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Lopes AF, Ribeiro Ferreira M, do Vale B, Santos M, Silveira I, Claudino S, Martins M, Brida T, Figueira L, Cardoso L, Lopes AP, Coelho AC, Matos M, Matos AC. Update on infections with Thelazia callipaeda in European wildlife and a report in a red fox, Vulpes vulpes, in Portugal. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 6:100211. [PMID: 39280995 PMCID: PMC11399657 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda, also known as the "oriental eye worm", is a zoonotic parasitic nematode with a wide range of hosts, particularly wild and domestic carnivores, but also lagomorphs and humans. Currently, ocular thelaziosis presents an expanding distribution range throughout Europe, including Portugal. This study provides an update on T. callipaeda infection reports (30 studies) in European wildlife comprising 54 host-locality records in 10 host species from nine European countries. The prevalence of T. callipaeda varied widely, with ranges from around 1% in red foxes and European hares to almost 50% in red foxes. The lowest mean intensity was 2.7 nematodes/host in European wildcats and the highest was 38.0 nematodes/host in wolves. In addition, a massive infection with T. callipaeda in a juvenile male red fox from eastern-central Portugal is also described, representing the southernmost report in a wild animal in this country. A total of 188 nematodes (139 females and 49 males) were collected from both eyes and were submitted to morphological and molecular characterization. Collected nematodes were morphologically identified as T. callipaeda. Given the endemicity of T. callipaeda in eastern-central Portugal, surveillance system should be implemented to monitor its presence among wild and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Lopes
- Centre for the Study and Recovery of Wild Animals (CERAS), Quercus ONGA, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Mariana Ribeiro Ferreira
- Centre for the Study and Recovery of Wild Animals (CERAS), Quercus ONGA, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Beatriz do Vale
- School of Agriculture, Polytechnic University of Castelo Branco (ESA-IPCB), Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Marlene Santos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Inês Silveira
- Centre for the Study and Recovery of Wild Animals (CERAS), Quercus ONGA, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Sofia Claudino
- Centre for the Study and Recovery of Wild Animals (CERAS), Quercus ONGA, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Manuel Martins
- School of Agriculture, Polytechnic University of Castelo Branco (ESA-IPCB), Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Quality of Life in the Rural World (Q-RURAL), Polytechnic University of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Telma Brida
- School of Agriculture, Polytechnic University of Castelo Branco (ESA-IPCB), Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Luís Figueira
- School of Agriculture, Polytechnic University of Castelo Branco (ESA-IPCB), Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Quality of Life in the Rural World (Q-RURAL), Polytechnic University of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuela Matos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Matos
- School of Agriculture, Polytechnic University of Castelo Branco (ESA-IPCB), Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic University of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal
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Fagundes-Moreira R, Bezerra-Santos MA, Lia RP, Daudt C, Wagatsuma JT, de Carmo ECO, Berger L, Chaves da Silva FR, Soares JF, Otranto D. Eyeworms of wild birds and new record of Thelazia ( Thelaziella) aquilina (Nematoda: Spirurida). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100910. [PMID: 38371737 PMCID: PMC10873718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The eyeworms of the subgenus Thelaziella infect orbital cavities, conjunctival sacs and lachrymal ducts of many wild birds, being able to cause conjunctivitis. In Brazil, at least 10 species of Thelaziella have been described. Here we present a brief review of cases of Thelazia (Thelaziella) aquilina and describe the infection of this parasite in Harpia harpyja, as a new host record. Two nematodes were collected from the surface of the cornea of an adult female H. harpyja in the Amazon region (Brazil) and were morphologically identified as two males of T. (T.) aquilina. This data demonstrated the need for further studies focused on elucidating the transmission, biological cycle, and phylogenetic positioning of Thelaziella as subgenus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Fagundes-Moreira
- Laboratório de Protozoologia E Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Cíntia Daudt
- Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia, Veterinary Medicine Course, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Juliana Tessália Wagatsuma
- Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia, Veterinary Medicine Course, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Berger
- Laboratório de Protozoologia E Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flavio Roberto Chaves da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia, Veterinary Medicine Course, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - João Fabio Soares
- Laboratório de Protozoologia E Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Faghihzadeh Gorji F, Sadr S, Eshrati H, Borji H. An investigation of the prevalence of equine filariosis in North and Northeast of Iran. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:163-167. [PMID: 38440766 PMCID: PMC10908922 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, equines are affected by equine filariosis, an endemic vector-borne disease caused by heterogenous parasitic nematodes. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of filarial infection among horses in the North and Northeast of Iran. Between October 2021 and July 2022, 145 equine blood samples were investigated, of which 49 cases were from the northeast and 96 were from the north of Iran. Blood samples were taken for microfilariae using Knott's method. Out of 145 blood samples, only 2 cases (1.37%) from northern Iran were positive for microfilaria of Setaria equina, and no positive samples were found from northeast Iran. The first positive sample was a 3-year-old male Iranian horse displaying clinical symptoms of weakness, while the second, an 8-month-old Arabian breed colt, exhibited no clinical signs. According to the results of the current study, the prevalence of equine filariosis is low, contrary to nearby countries. To prevent and control filarial infections among horses and improve their management system, it is therefore important to emphasize filarial infection prevention, control, and management. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Faghihzadeh Gorji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soheil Sadr
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Eshrati
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Di Cesare A, Zanet S, Traversa D, Colombo M, Tielemans E, Beugnet F, Ferroglio E. Efficacy of a combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel (NexGard ® Combo) against Thelazia callipaeda in naturally infected cats. Parasite 2024; 31:10. [PMID: 38415717 PMCID: PMC10901074 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This clinical study assessed the efficacy of a topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel (NexGard® Combo) in treating cats naturally infected with the eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda, Thelaziidae). On Study Day (SD) 0, sixteen client-owned cats with eyeworm infection were allocated to an untreated control group (G1, 8 cats) or to a NexGard® Combo treated group (G2, 8 cats) and subjected to ocular examination. Cats in G2 received the treatment as per label recommendations. On SD 7 and 14 (±1), cats were examined for the presence of eyeworms and clinical signs. On SD 14, eyeworms were collected and counted. On SD 7 and 14, all cats in G1 were still infected with eyeworms, while G2 cats were free from eyeworms on SD 7 and 14, demonstrating 100% efficacy (p < 0.0001). All collected eyeworms were morphologically and molecularly confirmed to be T. callipaeda. On SD 0, fifteen out of the sixteen cats (7 in G1 and 8 in G2) displayed inflammatory ocular signs. On SD 7, all eight untreated cats and seven treated cats displayed inflammatory ocular signs. On SD 14, five out of eight G2 treated cats had recovered, while the eight untreated cats still displayed inflammatory ocular signs. The treatment significantly reduced lacrimation and conjunctivitis (p = 0.0001). No adverse reactions occurred. This clinical study provides evidence that NexGard® Combo is highly safe and effective for the treatment of T. callipaeda infection in cats under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Stefania Zanet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Donato Traversa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariasole Colombo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Frederic Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ezio Ferroglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Liu Z, Yu C, Tan X, Chen N, Jin Y. Epidemiology of Ocular Thelaziosis in Domestic Dogs in Beijing. Pathogens 2024; 13:166. [PMID: 38392904 PMCID: PMC10892172 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda is a zoonotic parasitic nematode that lives in the ocular conjunctival sac of domestic and wild carnivores, lagomorphs, and humans, with Phortica spp. as its intermediate host. At present, the important role that domestic dogs play in thelaziosis has been studied in many countries. However, Beijing, which is the first city in China to experience human thelaziosis, has not yet conducted a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of the disease. In this study, we analyzed risk factors (region, season, age, sex, breed, size, living environment, diet, country park travel history, immunization history, anthelmintic treatment history, and ocular clinical symptoms) associated with the prevalence of thelaziosis in domestic dogs in Beijing. The overall prevalence of T. callipaeda in the study area was 3.17% (102/3215 domestic dogs; 95% CI 2.57-3.78%). The results of the risk factor analysis showed that thelaziosis in domestic dogs from Beijing was significantly correlated with regional distribution, seasonal distribution, country park travel history, and anthelmintic treatment history (p < 0.05). In summer and autumn, domestic dogs living in mountainous areas, with a history of country park travel and without deworming were 4.164, 2.382, and 1.438 times more infected with T. callipaeda than those living in plain areas without a history of country park travel and with a history of deworming (OR = 4.164, OR = 2.382, OR = 1.438, respectively). T. callipaeda-infected domestic dogs did not always show any ocular clinical symptoms, while symptomatic domestic dogs were mainly characterized by moderate symptoms. The results indicate that in summer and autumn, preventive anthelmintic treatment should be strengthened for domestic dogs with a country park travel history or those living in mountain areas. At the same time, we should be vigilant about taking domestic dogs to play in country parks or mountainous areas during summer and autumn because this may pose a potential risk of the owner being infected with T. callipaeda.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yipeng Jin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.L.); (C.Y.); (X.T.); (N.C.)
