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Ajith Y, Adithya S, Athira KS, Beena V, Saifudeen Safeer M, Mevin SM, Preena P, Nisha AR, Manju M, Arun G, Ajithkumar S. Effects of environmental factors on host-parasite interaction patterns in backyard-tethered goats of Kerala, India. Exp Parasitol 2024; 266:108846. [PMID: 39414115 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
The environment is the most important stratum in the epidemiological triad of a parasitic disease and any variations in the environmental factors may decide the dynamic occurrence and existence of different lifecycle stages of these parasites. The present study investigated the correlations between key biometeorological and demographical parameters with the incidence of different gastrointestinal parasites and hemoparasites among goats. Four hundred and thirty-two goats were screened for parasitic infection in a yearlong survey conducted from July 2022 to June 2023 in the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy, Kerala, India. The weather parameters (Tmax, Tmin, RH, THI, and bright sunshine hours), air quality parameters [AQI, PM2.5, and PM10], and demographic parameters (gender and age) were recorded along with the test positivity of different categories of gastrointestinal parasites and hemoparasites in goats by routine fecal sample examination and blood smear examination, respectively. The infection level was ranked based on the severity of the infection. The mean and daily variations in biometeorological parameters were calculated and the data were statistically analyzed to figure out the pertinent correlations in host-parasite-environment interaction patterns. High levels of parasitic infections with significant month-wise variations and climate-correlated peak infection patterns were noticed. The incidence of parasites was negatively correlated to all parameters except humidity, indicating more severe parasitism during monsoon months. The significant variations in the host-parasite interaction dynamics point towards the need for detailed explorations concerning the lifecycle of each specific parasite with a focus on the possible environment-favourable and resistant lifecycle stages. Future studies may be designed from a biometeorological perspective to develop a crucial understanding of host-parasite-environment interactions in goats ensuring sustainable goat farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ajith
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680651.
| | - Sasi Adithya
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, KVASU, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680651
| | - K S Athira
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, KVASU, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680651
| | - V Beena
- Centre for Animal Adaptation to Environment and Climate Change Studies (CAADECCS), KVASU, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680651
| | - M Saifudeen Safeer
- Department of crop Management (Animal Husbandry/Biostatistics), Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India, 642103
| | - Sabu Mathews Mevin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680651
| | - P Preena
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, KVASU, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680651
| | - A R Nisha
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, CVAS, KVASU, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680651
| | - Mathew Manju
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680651
| | - George Arun
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680651
| | - S Ajithkumar
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, KVASU, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, 680651
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Duval E, Blanchet S, Quéméré E, Jacquin L, Veyssière C, Loot G. When does a parasite become a disease? eDNA unravels complex host-pathogen dynamics across environmental stress gradients in wild salmonid populations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174367. [PMID: 38955267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases stem from disrupted interactions among hosts, parasites, and the environment. Both abiotic and biotic factors can influence infection outcomes by shaping the abundance of a parasite's infective stages, as well as the host's ability to fight infection. However, disentangling these mechanisms within natural ecosystems remains challenging. Here, combining environmental DNA analysis and niche modelling at a regional scale, we uncovered the biotic and abiotic drivers of an infectious disease of salmonid fish, triggered by the parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. We found that the occurrence and abundance of the parasite in the water-i.e., the propagule pressure- were mainly correlated to the abundances of its two primary hosts, the bryozoan Fredericella sultana and the fish Salmo trutta, but poorly to local abiotic environmental stressors. In contrast, the occurrence and abundance of parasites within fish hosts-i.e., proxies for disease emergence-were closely linked to environmental stressors (water temperature, agricultural activities, dams), and to a lesser extent to parasite propagule pressure. These results suggest that pathogen distribution alone cannot predict the risk of disease in wildlife, and that local anthropogenic stressors may play a pivotal role in disease emergence among wild host populations, likely by modulating the hosts' immune response. Our study sheds light on the intricate interplay between biotic and abiotic factors in shaping pathogen distribution and raises concerns about the effects of global change on pathogen emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Duval
- Bureau d'études Fish-Pass, 18 rue de la plaine, 35890 Laillé, France.
| | - Simon Blanchet
- CNRS, Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS, UAR-2029, 2 route du CNRS, F-09200 Moulis, France.
