lack of recognition of glycan sequences terminating in the N-glycolyl form of sialic acid by EtMIC3. Thus the parasite is well adapted to the avian host which lacks N-glycolyl neuraminic acid. We provide new structural insight into the MAR1 family of domains and reveal the atomic resolution basis for the sialic acid-based carbohydrate recognition. Finally, a preliminary chicken immunization trial provides evidence that recombinant EtMIC3 protein and EtMIC3 DNA are effective vaccine candidates. Eimeria spp. are highly successful protozoan parasites of the intestine of birds and one of the most important diseases in modern poultry farming. The economic impact is significant causing billion dollar losses to the industry and as a result there is pressing need for new therapeutic approaches. Anticoccidial drugs are thwarted by resistance, live vaccines are expensive to manufacture and few recombinant vaccine antigens have been characterized in detail. We show that the microneme protein, MIC3 from Eimeria tenella, is deployed at the parasite-host interface during the early stages of invasion. We provide new atomic resolution insight into its predilection for sialic acid-bearing glycans and demonstrate its role in invasion. We also provide evidence that EtMIC3-based vaccines induce protection in preliminary immunization studies.
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Zou J, Huang XX, Yin GW, Ding Y, Liu XY, Wang H, Chen QJ, Suo X. Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii as a live vaccine vector in susceptible and resistant hosts. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:168. [PMID: 21871123 PMCID: PMC3177786 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to trigger strong cellular immune responses to heterologous antigens expressed by the parasite in the inbred mouse model [1]. We studied the immune response induced by T. gondii as an effective vaccine vector in chickens and rabbits. Results T. gondii RH strain was engineered to express the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in the cytoplasm. A subcutaneous injection of the transgenic T. gondii YFP in chickens afforded partial protection against the infection of transgenic E. tenella YFP. T. gondii YFP induced low levels of antibodies to YFP in chickens, suggesting that YFP specific cellular immune response was probably responsible for the protective immunity against E. tenella YFP infection. The measurement of T-cell response and IFN-γ production further confirmed that YFP specific Th1 mediated immune response was induced by T. gondii YFP in immunized chickens. The transgenic T. gondii stimulated significantly higher YFP specific IgG titers in rabbits than in chickens, suggesting greater immunogenicity in a T. gondii susceptible species than in a resistant species. Priming with T. gondii YFP and boosting with the recombinant YFP can induce a strong anti-YFP antibody response in both animal species. Conclusions Our findings suggest that T. gondii can be used as an effective vaccine vector and future research should focus on exploring avirulent no cyst-forming strains of T. gondii as a live vaccine vector in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Goh MY, Pan MZ, Blake DP, Wan KL, Song BK. Eimeria maxima phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase: locus sequencing, characterization, and cross-phylum comparison. Parasitol Res 2011; 108:611-20. [PMID: 20938684 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) may play an important role in host-cell invasion by the Eimeria species, protozoan parasites which can cause severe intestinal disease in livestock. Here, we report the structural organization of the PIP5K gene in Eimeria maxima (Weybridge strain). Two E. maxima BAC clones carrying the E. maxima PIP5K (EmPIP5K) coding sequences were selected for shotgun sequencing, yielding a 9.1-kb genomic segment. The EmPIP5K coding region was initially identified using in silico gene-prediction approaches and subsequently confirmed by mapping rapid amplification of cDNA ends and RT-PCR-generated cDNA sequence to its genomic segment. The putative EmPIP5K gene was located at position 710-8036 nt on the complimentary strand and comprised of 23 exons. Alignment of the 1147 amino acid sequence with previously annotated PIP5K proteins from other Apicomplexa species detected three conserved motifs encompassing the kinase core domain, which has been shown by previous protein deletion studies to be necessary for PIP5K protein function. Phylogenetic analysis provided further evidence that the putative EmPIP5K protein is orthologous to that of other Apicomplexa. Subsequent comparative gene structure characterization revealed events of intron loss/gain throughout the evolution of the apicomplexan PIP5K gene. Further scrutiny of the genomic structure revealed a possible trend towards "intron gain" between two of the motif regions. Our findings offer preliminary insights into the structural variations that have occurred during the evolution of the PIP5K locus and may aid in understanding the functional role of this gene in the cellular biology of apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yen Goh
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, DE, Malaysia
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