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Cotuțiu VD, Ionică AM, Dan T, Cazan CD, Borșan SD, Culda CA, Mihaiu M, Gherman CM, Mihalca AD. Diversity of Thelazia spp. in domestic cattle from Romania: epidemiology and molecular diagnosis by a novel multiplex PCR. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:400. [PMID: 37924115 PMCID: PMC10623811 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thelaziosis is a neglected vector-borne disease caused by parasitic nematode worms of the genus Thelazia which affects various hosts. Limited attention has been given to ungulate-associated Thelazia species. Current diagnosis of thelaziosis and the identification/differentiation of species heavily relies on morphological features. Therefore, we conducted an epidemiological study in Romanian cattle, with the aim to obtain morphological and molecular data that can be used for species identification. METHODS The eyes of 705 slaughtered cattle were sampled and subjected to morphological identification, morphometric analysis, and molecular characterization. PCR amplification and sequence analysis were performed based on the cytochromec oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene. Statistical tests assessed the correlations between infection parameters and ecological or biogeographical factors. A novel PCR method was developed based on the consensus sequence from each species. Specific forward primers were designed for each of the three species, and a reverse primer (COIintR) was used for all reactions. A consensus thermal profile was established by gradient PCR amplification of each species separately. RESULTS Of the sampled cattle, 19.3% were infected with Thelazia spp. Prevalence varied significantly with ecogeographical factors. A total of 585 Thelazia nematodes were recovered, with T. rhodesi being the most abundant, followed by T. skrjabini and T. gulosa. Morphometric and molecular analyses supported the morphological identification, yielding unique sequences for each species. From the 59 T. rhodesi specimens sequenced, 29 unique sequences were obtained, with a 99.1-99.85% nucleotide identity to the only other COI sequence present in GenBank®. All nine T. gulosa isolates were unique (99.37-100% nucleotide identity to other sequences), while T. skrjabini specimens displayed 98.47-100% nucleotide identity to the sole available sequence. CONCLUSIONS Bovine thelaziosis is prevalent in Romania, raising concerns for animal welfare and potential economic impacts. Infected cattle grazing alongside vulnerable wild ruminants, such as the European bison, may affect conservation efforts. Our newly developed multiplex PCR shows promise as a valuable surveillance tool, enabling the detection of occult infections in apparently healthy animals through lachrymal secretion testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad-Dan Cotuțiu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Angela Monica Ionică
- Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases Cluj-Napoca, Iuliu Moldovan Street nr 23, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Dan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Daniela Cazan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Silvia Diana Borșan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carla Andreea Culda
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Călin Mircea Gherman
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
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Choe S, Kim S, Nath TC, Kim JH. Eight cases of canine thelaziosis found in two localities in Korea. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2023; 61:325-331. [PMID: 37648239 PMCID: PMC10471476 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda, a parasitic nematode that causes thelaziosis in various mammals, including humans, is known to be endemic in Korea. However, life cycle-related information on the parasite, primarily from human infection and a few dog cases, is limited. This study reports additional cases of T. callipaeda infections in dogs from both rural and urban areas in Korea, indicating the potential for transmission to humans and other animals. We collected 61 worms from 8 infected dogs from Paju and Cheongju Cities and observed their morphological characteristics under a light microscope. The findings indicate that T. callipaeda infections in animals in Korea may be underestimated and are distributed close to human environments. Our results contribute to the growing knowledge of the reservoir hosts of T. callipaeda in Korea and highlight the importance of continued surveillance and research to prevent and control this emerging zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Sunmin Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Tilak Chandra Nath
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
- Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet,
Bangladesh
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Frisch V, Fuehrer HP, Cavalleri JMV. Relevant Brachycera (Excluding Oestroidea) for Horses in Veterinary Medicine: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:568. [PMID: 37111454 PMCID: PMC10142728 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In equine stables and their surroundings, a large number of insects are present that can be a nuisance to their equine hosts. Previous studies about dipterans transmitting infectious agents to Equidae have largely focused on Nematocera. For the preparation of this systematic review, the existing literature (until February 2022) was systematically screened for various infectious agents transmitted to Equidae via insects of the suborder Brachycera, including Tabanidae, Muscidae, Glossinidae and Hippoboscidae, acting as pests or potential vectors. The PRISMA statement 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. The two concepts, Brachycera and Equidae, were combined for the search that was carried out in three languages (English, German and French) using four different search engines. In total, 38 articles investigating Brachycera as vectors for viral, bacterial and parasitic infections or as pests of equids were identified. Only 7 of the 14 investigated pathogens in the 38 reports extracted from the literature were shown to be transmitted by Brachycera. This review clearly shows that further studies are needed to investigate the role of Brachycera as vectors for pathogens relevant to equine health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Frisch
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri
- Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Doi K, Tokiwa T, Imoto M, Chou S, Yamasaki F, Kato T, Hayama SI. Molecular characterization of oriental eyeworm (Thelazia callipaeda) detected from raccoon (Procyon lotor) and Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes viverrinus) in Kanto region, Japan. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:116. [PMID: 36998059 PMCID: PMC10064651 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oriental eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida: Thelaziidae) is an emerging parasitic ocular nematode of carnivores and humans. In domestic animals and humans, the infection causes varying degrees of inflammation and lacrimation, and wild carnivores represent an important reservoir. In this study we examined the infection status and molecular characterization of T. callipaeda in two urban carnivores, raccoons Procyon lotor and wild Japanese raccoon dogs Nyctereutes viverrinus, in the Kanto region of Japan. METHODS From January 2020 to December 2021, 193 carcasses including 178 raccoons and 15 raccoon dogs were examined for the presence of worms in the eye. The worms from infected animals (one worm per host) were morphologically identified as T. callipaeda. Worms (1-5 worms per host) were subjected to genetic analysis using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences. RESULTS The prevalence of T. callipaeda in raccoons and Japanese raccoon dogs was 20.2% (36/178) and 13.3% (2/15), respectively. The cox1 sequences from 56 worms from 38 animals revealed three haplotypes (h9, h10, and h12). Analysis of multiple worms for five raccoons showed co-infection of two different haplotypes (h9 and h10) in a single host. Comparing our data with published sequences, three sequences obtained from raccoons and raccoon dogs shared the same haplotypes as those reported in humans, dogs, and cats in Japan. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show a high prevalence of T. callipaeda in raccoons, suggesting that this invasive carnivore species serves as an important natural reservoir of T. callipaeda in the Kanto region of Japan, an area with the highest human population of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandai Doi
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tokiwa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Miyu Imoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shyun Chou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
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Vector-Borne Diseases in Ruminants. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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Filip-Hutsch K, Laskowski Z, Myczka AW, Czopowicz M, Moskwa B, Demiaszkiewicz AW. The occurrence and molecular identification of Thelazia spp. in European bison (Bison bonasus) in the Bieszczady Mountains. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22508. [PMID: 36581768 PMCID: PMC9800370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Thelazia nematodes results in eye disease in wild and domestic animals. The aim of the present study was to describe the occurrence of Thelazia nematodes in European bison, and to subject the isolated parasites to molecular identification and phylogenetical analysis. The eyeballs of 18 European bison from the Bieszczady Mountains, culled due to dysfunctional vision, were collected for study. The conjunctival sacs, tear ducts, corneal surface and nictitating membrane were rinsed with a saline solution. Any obtained nematodes were isolated under a stereoscopic microscope, and then identified as T. gulosa or T. skrjabini by molecular analysis of partial cox1 sequences. The prevalence of infection with Thelazia spp. was found to be 61%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI 95%) of 39-80%. Thelazia skrjabini was isolated from 56% (CI 95% 34-75%) of examined animals; T. gulosa was significantly less common (p = 0.038) with the prevalence of infection reaching 22% (CI 95% 9-45%). Three European bison were cross-infected with both T. gulosa and T. skrjabini. Phylogenetic analysis found the obtained sequences to be similar to those of Thelazia species from domestic ungulates in Europe. Infection intensity ranged from 1 to 16 nematodes per individual (median of three nematodes), and was significantly higher in females (6 nematodes) than in males (1 nematode; p = 0.019). A tendency for seasonal occurrence of nematodes in European bison was also observed. Our study provides further information regarding the patterns of Thelazia transmission in European bison in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Filip-Hutsch
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Laskowski
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna W. Myczka
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Moskwa
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander W. Demiaszkiewicz
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
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Cotuțiu VD, Ionică AM, Lefkaditis M, Cazan CD, Hașaș AD, Mihalca AD. Thelazia lacrymalis in horses from Romania: epidemiology, morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:425. [DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Equine thelaziosis is a neglected vector-borne parasitic disease in modern veterinary medicine, lacking recent reports. It is transmitted by Musca autumnalis, and potentially other Muscidae species, by ingesting the lachrymal secretions of its equine host. The distribution of both Thelazia lacrymalis and its intermediate hosts remains largely unknown throughout Europe, with most studies dating back 20 years. The aim of this study was to assess the presence, prevalence and distribution of T. lacrymalis in horses from Romania.