| | - Erwan Quéméré
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), INRAE, Institut Agro, IFREMER, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc F-35042, Rennes, France
| | - Lisa Jacquin
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR-5300 CRBE (Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Veyssière
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR-5300 CRBE (Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Loot
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR-5300 CRBE (Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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3
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Hasik AZ, Bried JT, Bolnick DI, Siepielski AM. Is the local environment more important than within-host interactions in determining coinfection? J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:1541-1555. [PMID: 39245878 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Host populations often vary in the magnitude of coinfection they experience across environmental gradients. Furthermore, coinfection often occurs sequentially, with a second parasite infecting the host after the first has established a primary infection. Because the local environment and interactions between coinfecting parasites can both drive patterns of coinfection, it is important to disentangle the relative contributions of environmental factors and within-host interactions to patterns of coinfection. Here, we develop a conceptual framework and present an empirical case study to disentangle these facets of coinfection. Across multiple lakes, we surveyed populations of five damselfly (host) species and quantified primary parasitism by aquatic, ectoparasitic water mites and secondary parasitism by terrestrial, endoparasitic gregarines. We first asked if coinfection is predicted by abiotic and biotic factors within the local environment, finding that the probability of coinfection decreased for all host species as pH increased. We then asked if primary infection by aquatic water mites mediated the relationship between pH and secondary infection by terrestrial gregarines. Contrary to our expectations, we found no evidence for a water mite-mediated relationship between pH and gregarines. Instead, the intensity of gregarine infection correlated solely with the local environment, with the magnitude and direction of these relationships varying among environmental predictors. Our findings emphasize the role of the local environment in shaping infection dynamics that set the stage for coinfection. Although we did not detect within-host interactions, the approach herein can be applied to other systems to elucidate the nature of interactions between hosts and coinfecting parasites within complex ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z Hasik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Jacob Blaustein Center for Scientific Cooperation, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Jason T Bried
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Grondin JA, Jamal A, Mowna S, Seto T, Khan WI. Interaction between Intestinal Parasites and the Gut Microbiota: Implications for the Intestinal Immune Response and Host Defence. Pathogens 2024; 13:608. [PMID: 39204209 PMCID: PMC11356857 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasites, including helminths and protozoa, account for a significant portion of the global health burden. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract not only serves as the stage for these parasitic infections but also as the residence for millions of microbes. As the intricacies of the GI microbial milieu continue to unfold, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the interactions between host, parasite, and resident microbes help dictate parasite survival and, ultimately, disease outcomes. Across both clinical and experimental models, intestinal parasites have been shown to impact microbial composition and diversity. Reciprocally, microbes can directly influence parasitic survival, colonization and expulsion. The gut microbiota can also indirectly impact parasites through the influence and manipulation of the host. Studying this host-parasite-microbiota axis may help bring about novel therapeutic strategies for intestinal parasitic infection as well as conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review, we explore the relationship between intestinal parasites, with a particular focus on common protozoa and helminths, and the gut microbiota, and how these interactions can influence the host defence and intestinal immune response. We will also explore the impact of this tripartite relationship in a clinical setting and its broader implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensine A. Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.A.G.); (A.J.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Asif Jamal
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.A.G.); (A.J.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sadrina Mowna
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.A.G.); (A.J.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Tyler Seto
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.A.G.); (A.J.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Waliul I. Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.A.G.); (A.J.); (S.M.); (T.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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5
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Poulin R, Salloum PM, Bennett J. Evolution of parasites in the Anthropocene: new pressures, new adaptive directions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38984760 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The Anthropocene is seeing the human footprint rapidly spreading to all of Earth's ecosystems. The fast-changing biotic and abiotic conditions experienced by all organisms are exerting new and strong selective pressures, and there is a growing list of examples of human-induced evolution in response to anthropogenic impacts. No organism is exempt from these novel selective pressures. Here, we synthesise current knowledge on human-induced evolution in eukaryotic parasites of animals, and present a multidisciplinary framework for its study and monitoring. Parasites generally have short generation times and huge fecundity, features that predispose them for rapid evolution. We begin by reviewing evidence that parasites often have substantial standing genetic variation, and examples of their rapid evolution both under conditions of livestock production and in serial passage experiments. We then present a two-step conceptual overview of the causal chain linking anthropogenic impacts to parasite evolution. First, we review the major anthropogenic factors impacting parasites, and identify the selective pressures they exert on parasites through increased mortality of either infective stages or adult parasites, or through changes in host density, quality or immunity. Second, we discuss what new phenotypic traits are likely to be favoured by the new selective pressures resulting from altered parasite mortality or host changes; we focus mostly on parasite virulence and basic life-history traits, as these most directly influence the transmission success of parasites and the pathology they induce. To illustrate the kinds of evolutionary changes in parasites anticipated in the Anthropocene, we present a few scenarios, either already documented or hypothetical but plausible, involving parasite taxa in livestock, aquaculture and natural systems. Finally, we offer several approaches for investigations and real-time monitoring of rapid, human-induced evolution in parasites, ranging from controlled experiments to the use of state-of-the-art genomic tools. The implications of fast-evolving parasites in the Anthropocene for disease emergence and the dynamics of infections in domestic animals and wildlife are concerning. Broader recognition that it is not only the conditions for parasite transmission that are changing, but the parasites themselves, is needed to meet better the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Priscila M Salloum