Methods
The eyes of 273 horses, slaughtered at two abattoirs from the Northwestern and Western regions of Romania, were examined for the presence of T. lacrymalis between March and November 2021. Upon detection, the nematodes were collected and morphologically identified using the keys from literature. Following identification, one specimen from each animal was selected for molecular analysis while the rest underwent detailed morphometric measurements. Mapping and distribution, according to ecoregions, was done using the QGis 3.20 software, while sequences obtained were compared to those available in GenBank through BLAST analysis using the MEGA X software.
Results
Of the 273 animals sampled, 12 (4.39%) were positive for Thelazia spp. infection. Eighty-seven nematodes were recovered, all morphologically identified as T. lacrymalis. The intensity of infestation varied between one and 33 nematodes/animal while five animals presented a bilateral infestation and seven a unilateral one. The highest prevalence was encountered in Pannonian ecoregion (12.12%) while the lowest was in the Alpine ecoregion (0%). Seventy-five intact specimens underwent detailed morphometric analysis, of the 18–20 parameters, resulting in notable differences in striation lengths compared to the data available in other reports. BLAST analysis identified a 96.46–98.60% similarity to the only other COI gene sequence available for T. lacrymalis.
Conclusions
The current study represents the first report of T. lacrymalis in horses in Romania. The low prevalence rates are probably linked to the wide use of macrocyclic lactones.
Graphic Abstract
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Sangwan AK, Ralte L, Kuotsu N, Epao V. Canine ocular thelaziosis from North East India. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100651. [PMID: 34879962 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda is a vector borne zoonotic nematode transmitted by drosophilid flies of Phortica genus. It has been reported in humans from different parts of India including North Eastern region. Only one case of canine ocular thelaziosis has been reported from southern India while no case has yet been reported from the rest of the country. This communication reports the first case of canine ocular thelaziosis from Nagaland and the entire North East region of India along with the morphological characters and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Jalukie, Nagaland - 797110, India
| | - Lalchawimawia Ralte
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Jalukie, Nagaland - 797110, India.
| | - Neithono Kuotsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Jalukie, Nagaland - 797110, India
| | - Velilu Epao
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Nagaland, Phek, Nagaland - 707108, India
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Zanet S, Morelli S, Di Cesare A, Bò S, Traversa D, Lebon W, Beugnet F, Simonato G, Ferroglio E. Efficacy of fipronil/(S)-methoprene/eprinomectin/praziquantel (Broadline ®) against Thelazia callipaeda in naturally infected cats. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:477. [PMID: 34526129 PMCID: PMC8442459 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present clinical field trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of a broad-spectrum parasiticide spot-on formulation containing eprinomectin (Broadline®) against Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm in naturally infected cats. Methods Fifteen privately owned cats harboring at least one live adult T. callipaeda were included in the study. Cats were randomly allocated to an untreated control group of seven cats or to a Broadline®-treated group of eight cats. Cats were treated on Day 0; ocular examinations were performed at inclusion and on Days 7 and 14; eyeworms were recovered and counted on Day 14. The primary efficacy assessment was based on group comparison of number of T. callipaeda on Day 14. Results Seven days after treatment, six of eight treated cats were negative for eyeworm infection per visual examination, and on Day 14 no eyeworms were found in the treated cats while the seven untreated cats were still infected (geometric mean: 1.97). All cats had inflammatory ocular signs at inclusion; on Day 14, five of eight treated cats had recovered while all untreated control cats were still symptomatic. All collected parasites were confirmed to be T. callipaeda by morphology and molecular characterization. Conclusions A single treatment with Broadline® provided 100% efficacy against feline thelaziosis and improved related ocular inflammation signs. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zanet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bò
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Bo-Ferro, Turin, Italy
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Simonato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ezio Ferroglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Martínez-Sánchez MI, Bolívar-de-Miguel G, Cuadros-González J, Rubio González JM. Ocular thelaziosis: A case report of an emerging zoonosis. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2021; 22:101045. [PMID: 33718660 PMCID: PMC7933709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe an unusual case of ocular thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda, an underdiagnosed and emerging zoonosis. OBSERVATIONS We report an 81-year-old woman presented to our emergency department with a week long history of bilateral redness and tearing that had not improved despite antibiotics and corticosteroid topical treatment. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy showed signs of bilateral conjunctivitis and mucopurulent discharge in fornices. Under the upper tarsal conjunctiva of the left eye, two filiform worms were identified, which were removed and sent on wet mount slides for microscopic examination and genetic identification. The rest of the ophthalmoscopic examination was rigorously normal. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay turned positive for Thelazia callipaeda. During further questioning, the patient reported that she had been on summer vacation in contact with dogs which were infected with eye worms. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE Ocular thelaziosis is an emerging zoonosis in Spain, but also in the rest of the world. Ophthalmologists should include ocular thelaziosis in humans as a possible cause of conjunctivitis, tearing, and corneal ulcer, thus avoiding underdiagnosis and inappropriate treatments. The epidemiology of the disease makes anamnesis essential. A confocal biomicroscopy is a useful device for identifying this eyeworm but the definitive diagnosis will be made taking into account the morphological identification under microscope, together with the molecular identification by PCR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gema Bolívar-de-Miguel
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá Meco S/N, Madrid, 28805, Spain
| | - Juan Cuadros-González
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá Meco S/N, Madrid, 28805, Spain
| | - José Miguel Rubio González
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Research Unit, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28222, Spain
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16
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Diakou A, Migli D, Dimzas D, Morelli S, Di Cesare A, Youlatos D, Lymberakis P, Traversa D. Endoparasites of European Wildcats ( Felis silvestris) in Greece. PATHOGENS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:pathogens10050594. [PMID: 34068209 PMCID: PMC8153176 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The European wildcat (Felis silvestris) is the only wild felid living in Greece. Wildcat populations are declining due to anthropogenic and phenological unfavourable conditions, and parasites may have an additional negative impact. In the present study, the occurrence of endoparasites in wildcats in Greece and the potential threats posed to wildcats, domestic animals, and humans in the study areas has been investigated. In a six-year period, 23 road-killed wildcats and 62 wildcat faecal samples were collected from different areas of the country. Necropsy for the detection of endoparasites and standard parasitological examinations of faecal samples were performed. Parasites were morphologically identified and, in selected cases, molecularly analysed. All necropsied wildcats (100%) were infected by three to 10 different parasite taxa, with the most prevalent being Taenia taeniaeformis (73.9%), Toxocara cati (60.9%), Angiostrongylus chabaudi (56.5%), Ancylostoma tubaeforme (39.1%), Cylicospirura spp. (34.8%), Troglostrongylus brevior (34.8%), and Capillaria aerophila (33.8%). Of the 62 faecal samples examined, 53 (85.5%) were positive for one or more parasite elements (larvae, eggs, or oocysts). The most frequent were T. cati (45.2%), A. chabaudi (29%), C. aerophila (24.2%), and Ancylostomatidae (17.7%). This is the first survey on endoparasites affecting wildcats in Greece. Some of the parasites here found are frequent in domestic and wild felids, while others, i.e., Oslerus rostratus and Cylicospirura petrowi, were described for the first time in the European wildcat. Most of them have a significant pathogenic potential, causing severe to hazardous diseases to infected felids and some, under specific circumstances, can also threaten human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Diakou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| | - Despina Migli
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dimitris Dimzas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (A.D.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (A.D.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Dionisios Youlatos
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.M.); (D.Y.)
| | - Petros Lymberakis
- Natural History Museum of Crete, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Crete, Knossou Avenue, 71409 Irakleio, Greece;
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (A.D.C.); (D.T.)