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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González-Bernardo E, Moreno-Rueda G, Camacho C, Martínez-Padilla J, Potti J, Canal D. Environmental conditions influence host-parasite interactions and host fitness in a migratory passerine. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 38978458 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The study of host-parasite co-evolution is a central topic in evolutionary ecology. However, research is still fragmented and the extent to which parasites influence host life history is debated. One reason for this incomplete picture is the frequent omission of environmental conditions in studies analyzing host-parasite dynamics, which may influence the exposure to or effects of parasitism. To contribute to elucidating the largely unresolved question of how environmental conditions are related to the prevalence and intensity of infestation and their impact on hosts, we took advantage of 25 years of monitoring of a breeding population of pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca, in a Mediterranean area of central Spain. We investigated the influence of temperature and precipitation during the nestling stage at a local scale on the intensity of blowfly (Protocalliphora azurea) parasitism during the nestling stage. In addition, we explored the mediating effect of extrinsic and intrinsic factors and blowfly parasitism on breeding success (production of fledglings) and offspring quality (nestling mass on day 13). The prevalence and intensity of blowfly parasitism were associated with different intrinsic (host breeding date, brood size) and extrinsic (breeding habitat, mean temperature) factors. Specifically, higher average temperatures during the nestling phase were associated with lower intensities of parasitism, which may be explained by changes in blowflies' activity or larval developmental success. In contrast, no relationship was found between the prevalence of parasitism and any of the environmental variables evaluated. Hosts that experienced high parasitism intensities in their broods produced more fledglings as temperature increased, suggesting that physiological responses to severe parasitism during nestling development might be enhanced in warmer conditions. The weight of fledglings was, however, unrelated to the interactive effect of parasitism intensity and environmental conditions. Overall, our results highlight the temperature dependence of parasite-host interactions and the importance of considering multiple fitness indicators and climate-mediated effects to understand their complex implications for avian fitness and population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique González-Bernardo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Camacho
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Padilla
- Department of Biological Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Jaca, Spain
| | - Jaime Potti
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - David Canal
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Ravindran J, Eapen A. A comparative study on the vector competence of Anopheles stephensi from geographically distinct malarious and non-malarious urban areas in India to the malarial parasite, Plasmodium vivax. J Vector Borne Dis 2024; 61:413-419. [PMID: 38634456 DOI: 10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Anopheles stephensi is responsible for the transmission of malaria in urban areas. Vector competence of An. stephensi from a non-malarious (Coimbatore) and highly malarious (Chennai) urban area were investigated to find out the reason for the non-transmission of malaria in Coimbatore. METHODS Vector competence (Susceptibility/refractoriness) of An. stephensi mosquitoes from Chennai (Malarious) and Coimbatore (Non-malarious), Tamil Nadu, India to Plasmodium vivax (Chennai) were investigated. Bioassays were carried out concurrently in both these strains by artificial membrane feeding technique using the same malaria infected blood. An. stephensi were dissected to observe infection in the midgut and salivary glands. The parasite infection, oocyst and sporozoite positivity rate, the oocyst load, correlation between male-female gametocyte ratio and infection, and Survival Analysis of parasitic stages during sporogony were analyzed and compared. RESULTS The overall infection rate was 45.8 and 41.2 per cent in Chennai and Coimbatore. Oocyst count ranged from 1-80 and 1-208 respectively and not statistically significant. Oocyst positivity was high from Day 8-21in both strains. The Mean Survival Day (MSD) for oocyst was Day 14 in both strains. Sporozoite was observed in four experiments in each of the strains and the MSD for sporozoites was Day 20 and Day 17 in Chennai and Coimbatore. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION An. stephensi of Chennai and Coimbatore are equally susceptible to P. vivax infection and the non-transmission of malaria in Coimbatore can be attributed to external factors such as the presence of preferential breeding habitat, vector density, vector survival, and weather. The only difference observed was the comparatively shortened oocyst maturation time in the Coimbatore strain which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ravindran
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Chennai, India
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Estrada-Peña A, Sprong H, Wijburg SR. A crucial nexus: Phylogenetic versus ecological support of the life-cycle of Ixodes ricinus (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) and Borrelia spp. amplification. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 6:100198. [PMID: 39081593 PMCID: PMC11286992 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The tick Ixodes ricinus parasitizes a wide range of vertebrates. These hosts vary in the relative contribution to the feeding of the different tick life stages, and their interplay is pivotal in the transmission dynamics of tick-borne pathogens. We aimed to know if there is a phylogenetic signal in the feeding and propagation hosts of I. ricinus, independently of other traits, as well as in the amplification of Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) in feeding larvae. We used a compilation of 1127 published field surveys in Europe, providing data for 96,586 hosts, resulting in 265,124 larvae, 72,080 nymphs and 37,726 adults. The load of immature ticks on hosts showed a significant phylogenetic signal towards the genera Psammodromus, Podarcis, and Lacerta (nymphs only). We hypothesize that such signal is the background hallmark of the primitive hosts associations of I. ricinus, probably in the glaciation refugia. A secondary phylogenetic signal for tick immatures appeared for some genera of Rodentia and Eulipotyphla. Results suggest the notion that the tick gained these hosts after spread from glaciation refugia. Analyses support a phylogenetic signal in the tick adults, firmly linked to Cetartiodactyla, but not to Carnivora or Aves. This study provides the first demonstration of host preferences in the generalist tick I. ricinus. We further demonstrate that combinations of vertebrates contribute in different proportions supporting the tick life-cycle in biogeographical regions of the Western Palaearctic as each region has unique combinations of dominant hosts. Analysis of the amplification of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) demonstrated that each genospecies is better amplified by competent reservoirs with which a strong phylogenetic signal exists. These vertebrates are the same along the spatial range: environmental traits do not change the reservoirs along the large territory studied. The transmission of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) is amplified by a few species of vertebrates, that share biogeographical regions with the tick vector in variable proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Estrada-Peña
- Department of Animal Health, University of Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain
- Ministry of Human Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sara R. Wijburg
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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9
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Halle S, Hirshberg O, Manzi F, Wolinska J, Ben-Ami F. Coinfection frequency in water flea populations is a mere reflection of parasite diversity. Commun Biol 2024; 7:559. [PMID: 38734859 PMCID: PMC11088698 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In nature, parasite species often coinfect the same host. Yet, it is not clear what drives the natural dynamics of coinfection prevalence. The prevalence of coinfections might be affected by interactions among coinfecting species, or simply derive from parasite diversity. Identifying the relative impact of these parameters is crucial for understanding patterns of coinfections. We studied the occurrence and likelihood of coinfections in natural populations of water fleas (Daphnia magna). Coinfection prevalence was within the bounds expected by chance and parasite diversity had a strong positive effect on the likelihood of coinfections. Additionally, coinfection prevalence increased over the season and became as common as a single infection. Our results demonstrate how patterns of coinfection, and particularly their temporal variation, are affected by overlapping epidemics of different parasites. We suggest that monitoring parasite diversity can help predict where and when coinfection prevalence will be high, potentially leading to increased health risks to their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snir Halle
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ofir Hirshberg
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Florent Manzi
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frida Ben-Ami
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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10
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Goehlich H, Roth O, Sieber M, Chibani CM, Poehlein A, Rajkov J, Liesegang H, Wendling CC. Suboptimal environmental conditions prolong phage epidemics in bacterial populations. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17050. [PMID: 37337348 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Infections by filamentous phages, which are usually nonlethal to the bacterial cells, influence bacterial fitness in various ways. While phage-encoded accessory genes, for example virulence genes, can be highly beneficial, the production of viral particles is energetically costly and often reduces bacterial growth. Consequently, if costs outweigh benefits, bacteria evolve resistance, which can shorten phage epidemics. Abiotic conditions are known to influence the net-fitness effect for infected bacteria. Their impact on the dynamics and trajectories of host resistance evolution, however, remains yet unknown. To address this, we experimentally evolved the bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus in the presence of a filamentous phage at three different salinity levels, that is (1) ambient, (2) 50% reduction and (3) fluctuations between reduced and ambient. In all three salinities, bacteria rapidly acquired resistance through super infection exclusion (SIE), whereby phage-infected cells acquired immunity at the cost of reduced growth. Over time, SIE was gradually replaced by evolutionary fitter surface receptor mutants (SRM). This replacement was significantly faster at ambient and fluctuating conditions compared with the low saline environment. Our experimentally parameterized mathematical model explains that suboptimal environmental conditions, in which bacterial growth is slower, slow down phage resistance evolution ultimately prolonging phage epidemics. Our results may explain the high prevalence of filamentous phages in natural environments where bacteria are frequently exposed to suboptimal conditions and constantly shifting selections regimes. Thus, our future ocean may favour the emergence of phage-born pathogenic bacteria and impose a greater risk for disease outbreaks, impacting not only marine animals but also humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Goehlich
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olivia Roth
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, Germany
- Marine Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Sieber
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Cynthia M Chibani
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Poehlein
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jelena Rajkov
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heiko Liesegang
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin C Wendling
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, Germany
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Fleischer R, Eibner GJ, Schwensow NI, Pirzer F, Paraskevopoulou S, Mayer G, Corman VM, Drosten C, Wilhelm K, Heni AC, Sommer S, Schmid DW. Immunogenetic-pathogen networks shrink in Tome's spiny rat, a generalist rodent inhabiting disturbed landscapes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:169. [PMID: 38341501 PMCID: PMC10858909 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbance may increase the emergence of zoonoses. Especially generalists that cope with disturbance and live in close contact with humans and livestock may become reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. Yet, whether anthropogenic disturbance modifies host-pathogen co-evolutionary relationships in generalists is unknown. We assessed pathogen diversity, neutral genome-wide diversity (SNPs) and adaptive MHC class II diversity in a rodent generalist inhabiting three lowland rainforest landscapes with varying anthropogenic disturbance, and determined which MHC alleles co-occurred more frequently with 13 gastrointestinal nematodes, blood trypanosomes, and four viruses. Pathogen-specific selection pressures varied between landscapes. Genome-wide diversity declined with the degree of disturbance, while MHC diversity was only reduced in the most disturbed landscape. Furthermore, pristine forest landscapes had more functional important MHC-pathogen associations when compared to disturbed forests. We show co-evolutionary links between host and pathogens impoverished in human-disturbed landscapes. This underscores that parasite-mediated selection might change even in generalist species following human disturbance which in turn may facilitate host switching and the emergence of zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Fleischer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Georg Joachim Eibner