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17
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Schwartz A, Lejeune M, Verocai GG, Young R, Schwartz PH. Autochthonous Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Dog, New York, USA, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1923-1926. [PMID: 33979567 PMCID: PMC8237891 DOI: 10.3201/eid2707.210019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of autochthonous infection of the eye worm Thelazia callipaeda in a dog in the northeastern United States. Integrated morphologic identification and molecular diagnosis confirmed the species. Phylogenetic analysis suggested introduction from Europe. The zoonotic potential of this parasite warrants broader surveillance and increased awareness among physicians and veterinarians.
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18
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Chen W, Zheng J, Hou P, Li L, Hu Y. A case of intraocular thelaziasis with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 93:360-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Medical College, Shantou University, Guangdong, PR China
E‐mail:
| | - Jianlong Zheng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Medical College, Shantou University, Guangdong, PR China
E‐mail:
| | - Ping Hou
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Medical College, Shantou University, Guangdong, PR China
E‐mail:
| | - Limei Li
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Medical College, Shantou University, Guangdong, PR China
E‐mail:
| | - Yijun Hu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Medical College, Shantou University, Guangdong, PR China
E‐mail:
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Sobotyk C, Foster T, Callahan RT, McLean NJ, Verocai GG. Zoonotic Thelazia californiensis in dogs from New Mexico, USA, and a review of North American cases in animals and humans. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 24:100553. [PMID: 34024370 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thelazia californiensis is a spirurid nematode found in the conjunctival sac of domestic and wild animals, including humans, across the western United States of America. Herein, we report two cases of thelaziosis by T. californiensis in dogs from New Mexico, United States, based on integrated morphological and molecular approaches. Nematode specimens collected from the conjunctiva of both dogs were identified as T. californiensis based on morphology. Our study substantially expands the knowledge on morphometry of this nematode species. Therefore, these data will be useful for accurate diagnosis of thelaziosis in domestic animals, wildlife and humans in North America, using classical, microscopy-based methods. We characterized for the first time the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 12S genes of T. californiensis. While these markers support the validity of T. californiensis, they were not very informative for elucidating the phylogenetic relationships among Thelazia species. Nevertheless, the characterization of these diagnostic markers for T. californiensis will be useful for studies on the epidemiology, molecular xenomonitoring of fanniid vectors, and population genetics of this multi-host, zoonotic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sobotyk
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Tania Foster
- Ophthalmology, VCA Veterinary Care Animal Hospital and Referral Center, Albuquerque, NM 87111, USA
| | - R Trey Callahan
- Department Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Nancy J McLean
- Ophthalmology, VCA Veterinary Care Animal Hospital and Referral Center, Albuquerque, NM 87111, USA
| | - Guilherme G Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Kregel-Weber MK, Delling C, Dyachenko V, Lüttgenau H. [Ocular thelaziosis in a dog in Germany - an autochthonous case?]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:55-59. [PMID: 33588466 DOI: 10.1055/a-1323-2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda is a vector-borne nematode transmitted by Phortica spp. (fruit flies) and one of the causes of mild to severe conjunctivitis and keratitis in dogs, cats, rabbits and humans. It has been formerly known as the oriental eye worm based on its geographic occurrence. By now, it has been shown to be endemic in several southern and eastern European countries as well as extending its geographic distribution further throughout Europe. In the present case report, T. callipaeda infection was diagnosed in a female dog from Germany. The dog was referred by a local veterinarian due to a treatment-resistant conjunctivitis. A comprehensive ophthalmologic examination revealed 3 adult eye worms in the conjunctival sac as well as on the bulbar side of the nictitating membrane of the left eye. These were identified by morphological features and molecular techniques as T. callipaeda and represented the primary cause of the dog's unilateral blepharospasm, hyperemic conjunctiva and epiphora. Treatment consisted of manual collection of the adult worms and the administration of moxidectin/imidacloprid as spot on (Advocate®, Bayer). All clinical signs resolved within one week after treatment. In Germany, ocular thelaziosis still represents a rare disease. Usually, it is diagnosed in cats and dogs either imported from abroad or accompanying the owners on holiday travels to endemic countries. The dog presented in this case report was born in Germany. Except for a one-week stay in the Netherlands 11 months before the symptoms began, it had never traveled abroad. Considering the prepatency of T. callipaeda, an autochthonous transmission in this case is highly probable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cora Delling
- Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig
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21
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The Vector-Borne Zoonotic Nematode Thelazia callipaeda in the Eastern Part of Europe, with a Clinical Case Report in a Dog in Poland. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010055. [PMID: 33435395 PMCID: PMC7826724 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda is a zoonotic nematode transmitted by drosophilid flies. It causes ocular thelaziosis, a disease of carnivores, such as dogs, cats, and foxes, and also humans. The parasite has thus far been observed in various areas of Eurasia, including 20 countries within Europe. The present study documents its presence in the south-east region of Poland, near the Ukraine border. An adult nematode was removed from the conjunctival sac of a dog showing ocular inflammation and purulent discharge. The dog’s precise origin is unknown. Based on its localization and morphometrical features, the nematode was identified as a Thelazia callipaeda adult male. The present study is the first report of T. callipaeda in a dog in Poland.
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22
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Marino V, Gálvez R, Mascuñán C, Domínguez I, Sarquis J, Montoya A, Barrera JP, Zenker C, Checa R, Hernández M, Miró G. Update on the treatment and prevention of ocular thelaziosis (Thelazia callipaeda) in naturally infected dogs from Spain. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:73-81. [PMID: 33091413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the therapeutic and year-round prophylactic efficacy of different formulations used in dogs in three Spanish areas where canine thelaziosis is endemic. The study was conducted as a Good Clinical Practice, multicentre, randomised field study in privately owned outdoor dogs naturally infected with Thelazia callipaeda. The active pharmaceutical ingredients tested were: an oral formulation of milbemycin oxime 12.5 mg combined with praziquantel 125 mg (A), a subcutaneous sustained-release formulation of moxidectin 10 g (B), a moxidectin 2.5% weight/volume (w/v) spot-on formulation combined with imidacloprid 10% w/v (C), and an eye drop formulation (6 µg) of ivermectin 10 mg/ml diluted 10% in propylene glycol (D). Infected dogs were randomly allocated to treatment Groups A, B, C and D. Dogs testing negative for T. callipaeda inspection in two visits (Day 7/Day 14 and D30) were enrolled in the prophylaxis trial and reallocated to the corresponding study group (A, B, C or D). Treatment efficacy ranged from 70.4% recorded in Group A 1 week after treatment, to 100% recorded in Group C on Day 30 and in Group B on Day 60. Treatment was more efficacious in Group D (85.7% 1 week after treatment) than A, but was never 100% efficacious as in Groups B and C. Year-round prophylactic efficacy was 83.3% in Group A, 100% in Group B, 93.5% in Group C and 87.5% in Group D. In conclusion, products containing moxidectin were highly efficacious both in treating and preventing canine thelaziosis. Milbemycin also emerged as a good option. However, the off-label use of topical or subcutaneous ivermectin should be avoided due to possible adverse reactions such as pruritus, irritation or redness. In endemic areas, monthly prophylaxis to limit the spread of T. callipaeda to new areas across Europe and reduce zoonotic risks is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marino
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gálvez
- Department of Specific Didactics, School of Education and Teacher Training, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mascuñán
- La Cruz Verde Veterinary Clinic, Miraflores de la Sierra, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juliana Sarquis
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Barrera
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Zenker
- La Plaza Veterinary Clinic, El Escorial, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Checa
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guadalupe Miró
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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The Nematodes Thelazia gulosa Railiet and Henry, 1910 and Thelazia skrjabini Erschov, 1928 as a Cause of Blindness in European Bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:963-968. [PMID: 32613456 PMCID: PMC7679292 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The nematodes of the genus Thelazia are the cause of eye diseases of wild and domestic ruminants throughout the world. The aim of the study was to describe clinical cases of thelasiosis in European bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland, and provide morphometrical features of Thelazia gulosa Railiet and Henry, 1910 and Thelazia skrjabini Erschov, 1928 regarded as potentially useful for species differentiation METHODS: The conjunctival sacs, tear ducts, the surface of the cornea and nicitating membrane collected from bison were rinsed with saline solution. Any nematodes isolated from the sediment were subjected to morphometric analysis. RESULTS Thirteen of the 16 examined European bison were infected with Thelazia nematodes, belonging to the species T. gulosa and T. skrjabini. The intensity of infection ranged from one to six (mean intensity 5), and four to 29 (mean intensity 14) nematodes T. skrjabini and T. gulosa respectively. Congestion of conjunctival sac, keratitis and corneal opacity, corneal ulceration and perforation as well as purulent eyeball inflammation were observed in infected animals. CONCLUSIONS Thelazia gulosa and T. skrjabini can be identified by morphometrical features. As thelasiosis might be a serious threat for protected population of European bison, further studies are needed of the epidemiology and pathology of this emerging parasitosis in Poland.