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, República de Panamá
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Isabell Schwensow
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Pirzer
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Mayer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, 13353, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wilhelm
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Christoph Heni
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Dominik Werner Schmid
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Quiroz LF, Ciosek T, Grogan H, McKeown PC, Spillane C, Brychkova G. Unravelling the Transcriptional Response of Agaricus bisporus under Lecanicillium fungicola Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1283. [PMID: 38279283 PMCID: PMC10815960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are a nutritionally rich and sustainably-produced food with a growing global market. Agaricus bisporus accounts for 11% of the total world mushroom production and it is the dominant species cultivated in Europe. It faces threats from pathogens that cause important production losses, including the mycoparasite Lecanicillium fungicola, the causative agent of dry bubble disease. Through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we determine the impact of L. fungicola infection on the transcription patterns of A. bisporus genes involved in key cellular processes. Notably, genes related to cell division, fruiting body development, and apoptosis exhibit dynamic transcriptional changes in response to infection. Furthermore, A. bisporus infected with L. fungicola were found to accumulate increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, the transcription levels of genes involved in the production and scavenging mechanisms of ROS were also increased, suggesting the involvement of changes to ROS homeostasis in response to L. fungicola infection. These findings identify potential links between enhanced cell proliferation, impaired fruiting body development, and ROS-mediated defence strategies during the A. bisporus (host)-L. fungicola (pathogen) interaction, and offer avenues for innovative disease control strategies and improved understanding of fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Quiroz
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (L.F.Q.); (C.S.)
| | - Tessa Ciosek
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (L.F.Q.); (C.S.)
| | - Helen Grogan
- Teagasc, Horticulture Development Department, Ashtown Research Centre, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Peter C. McKeown
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (L.F.Q.); (C.S.)
| | - Charles Spillane
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (L.F.Q.); (C.S.)
| | - Galina Brychkova
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (L.F.Q.); (C.S.)
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13
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Somé BM, Guissou E, Da DF, Richard Q, Choisy M, Yameogo KB, Hien DF, Yerbanga RS, Ouedraogo GA, Dabiré KR, Djidjou-Demasse R, Cohuet A, Lefèvre T. Mosquito ageing modulates the development, virulence and transmission potential of pathogens. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232097. [PMID: 38166422 PMCID: PMC10762442 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Host age variation is a striking source of heterogeneity that can shape the evolution and transmission dynamic of pathogens. Compared with vertebrate systems, our understanding of the impact of host age on invertebrate-pathogen interactions remains limited. We examined the influence of mosquito age on key life-history traits driving human malaria transmission. Females of Anopheles coluzzii, a major malaria vector, belonging to three age classes (4-, 8- and 12-day-old), were experimentally infected with Plasmodium falciparum field isolates. Our findings revealed reduced competence in 12-day-old mosquitoes, characterized by lower oocyst/sporozoite rates and intensities compared with younger mosquitoes. Despite shorter median longevities in older age classes, infected 12-day-old mosquitoes exhibited improved survival, suggesting that the infection might act as a fountain of youth for older mosquitoes specifically. The timing of sporozoite appearance in the salivary glands remained consistent across mosquito age classes, with an extrinsic incubation period of approximately 13 days. Integrating these results into an epidemiological model revealed a lower vectorial capacity for older mosquitoes compared with younger ones, albeit still substantial owing to extended longevity in the presence of infection. Considering age heterogeneity provides valuable insights for ecological and epidemiological studies, informing targeted control strategies to mitigate pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M. Somé
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Département de Biochimie, Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Edwige Guissou
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Département de Biochimie, Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, BP 376 Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Dari F. Da
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Quentin Richard
- IMAG, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Choisy
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Koudraogo B. Yameogo
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Domombabele FdS. Hien
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rakiswende S. Yerbanga
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Georges A. Ouedraogo
- Département de Biochimie, Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Kounbobr R. Dabiré
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Anna Cohuet
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Unité Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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14