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Sazmand A, Bahari A, Papi S, Otranto D. Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931-2020): a literature review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:586. [PMID: 33213507 PMCID: PMC7676409 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections can cause many respiratory, digestive and other diseases and contribute to some performance conditions in equids. However, knowledge on the biodiversity of parasites of equids in Iran is still limited. The present review covers all the information about parasitic diseases of horses, donkeys, mules and wild asses in Iran published as articles in Iranian and international journals, dissertations and congress papers from 1931 to July 2020. Parasites so far described in Iranian equids include species of 9 genera of the Protozoa (Trypanosoma, Giardia, Eimeria, Klossiella, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Theileria and Babesia), 50 helminth species from the digestive system (i.e., 2 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 37 nematodes) and from other organs (i.e., Schistosoma turkestanica, Echinococcus granulosus, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Parafilaria multipapillosa, Setaria equina and 3 Onchocerca spp.). Furthermore, 16 species of hard ticks, 3 mite species causing mange, 2 lice species, and larvae of 4 Gastrophilus species and Hippobosca equina have been reported from equids in Iran. Archeoparasitological findings in coprolites of equids include Fasciola hepatica, Oxyuris equi, Anoplocephala spp. and intestinal strongyles. Parasitic diseases are important issues in terms of animal welfare, economics and public health; however, parasites and parasitic diseases of equines have not received adequate attention compared with ruminants and camels in Iran. The present review highlights the knowledge gaps related to equines about the presence, species, genotypes and subtypes of Neospora hughesi, Sarcocystis spp., Trichinella spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis and microsporidia. Identification of ticks vectoring pathogenic parasites, bacteria and viruses has received little attention, too. The efficacy of common horse wormers also needs to be evaluated systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
| | - Aliasghar Bahari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
| | - Sareh Papi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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do Vale B, Lopes AP, da Conceição Fontes M, Silvestre M, Cardoso L, Coelho AC. Systematic review on infection and disease caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Europe: 2001-2020. Parasite 2020; 27:52. [PMID: 32996882 PMCID: PMC7526429 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cases of thelaziosis by Thelazia callipaeda have been increasing considerably in Europe throughout the 21st century, with recent emphasis on Eastern Europe. A systematic review was conducted using defined search terms across three major databases and, additionally, with the examination of the references of the 56 articles selected. Available information about epidemiological and clinical features of all cases of thelaziosis by T. callipaeda in companion animals, wildlife and humans was extracted, evaluated and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. In all cross-sectional studies about dogs, cats and red foxes, males were more frequently infected than females (dogs: p = 0.0365; cats: p = 0.0164; red foxes: p = 0.0082). Adult dogs seem to be more prone to infection (p < 0.0001), as well as large-sized dogs (p < 0.0001), and companion animals that live exclusively outdoors (p < 0.0001). Dogs and red foxes involved in these cross-sectional studies harboured significantly more female than male nematodes (p < 0.0001). Thelaziosis by T. callipaeda is far from controlled in Europe. Only through updated epidemiological data, knowledge improvement and awareness can correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment and prevention be ensured to tackle this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz do Vale
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - Maria da Conceição Fontes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - Mário Silvestre
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, ECAV, UTAD 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD 5000-801 Vila Real Portugal
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L M R S, Spoerel S, Wiesner L, Klein M, Pantchev N, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Ophthalmic Thelazia callipaeda infections: first feline and new canine imported cases in Germany. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3099-3104. [PMID: 32627079 PMCID: PMC7431390 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The first case of feline ocular Thelazia callipaeda infection and two new canine imported infections in West Germany are here described. The three animals had a history of recent travel to/from other countries. The young adult cat imported from Spain presented an intermittent unilateral ocular discharge. During in-depth ophthalmic examination, a single alive nematode was removed from the conjunctival compartment of the affected eye. Referring to the canine cases, an adult female dog originated from Kenya presented epiphora and mucous whitish-grey discharge of the right eye. During flushing of the nasolacrimal duct two small, thin and long nematodes were removed. Furthermore, a male Borzoi racing dog with regular visit to racing tracks in different countries presented ocular mucous discharge. At ophthalmologic examination, two transparent-whitish vital nematodes were removed. All nematode specimens of the three cases were morphologically identified as adult T. callipaeda parasites. The animals were treated orally with milbemycin oxime (2.0 mg/kg; cat) or milbemycin oxime/praziquantel (0.5 mg/kg and 5.0 mg/kg; dogs) twice with 1-week interval resulting in complete resolution of symptoms. The repeated introduction of patent T. callipaeda-infected animals, especially from southern and eastern endemic countries, will ease the establishment of ophthalmic thelaziosis in Northern Europe. The male fruit fly, Phortica variegata, an intermediate host of T. callipaeda, is endemic within European countries. Considering the clinical and zoonotic relevance of ophthalmic thelaziosis, enhanced disease awareness of European medical and veterinarian doctors and in-depth eye examination for proper detection of T. callipaeda are crucial for appropriate anthelmintic treatments and to limit spreading of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva L M R
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - S Spoerel
- Tierarztpraxis Dr. Kindler, Saarbrücker Allee 7, 65201, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - L Wiesner
- Tierarztpraxis Dr. Kindler, Saarbrücker Allee 7, 65201, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - M Klein
- Tierarztpraxis Dr. Klein, Bahnhofstr. 30, 67251, Freinsheim, Germany
| | - N Pantchev
- IDEXX Laboratories, Mörikestr. 28/3, 71636, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Cheung SPS, Tsang YM, Luk KS, Ho AYM, Chan LWL, Lam RF, To WK. Thelaziasis as an uncommon cause of giant papillary conjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:NP45-NP47. [PMID: 32586115 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120938163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report a local human case of Thelazia callipaeda eye infection in a 49-year-old lady with history of fly contact in Hong Kong. CASE DESCRIPTION A 49-year-old lady presented with right eye foreign body sensation for one month. She recalled a fly being stuck onto her right upper eyelashes with mascara when she went hiking in a forest trail in Hong Kong. On assessment there were a lot of giant papillae on palpebral conjunctiva. Three living worms crawling on conjunctiva were discovered and removed in total. The worms were identified as Thelazia callipaeda by morphology and molecular sequencing. After removal, her symptoms resolved completely. CONCLUSION Human thelaziasis is probably under-reported in many countries. The presence of giant papillary conjunctivitis in non-contact lens wearers should alert clinicians to the possibility of thelaziasis in patients with compatible exposure history in endemic regions. Ophthalmologists should increase their awareness towards this uncommon disease and should not wrongly attributed the symptoms to allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yat-Ming Tsang
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | - Alex Yat-Man Ho
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Leo Wai-Lok Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Caritas Medical Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Fung Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Caritas Medical Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Kin To
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
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Arme TM, Lia RP, Annoscia G, Casalino E, Pombi M, Otranto D. Survival of Phortica variegata experimentally and naturally infected with Thelazia callipaeda. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:201-206. [PMID: 31773762 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the effects that Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) infection has on the survival of its vector Phortica variegata (Drosophilidae, Steganinae) is scarce. The present study aimed to: (a) assess the rate of infection between experimentally infected (EI) and not experimentally infected (NEI) flies and (b) determine how T. callipaeda infection may affect the survival of P. variegata. In addition, fat composition was evaluated in flies that died during overwintering. Molecular analysis showed that T. callipaeda prevalence in flies that died before experimental infection, plus those from the NEI group, is 0.75% (i.e. 11 out of 1462 individuals). The EI group showed a significantly higher positivity to T. callipaeda (i.e. 51 out of 682 individuals; 7.48%) compared with the NEI group (i.e. 9 out of 750 individuals; 1.2%). Thelazia callipaeda DNA was detected until 147 days after experimental infection. This demonstrates that larvae of this eyeworm may survive in the fly for a significant period of the winter. Fat composition analysis showed that flies produced more unsaturated than saturated fatty acids during diapause, probably because unsaturated fatty acids remain in a liquid state at lower temperatures, providing anti-freeze properties to survive winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Arme
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - R P Lia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - G Annoscia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - E Casalino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - M Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanita Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - D Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IRAN
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Spain as a dispersion model for Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm in dogs in Europe. Prev Vet Med 2020; 175:104883. [PMID: 31935667 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) causes ocular infection in carnivorous animals and humans. While growing numbers of companion dogs and sometimes cats are being diagnosed with thelaziosis, little is known about its real spread. As it has been also diagnosed in wild animals and human beings, it is considered a potential emerging zoonotic disease. This study provides information about the spread of the parasite in dogs in Spain since its initial description in 2010 until 2018. The first detection of T. callipaeda in the Principality of Andorra in 2017 is also reported. Two different studies were conducted: a) a survey in which clinical cases from veterinary practices were collected and b) a prevalence study in two endemic areas in western and central Spain (Site 1 La Vera region, Cáceres, and Site 2 El Escorial municipality, Madrid). In total, 1114 cases of thelaziosis were detected in 121 municipalities of Spain and 6 municipalities of Andorra. In 92 out these 127 municipalities, reports were of autochthonous cases. Six hundred twenty-three out of 1114 presented data collection sheet and were included in the statistical analysis: 510 cases identified by veterinarians in Spain and Andorra in Study 1, and 113 cases detected among the 234 dogs (48.3 %) examined in the prevalence study (Study 2). Prevalences were 61.3 % (84/137) for Cáceres and 29.9 % (29/97) for Madrid, being Site 1 significantly more risky (P < 0.0001, odds ratio: 3.72, CI: 2.14-4.47 %) compared to Site 2. Our study updates data for canine thelaziosis reported in the last decade in Spain and Andorra. Results highlight the urgent need for prevention strategies to control the spread of this potential zoonotic disease.