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Aulsebrook LC, Wong BBM, Hall MD. Pharmaceutical pollution alters the cost of bacterial infection and its relationship to pathogen load. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20231273. [PMID: 38196353 PMCID: PMC10777164 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between pathogen proliferation and the cost of infection experienced by a host drives the ecology and evolution of host-pathogen dynamics. While environmental factors can shape this relationship, there is currently limited knowledge on the consequences of emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceutical pollutants, on the relationship between a pathogen's growth within the host and the damage it causes, termed its virulence. Here, we investigated how exposure to fluoxetine (Prozac), a commonly detected psychoactive pollutant, could alter this key relationship using the water flea Daphnia magna and its bacterial pathogen Pasteuria ramosa as a model system. Across a variety of fluoxetine concentrations, we found that fluoxetine shaped the damage a pathogen caused, such as the reduction in fecundity or intrinsic growth experienced by infected individuals, but with minimal change in average pathogen spore loads. Instead, fluoxetine modified the relationship between the degree of pathogen proliferation and its virulence, with both the strength of this trade-off and the component of host fitness most affected varying by fluoxetine concentration and host genotype. Our study underscores the potential for pharmaceutical pollution to modify the virulence of an invading pathogen, as well as the fundamental trade-off between host and pathogen fitness, even at the trace amounts increasingly found in natural waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda C. Aulsebrook
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bob B. M. Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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15
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Rollins RL, Medeiros MC, Cowie RH. Stressed snails release Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) larvae in their slime. One Health 2023; 17:100658. [PMID: 38116454 PMCID: PMC10728333 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of stress on release of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae from a snail host, Parmarion martensi. We subjected 140 infected, wild-caught P. martensi to three stress-inducing treatments (heat, molluscicide, physical disturbance) and an unstressed control treatment for 24 h, after which larval presence and abundance in the slime were quantified by qPCR targeting the ITS1 region of the parasite's DNA, and compared among treatments. The significance of stress and host infection load on larval release was determined by generalized linear mixed models and permutation tests. The results indicated that stress significantly increased the probability of larval presence in slime and the number of larvae released, and highly infected snails were also more likely to release larvae. Among stressed snails, 13.3% released larvae into slime, the number of larvae present in the slime ranging from 45.5 to 4216. Unstressed controls released no larvae. This study offers a partial explanation for conflicting results from prior studies regarding A. cantonensis presence in snail slime and sheds light on the broader One Health implications. Stress-induced larval release highlights the potential role of slime as a medium for pathogen transmission to accidental, paratenic, definitive and other intermediate hosts. These findings emphasize the importance of considering stress-mediated interactions in host-parasite systems and their implications for zoonotic disease emergence. As stressors continue to escalate because of anthropogenic activities and climate change, understanding the role of stress in pathogen shedding and transmission becomes increasingly important for safeguarding human and wildlife health within the One Health framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi L. Rollins
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 101, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Matthew C.I. Medeiros
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 1800 East West Road, LSB 316, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Robert H. Cowie
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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16
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Woodrow C, Rosca AT, Fletcher R, Hone A, Ruta M, Hamer KC, Dunn JC. Haemoproteus parasites and passerines: the effect of local generalists on inferences of host-parasite co-phylogeny in the British Isles. Parasitology 2023; 150:1307-1315. [PMID: 37395052 PMCID: PMC10941225 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Host–parasite associations provide a benchmark for investigating evolutionary arms races and antagonistic coevolution. However, potential ecological mechanisms underlying such associations are difficult to unravel. In particular, local adaptations of hosts and/or parasites may hamper reliable inferences of host–parasite relationships and the specialist–generalist definitions of parasite lineages, making it problematic to understand such relationships on a global scale. Phylogenetic methods were used to investigate co-phylogenetic patterns between vector-borne parasites of the genus Haemoproteus and their passeriform hosts, to infer the ecological interactions of parasites and hosts that may have driven the evolution of both groups in a local geographic domain. As several Haemoproteus lineages were only detected once, and given the occurrence of a single extreme generalist, the effect of removing individual lineages on the co-phylogeny pattern was tested. When all lineages were included, and when all singly detected lineages were removed, there was no convincing evidence for host–parasite co-phylogeny. However, when only the generalist lineage was removed, strong support for co-phylogeny was indicated, and ecological interactions could be successfully inferred. This study exemplifies the importance of identifying locally abundant lineages when sampling host–parasite systems, to provide reliable insights into the precise mechanisms underlying host–parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Woodrow
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Adina Teodora Rosca
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Rachel Fletcher
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Abigail Hone
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Marcello Ruta
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Keith C Hamer
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jenny Claire Dunn
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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17
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Abstract
Plant diseases are strongly influenced by host biodiversity, spatial structure, and abiotic conditions. All of these are undergoing rapid change, as the climate is warming, habitats are being lost, and nitrogen deposition is changing nutrient dynamics of ecosystems with ensuing consequences for biodiversity. Here, I review examples of plant-pathogen associations to demonstrate how our ability to understand, model and predict disease dynamics is becoming increasingly difficult, as both plant and pathogen populations and communities are undergoing extensive change. The extent of this change is influenced via both direct and combined effects of global change drivers, and especially the latter are still poorly understood. Change at one trophic level is expected to drive change also at the other, and hence feedback loops between plants and their pathogens are expected to drive changes in disease risk both through ecological as well as evolutionary mechanisms. Many of the examples discussed here demonstrate an increase in disease risk as a result of ongoing change, suggesting that unless we successfully mitigate global environmental change, plant disease is going to become an increasingly heavy burden on our societies with far-reaching consequences for food security and functioning of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO BOX 65 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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18