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Lee YJ, Kim SE, Kim JH, Paik JS, Yang SW. Thelazia Callipaeda Infestation with Tarsal Ectropion. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2020.61.3.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Paik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Woo Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Dumitrache MO, Ionică AM, Voinițchi E, Chavdar N, D'Amico G. First report of canine ocular thelaziosis in the Republic of Moldova. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:505. [PMID: 31666101 PMCID: PMC6822340 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Countries of eastern Europe are considered, due to several risk factors, more vulnerable to infections with newly (re)emerging pathogens. During the last decade, in several European countries, reports of autochthonous cases of ocular thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda have been published, posing a great concern from both veterinary and public health perspective. However, in the Republic of Moldova only limited epidemiological data are available regarding zoonotic vector-borne pathogens and, until now, no data exist on the zoonotic nematode T. callipaeda. Methods In September 2018, an 11-year-old dog, mixed-breed, intact male was referred to a private veterinary clinic from Chișinău, Republic of Moldova, with a history of 2 weeks of an ocular condition affecting the right eye. The ophthalmological exam revealed the presence of nematode parasites in the conjunctival sac and under the third eyelid. The collected parasites were identified by morphological techniques and molecular analysis. Results A total of 7 nematodes were collected, and 5 females and 2 males of T. callipaeda were identified morphologically. The BLAST analysis confirmed the low genetic variability of this parasite in Europe. The travel history of the patient allowed us to confirm the autochthonous character of the case. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of thelaziosis in dogs from the Republic of Moldova, which confirms the spreading trend of T. callipaeda and the existence of an autochthonous transmission cycle of this zoonotic parasite in the country.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirabela Oana Dumitrache
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Cluj, Romania
| | - Angela Monica Ionică
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Cluj, Romania. .,CDS-9, "Regele Mihai I al României" Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Cluj, Romania.
| | - Eugeniu Voinițchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State Agrarian University of Moldova, 48 Mircești Street, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Nicolai Chavdar
- Veterinay Clinic Ciavdar, Nicolae Costin 61, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Gianluca D'Amico
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Cluj, Romania
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do Vale B, Lopes AP, da Conceição Fontes M, Silvestre M, Cardoso L, Coelho AC. Thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda in Europe in the 21st century-A review. Vet Parasitol 2019; 275:108957. [PMID: 31630050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda was first described at the beginning of the 20th century in Asia, but this eyeworm is now frequently reported in Europe in the 21st century. To date, thelaziosis has been described in the following European countries (in order of appearance): Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, Turkey and Austria. The infected vertebrate host species include domestic carnivores (dogs and cats), wild carnivores (red foxes, wolves, beech martens, wildcats and golden jackals), lagomorphs (brown hares and wild European rabbits) and humans. In Europe, 11 cases of human thelaziosis have been reported, the majority of which are autochthonous. However, some of them have been imported, a fact which highlights the importance of surveillance policies to restrict cross-border spread of the parasite. The objectives of this article are to review key aspects of the epidemiology of T. callipaeda, summarise animal and human cases in Europe and emphasise the importance of education and awareness among veterinarians, physicians (particularly ophthalmologists) and animal, in order to owners to tackle this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz do Vale
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria da Conceição Fontes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Silvestre
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Zootechnics, ECAV, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Ionică AM, Deak G, D'Amico G, Stan GF, Chișamera GB, Constantinescu IC, Adam C, Lefkaditis M, Gherman CM, Mihalca AD. Thelazia callipaeda in mustelids from Romania with the European badger, Meles meles, as a new host for this parasite. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:370. [PMID: 31349861 PMCID: PMC6660946 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) is a vector-borne zoonotic eye worm with a broad host spectrum. In Europe, it is an emerging threat, having greatly expanded its geographical distribution during the past two decades. In Romania, T. callipaeda has been previously reported in domestic and wild canids and felids. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of T. callipaeda in mustelids in the country. Methods Between March 2015 and April 2019, 77 road-killed mustelids (3 pine martens, Martes martes; 6 European polecats, Mustela putorius; 13 beech martens, Martes foina; and 55 European badgers, Meles meles) were examined by necropsy. If present, all ocular nematodes were collected and stored in absolute ethanol, for subsequent morphological and molecular identification. Results Two animals were found to be infected with T. callipaeda: one European badger and one beech marten. The molecular analysis revealed a 100% nucleotide similarity to T. callipaeda haplotype h1 for all the sequenced specimens. Conclusions To our knowledge, the present study demonstrates for the first time the occurrence of T. callipaeda in mustelids from Romania, records the easternmost locality of the parasite in Europe, and represents the first report of T. callipaeda in the European badger, Meles meles, extending the known host range for this parasite in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Monica Ionică
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,CDS-9, "Regele Mihai I al României" Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Georgiana Deak
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Gianluca D'Amico
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Florin Stan
- Department of Anatomy, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Bogdan Chișamera
- "Grigore Antipa" National Museum of Natural History, Sos. Kiseleff no. 1, 011341, Bucharest 1, Romania
| | | | - Costică Adam
- "Grigore Antipa" National Museum of Natural History, Sos. Kiseleff no. 1, 011341, Bucharest 1, Romania
| | - Menelaos Lefkaditis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Călin Mircea Gherman
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Hodžić A, Payer A, Duscher GG. The first autochthonous case of feline ocular thelaziosis in Austria. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1321-1324. [PMID: 30826924 PMCID: PMC6426986 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida: Thelaziidae) has increasingly been reported as an agent of ocular infections in animals and humans throughout Europe. Following the cases of canine ocular thelaziosis recently recorded in Austria for the first time, in the present paper, we describe the first case of T. callipaeda infection in an Austrian cat with no history of traveling abroad. This finding further supports the occurrence of the parasite’s autochthonous transmission cycle in the country. The cat showed serous ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, and mild conjunctival edema in the right eye. Mechanical removal of the parasite from the cat’s eye, in combination with milbemycin oxime/praziquantel oral treatment and topical use of tobramycin/dexamethasone eye drops led to complete resolution of the clinical signs within 2 weeks. Results presented in the current study are of great importance for the local veterinarians who seemed largely unaware of this zoonotic parasite. Therefore, increased awareness of medical and veterinary communities is imperative for preventing further infections in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hodžić
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Albert Payer
- Tierklinik Deutschlandsberg, Erlenweg 6, 8530, Deutschlandsberg, Austria
| | - Georg Gerhard Duscher
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Desquesnes M, Onju S, Chalermwong P, Jittapalapong S, Masmeatathip R. A review and illustrated description of Musca crassirostris, one of the most neglected haematophagous livestock flies. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:16-30. [PMID: 30461046 PMCID: PMC7379182 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tabanids, stomoxyine flies, hippoboscids and tsetse flies are the most well-known brachyceran biting flies of livestock. Only a few other higher Diptera have developed the unique mouthparts required for blood feeding. These neglected blood feeders can also have direct effects on hosts through blood loss, and are likely to contribute to the transmission of pathogens. Musca crassirostris (Diptera: Muscidae) is one of the most abundant of the muscid flies with this haematophagous lifestyle; it is widespread in the Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Oriental regions. The present study reviews and summarizes the biology and morphology of this species, and its potential for impact on animals and humans. The study also provides a fully illustrated description of the fly to facilitate its identification, and reviews information on abundance, with a focus on recent trapping surveys in Thailand. When sampled using traps designed for other biting flies, M. crassirostris appears to be four and 45 times more abundant than stomoxyines and tabanids, respectively. High numbers of M. crassirostris in the vicinity of livestock have also been associated with outbreaks of disease, such as that of a fatal plague in bovine farms in Egypt. This calls for a reconsideration of its potential impacts on livestock economics and health, and thus the development of suitable control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Desquesnes
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) InterTrypBangkokThailand
- InterTryp, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CIRAD, University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - S. Onju
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng SaenKasetsart UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - P. Chalermwong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - S. Jittapalapong
- Faculty of Veterinary TechnologyKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - R. Masmeatathip
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng SaenKasetsart UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
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Chowdhury R, Gogoi M, Sarma A, Sharma A. Ocular thelaziasis: A case report from Assam, India. Trop Parasitol 2018; 8:94-97. [PMID: 30693214 PMCID: PMC6329271 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_49_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a case of human ocular thelaziasis that was discovered accidentally during cataract surgery. A 58-year-old farmer attended an eye camp for diminished vision of the left eye, which was diagnosed later on as cataract. He was referred to a tertiary care hospital in Assam. During the cataract surgery, two small, motile, chalky white, translucent worms were removed from the left fornix. They were identified as female Thelazia callipaeda. Rare occurrence of this disease and its association with both extra and intraocular manifestations leading to ocular morbidity is the rationale for presenting this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runumi Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mayuri Gogoi
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Anjan Sarma
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ajanta Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Ocular thelaziosis due Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida: Thelaziidae) in Romania: first report in domestic cat and new geographical records of canine cases. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:4037-4042. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sah R, Khadka S, Adhikari M, Niraula R, Shah A, Khatri A, Donovan S. Human Thelaziasis: Emerging Ocular Pathogen in Nepal. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy237. [PMID: 30349847 PMCID: PMC6189630 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thelaziasis is an ocular arthropod-borne, zoonotic disease of the eye infecting the conjunctival sac, lacrimal duct, and lacrimal gland caused by a nematode of the genus Thelazia. We report the first case of human ocular thelaziasis in Nepal in a 6-month-old child from a Rukum district, Nepal. The infant presented with conjunctivitis, and his visual acuity and dilated fundal examination were normal. A total of 6 worms were removed for identification. Collected nematodes were identified based on morphological keys as Thelazia callipaeda. The patient’s symptoms improved after removal of the nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Department of Medicine, Division of infectious Diseases, Medanta the Medicity, Gurugaon, Haryana, India
| | - Shusila Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mahesh Adhikari
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Reema Niraula
- Department of Ophthalmology, BP Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Apoorva Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, BP Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anadi Khatri
- Department of Ophthalmology, BP Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suzanne Donovan
- Department of Medicine (Division of infectious Diseases), Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, California
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Farkas R, Takács N, Gyurkovszky M, Henszelmann N, Kisgergely J, Balka G, Solymosi N, Vass A. The first feline and new canine cases of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida: Thelaziidae) infection in Hungary. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:338. [PMID: 29884211 PMCID: PMC5993998 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe, the first Thelazia callipaeda infections were found in the eyes of some dogs in Italy three decades ago. Since that time, this vector-borne nematode species has been diagnosed in domestic and wild carnivores and humans in some western European countries. During the last few years, autochthonous thelaziosis of dogs, red foxes, cats and humans has also been reported from eastern Europe. The first cases of ocular infections caused by T. callipaeda have been described in dogs living in the eastern and southern part of Slovakia and Hungary. METHODS Whitish parasites found in the conjuctival sac and/or under the third eyelid of one or both eyes of animals were removed and morphologically identified according to species and sex. To confirm the morphological identification with molecular analysis a single step conventional PCR was carried out. RESULTS A total of 116 adult worms (1-37 per dog, median: 7, IQR: 14.5 and 7 from a cat) were collected from the eyes of 11 animals. Nematodes were identified as T. callipaeda according to the morphological keys and molecular analysis. The sequences of a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene were identical to those representing T. callipaeda haplotype 1, previously reported in neighbouring and other European countries. Since the infected cat and dogs had never travelled abroad, all of the cases were autochthonous thelaziosis. CONCLUSIONS The present study reports the first case of thelaziosis in a cat and new cases in 10 dogs found in the southern and northern region of Hungary, respectively. Further studies are needed to clarify whether wild carnivores (e.g. red foxes, golden jackals) may act as reservoirs of this eyeworm species in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Farkas
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Takács
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Gyurkovszky
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Vass
- Népkerti Veterinary Clinic, Miskolc, Hungary
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Questionnaire-based survey on distribution of canine ocular thelaziosis in southwestern France. Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:26-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Udiz-Rodríguez R, Garcia-Livia K, Valladares-Salmerón M, Dorta-Almenar MN, Martín-Carrillo N, Martin-Alonso A, Izquierdo-Rodriguez E, Feliu C, Valladares B, Foronda P. First ocular report of Gurltia paralysans (Wolffhügel, 1933) in cat. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:74-77. [PMID: 29773140 PMCID: PMC7111310 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A two-year-old cat from Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain), presented with two months history of uveitis in the left eye. It had been treated for two months but still showed an active uveitis. After new treatment, eye examination showed a mobile worm in the anterior chamber. Following surgical removal, the worm was obtained. Morphological study revealed that it was a male metastrongyloid nematode (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) with caudal bursa and two similar spicules. Molecular tools based on the 18Sr RNA gene sequence identified the parasite as Gurltia paralysans, which is a neurotropic nematode previously found in South America. Therefore, this article describes the first report of ophthalmic case of parasitism by G. paralysans, and cites for first time this species out of South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Udiz-Rodríguez
- Centro de Referencia en Oftalmología animal Visión Veterinaria, Avda. de los Majuelos, 93, Tenerife, 38108, Spain
| | - Katherine Garcia-Livia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofisico F Sanchez s/n, Tenerife, 38203, Spain
| | | | - Maria Naira Dorta-Almenar
- Centro de Referencia en Oftalmología animal Visión Veterinaria, Avda. de los Majuelos, 93, Tenerife, 38108, Spain
| | - Natalia Martín-Carrillo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofisico F Sanchez s/n, Tenerife, 38203, Spain
| | - Aaron Martin-Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofisico F Sanchez s/n, Tenerife, 38203, Spain
| | - Elena Izquierdo-Rodriguez
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofisico F Sanchez s/n, Tenerife, 38203, Spain
| | - Carlos Feliu
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Basilio Valladares
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofisico F Sanchez s/n, Tenerife, 38203, Spain
| | - Pilar Foronda
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofisico F Sanchez s/n, Tenerife, 38203, Spain.