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Gimmi E, Wallisch J, Vorburger C. Defensive symbiosis in the wild: Seasonal dynamics of parasitism risk and symbiont-conferred resistance. Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37160764 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Parasite-mediated selection can rapidly drive up resistance levels in host populations, but fixation of resistance traits may be prevented by costs of resistance. Black bean aphids (Aphis fabae) benefit from increased resistance to parasitoids when carrying the defensive bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa. However, due to fitness costs that come with symbiont infection, symbiont-conferred resistance may result in either a net benefit or a net cost to the aphid host, depending on parasitoid presence as well as on the general ecological context. Balancing selection may therefore explain why in natural aphid populations, H. defensa is often found at intermediate frequencies. Here we present a 2-year field study where we set out to look for signatures of balancing selection in natural aphid populations. We collected temporally well-resolved data on the prevalence of H. defensa in A. f. fabae and estimated the risk imposed by parasitoids using sentinel hosts. Despite a marked and consistent early-summer peak in parasitism risk, and significant changes in symbiont prevalence over time, we found just a weak correlation between parasitism risk and H. defensa frequency dynamics. H. defensa prevalence in the populations under study was, in fact, better explained by the number of heat days that previous aphid generations were exposed to. Our study grants an unprecedentedly well-resolved insight into the dynamics of endosymbiont and parasitoid communities of A. f. fabae populations, and it adds to a growing body of empirical evidence suggesting that not only parasitism risk, but rather multifarious selection is shaping H. defensa prevalence in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gimmi
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- D-USYS, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jesper Wallisch
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- D-USYS, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Hasik AZ, King KC, Hawlena H. Interspecific host competition and parasite virulence evolution. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220553. [PMID: 37130550 PMCID: PMC10734695 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulence, the harm to hosts caused by parasite infection, can be selected for by several ecological factors acting synergistically or antagonistically. Here, we focus on the potential for interspecific host competition to shape virulence through such a network of effects. We first summarize how host natural mortality, body mass changes, population density and community diversity affect virulence evolution. We then introduce an initial conceptual framework highlighting how these host factors, which change during host competition, may drive virulence evolution via impacts on life-history trade-offs. We argue that the multi-faceted nature of both interspecific host competition and virulence evolution still requires consideration and experimentation to disentangle contrasting mechanisms. It also necessitates a differential treatment for parasites with various transmission strategies. However, such a comprehensive approach focusing on the role of interspecific host competition is essential to understand the processes driving the evolution of virulence in a tangled bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z. Hasik
- Jacob Blaustein Center for
Scientific Cooperation, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, 8499000 Midreshet Ben-Gurion,
Israel
| | - Kayla C. King
- Department of Biology,
University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road,
Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Hadas Hawlena
- Mitrani Department of Desert
Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, The
Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, 849900 Midreshet Ben-Gurion,
Israel
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20
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Dutta TK, Phani V. The pervasive impact of global climate change on plant-nematode interaction continuum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1143889. [PMID: 37089646 PMCID: PMC10118019 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1143889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pest profiles in today's global food production system are continually affected by climate change and extreme weather. Under varying climatic conditions, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause substantial economic damage to a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural commodities. In parallel, their herbivory also accredit to diverse ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, allocation and turnover of plant biomass, shaping of vegetation community, and alteration of rhizospheric microorganism consortium by modifying the root exudation pattern. Thus PPNs, together with the vast majority of free-living nematodes, act as ecological drivers. Because of direct exposure to the open environment, PPN biology and physiology are largely governed by environmental factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric and soil carbon dioxide level, and weather extremes. The negative effects of climate change such as global warming, elevated CO2, altered precipitation and the weather extremes including heat waves, droughts, floods, wildfires and storms greatly influence the biogeographic range, distribution, abundance, survival, fitness, reproduction, and parasitic potential of the PPNs. Changes in these biological and ecological parameters associated to the PPNs exert huge impact on agriculture. Yet, depending on how adaptable the species are according to their geo-spatial distribution, the consequences of climate change include both positive and negative effects on the PPN communities. While assorting the effects of climate change as a whole, it can be estimated that the changing environmental factors, on one hand, will aggravate the PPN damage by aiding to abundance, distribution, reproduction, generation, plant growth and reduced plant defense, but the phenomena like sex reversal, entering cryptobiosis, and reduced survival should act in counter direction. This seemingly creates a contraposition effect, where assessing any confluent trend is difficult. However, as the climate change effects will differ according to space and time it is apprehensible that the PPNs will react and adapt according to their location and species specificity. Nevertheless, the bio-ecological shifts in the PPNs will necessitate tweaking their management practices from the agri-horticultural perspective. In this regard, we must aim for a 'climate-smart' package that will take care of the food production, pest prevention and environment protection. Integrated nematode management involving precise monitoring and modeling-based studies of population dynamics in relation to climatic fluctuations with escalated reliance on biocontrol, host resistance, and other safer approaches like crop rotation, crop scheduling, cover cropping, biofumigation, use of farmyard manure (FYM) would surely prove to be viable options. Although the novel nematicidal molecules are target-specific and relatively less harmful to the environment, their application should not be promoted following the global aim to reduce pesticide usage in future agriculture. Thus, having a reliable risk assessment with scenario planning, the adaptive management strategies must be designed to cope with the impending situation and satisfy the farmers' need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K. Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Victor Phani