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Bradbury RS, Breen KV, Bonura EM, Hoyt JW, Bishop HS. Case Report: Conjunctival Infestation with Thelazia gulosa: A Novel Agent of Human Thelaziasis in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1171-1174. [PMID: 29436343 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of thelaziasis in a 26-year-old female, acquired in Oregon. A total of 14 worms were removed from the patient's left eye and were morphologically identified as being Thelazia gulosa. Until now, only two species of Thelazia have been implicated in causing human disease, Thelazia callipaeda in Asia and Europe and occasional reports of Thelazia californiensis from the United States of America. Here, we describe a third, previously unreported parasite of humans, T. gulosa (the cattle eyeworm) as an agent of human thelaziasis and the first reported case of human thelaziasis in North America in over two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bradbury
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen V Breen
- Montana Department of Livestock Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Erin M Bonura
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Henry S Bishop
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Seixas F, Travassos P, Coutinho T, Lopes AP, Latrofa MS, Pires MDA, Cardoso L, Otranto D. The eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda in Portugal: Current status of infection in pets and wild mammals and case report in a beech marten (Martes foina). Vet Parasitol 2018; 252:163-166. [PMID: 29559141 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ocular thelaziosis is caused by nematodes of the genus Thelazia (Spirurida, Thelaziidae), which inhabit the surface of the eyes and associated tissues. Thelazia callipaeda affects a range of mammal species, including humans, and in the last two decades has been reported in multiple European countries, being classified as an emergent vector-borne pathogen. In Portugal T. callipaeda is endemic in north-eastern areas, where it has been reported in domestic dogs, cats, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). We report, for the first time, T. callipaeda in a beech marten (Martes foina) from Portugal and highlight the presence of haplotype 1 as the only one found in Europe, irrespective of the host species and geographical area of provenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Seixas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Histology and Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paulo Travassos
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology (LEA), Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Teresa Coutinho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Maria Dos Anjos Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Histology and Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Lee DH, Park SH, Yu HS, Lee JE. A Case of Thelazia callipaeda Infestation with Preseptal Cellulitis. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2018.59.2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Park
- Department of Parasitology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
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Zoonotic infection with Onchocerca dewittei japonica in an 11-year-old boy in Kansai Region, Western Honshu, Japan. Parasitol Int 2017. [PMID: 28648713 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old boy living in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Kansai Region, Western Honshu, Japan had zoonotic onchocercosis. The patient developed a painful swelling on the little finger of his left hand. The worm detected in the excised mass had external transverse ridges but did not have inner striae in the cuticle. On the basis of the parasite's histopathological characteristics, the causative agent was identified as a female Onchocerca dewittei japonica (Spirurida: Onchocercidae). The species of the filarial parasite was confirmed by sequencing the cox1 gene of the parasite. The Japanese wild boar Sus scrofa leucomystax is a definitive host for O. dewittei japonica, which is then transmitted by blackflies as the vector to humans. The current case described occurred in the Kansai Region, Western Honshu, where such infections were previously not reported.
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Papadopoulos E, Komnenou A, Thomas A, Ioannidou E, Colella V, Otranto D. Spreading of Thelazia callipaeda in Greece. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:248-252. [PMID: 28239956 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae), the so-called oriental eyeworm, has been increasingly reported as an agent of infection in animals and humans from many European countries. Clinical signs range from subclinical to moderate or severe ocular disorders (e.g., epiphora, photophobia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, ulcers). The disease has been also diagnosed in animals from countries of the Balkan area (e.g., Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia), but only a single case of canine thelaziosis, presumably autochthonous, was reported in Northern Greece. In this study, we provide robust information of the occurrence of thelaziosis in Greece by reporting autochthonous cases of thelaziosis in dogs (n = 46), cats (n = 3) and in one rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) living in Northern and Central regions of Greece. The occurrence of a single haplotype of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene confirms that the same zoonotic haplotype of the parasite circulating in Europe is also spreading in Greece. The increased awareness of this parasitosis is crucial to limit the risk of further infections in both humans and animals in European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Papadopoulos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Komnenou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Thomas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Ioannidou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - V Colella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - D Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
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Bani Hassan E, Moshaverinia A, Sheedfar F, McCowan C, Bazargani TT, Hosseinzadeh A, Saghafi R, Ashrafihelan J, Beveridge I. A report of the unusual lesions caused by Thelazia gulosa in cattle. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 7:62-65. [PMID: 31014660 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This is a case report of unusual lesions caused by Thelazia gulosa in cattle. After several ineffective treatments of suspected infectious keratoconjunctivitis in calves and cows, T. gulosa was found associated with retrobulbar granuloma-like masses. The masses with multiple digit-like protrusions on conjunctival surface ejected multiple worms on firm pressure on clinical examination. Samples of tissues that contained worms were surgically removed, fixed in ethanol and submitted to the parasitology and histopathology labs for morphological identification of worms and the nature of the tissue masses, respectively. The infestation was present only in young calves (<3months) and high-producing cows. Histopathology showed fibrovascular granulation tissue, containing a moderate to marked inflammatory infiltrate. Ivermectin treatment (200μg/kg, SC, once) with and without surgical excision resolved the infestation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of tissue invasion by T. gulosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Bani Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of the University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Western Precinct and Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ali Moshaverinia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Fareeba Sheedfar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christina McCowan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of the University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | - Ramin Saghafi
- University of Applied Science and Technology, Mollasadra, Yazd, Iran.
| | | | - Ian Beveridge
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of the University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Mihalca AD, Ionică AM, D'Amico G, Daskalaki AA, Deak G, Matei IA, Șimonca V, Iordache D, Modrý D, Gherman CM. Thelazia callipaeda in wild carnivores from Romania: new host and geographical records. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:350. [PMID: 27316971 PMCID: PMC4912765 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thelazia callipaeda is a vector-borne zoonotic nematode parasitizing the conjunctival sac of domestic and wild carnivores, rabbits and humans, with a vast distribution in Asia and the former Soviet Union. In Europe, the nematode has an emerging trend, being reported in Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania, Greece and Serbia, with human cases known in Italy, France, Spain, Serbia and Croatia. In Romania, the infection was so far reported only in dogs, whereas there are no reports in wildlife despite the large numbers of wild carnivores in the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of wild carnivores in the natural cycle of T. callipaeda in Romania. Methods Between 2014 and 2016, 89 wild carnivores (64 golden jackals, Canis aureus, 13 grey wolves, Canis lupus, nine wildcats, Felis silvestris and three Eurasian lynxes, Lynx lynx) have been examined. During the necropsy, both eyes of all the examined animals have been thoroughly inspected for the presence of parasites. If present, all nematodes were collected in absolute ethanol (for molecular analysis of the partial cox1 gene) or in 4 % formalin (for morphological identification). Results In total, three animals were found to be infected with T. callipaeda: a grey wolf, a golden jackal and a wildcat. The BLAST analysis of all the sequences showed a 100 % similarity to T. callipaeda haplotype h1. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of T. callipaeda in golden jackals, and the first study on T. callipaeda in wildlife from Romania. Conclusion Our data broaden the host spectrum and geographical distribution of T. callipaeda, highlighting the role of wild carnivores as natural reservoirs for the infection and confirming the ongoing expanding trend of this zoonotic nematode in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Angela Monica Ionică
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania.
| | - Gianluca D'Amico
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Aikaterini Alexandra Daskalaki
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Georgiana Deak
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Ioana Adriana Matei
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Vasile Șimonca
- Department of Forest Mensuration and Wood Study, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Daniel Iordache
- Department of Game and Wildlife, Faculty of Silviculture and Forestry Engineering, Transilvania University, Şirul Beethoven 1, Brașov, 500123, Romania
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic.,CEITEC -VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Călin Mircea Gherman
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
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50
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Gama A, Pires I, Canado M, Coutinho T, Lopes AP, Latrofa MS, Cardoso L, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. First report of Thelazia callipaeda infection in wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Portugal. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:236. [PMID: 27160400 PMCID: PMC4862226 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thelazia callipaeda is a zoonotic nematode that affects the eyes of domestic and wild animals, including dogs, cats and red foxes. This parasitic eye worm is transmitted by Phortica variegata, which is a zoophilic fruit fly spread in Europe. Two wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) found dead in north-eastern Portugal were submitted to necropsy. Results Both animals presented gross lesions compatible with haemorrhagic viral disease. Eye examination revealed the presence of six worms (three in each animal, on both eyes). Out of the six nematodes, five females and one male were morphologically and molecularly identified as T. callipaeda. Conclusions This is the first report of T. callipaeda in wild rabbits from Portugal, which reveals a new host for this parasite in southern Europe and emphasizes the importance of including thelaziosis in the differential diagnosis of ocular alterations in both animals and humans from areas where the eye worm is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Histology and Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Histology and Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Teresa Coutinho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Luís Cardoso
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal. .,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.,Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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