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India
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21
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Albert L, Rumschlag S, Parker A, Vaziri G, Knutie SA. Elevated nest temperature has opposing effects on host species infested with parasitic nest flies. Oecologia 2023; 201:877-886. [PMID: 37012554 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors, such as elevated temperature, can have varying effects on hosts and their parasites, which can have consequences for the net outcome of this relationship. The individual direct effects of temperature must be disentangled to determine the net-effect in host-parasite relationships, yet few studies have determined the net-effects in a multi-host system. To address this gap, we experimentally manipulated temperature and parasite presence in the nests of two host species infested by parasitic blowflies (Protocalliphora sialia). We conducted a factorial experiment by increasing temperature (or not) and removing all parasites (or not) in the nests of eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). We then measured nestling morphometrics, blood loss, and survival and quantified parasite abundance. We predicted that if temperature had a direct effect on parasite abundance, then elevated temperature would cause similar directional effects on parasite abundance across host species. If temperature had a direct effect on hosts, and therefore an indirect effect on the parasite, parasite abundance would differ across host species. Swallow nests with elevated temperature had fewer parasites compared to nests without temperature manipulation. In contrast, bluebird nests with elevated temperatures had more parasites compared to nests without temperature manipulation. The results of our study demonstrate that elevated temperature can have differential effects on host species, which can impact infestation susceptibility. Furthermore, changing climates could have complex net-effects on parasite fitness and host health across multi-host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Samantha Rumschlag
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Grace Vaziri
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Sarah A Knutie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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22
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King KC, Hall MD, Wolinska J. Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220002. [PMID: 36744560 PMCID: PMC9900701 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla C. King
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin (FU), 14195 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Hector TE, Gehman ALM, King KC. Infection burdens and virulence under heat stress: ecological and evolutionary considerations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220018. [PMID: 36744570 PMCID: PMC9900716 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of global change, hosts and parasites (including pathogens) are experiencing shifts in their thermal environment. Despite the importance of heat stress tolerance for host population persistence, infection by parasites can impair a host's ability to cope with heat. Host-parasite eco-evolutionary dynamics will be affected if infection reduces host performance during heating. Theory predicts that within-host parasite burden (replication rate or number of infecting parasites per host), a key component of parasite fitness, should correlate positively with virulence-the harm caused to hosts during infection. Surprisingly, however, the relationship between within-host parasite burden and virulence during heating is often weak. Here, we describe the current evidence for the link between within-host parasite burden and host heat stress tolerance. We consider the biology of host-parasite systems that may explain the weak or absent link between these two important host and parasite traits during hot conditions. The processes that mediate the relationship between parasite burden and host fitness will be fundamental in ecological and evolutionary responses of host and parasites in a warming world. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. E. Hector
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - A.-L. M. Gehman
- Hakai Institute, End of Kwakshua Channel, Calvert Island, BC Canada, V0N 1M0
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - K. C. King
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3SZ, UK
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24
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Aulsebrook LC, Wong BBM, Hall MD. Can pharmaceutical pollution alter the spread of infectious disease? A case study using fluoxetine. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220010. [PMID: 36744558 PMCID: PMC9900710 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activity is changing global environments at an unprecedented rate, imposing new ecological and evolutionary ramifications on wildlife dynamics, including host-parasite interactions. Here we investigate how an emerging concern of modern human activity, pharmaceutical pollution, influences the spread of disease in a population, using the water flea Daphnia magna and the bacterial pathogen Pasteuria ramosa as a model system. We found that exposure to different concentrations of fluoxetine-a widely prescribed psychoactive drug and widespread contaminant of aquatic ecosystems-affected the severity of disease experienced by an individual in a non-monotonic manner. The direction and magnitude of any effect, however, varied with both the infection outcome measured and the genotype of the pathogen. By contrast, the characteristics of unexposed animals, and thus the growth and density of susceptible hosts, were robust to fluoxetine. Using our data to parameterize an epidemiological model, we show that fluoxetine is unlikely to lead to a net increase or decrease in the likelihood of an infectious disease outbreak, as measured by a pathogen's transmission rate or basic reproductive number. Instead, any given pathogen genotype may experience a twofold change in likely fitness, but often in opposing directions. Our study demonstrates that changes in pharmaceutical pollution give rise to complex genotype-by-environment interactions in its influence of disease dynamics, with repercussions on pathogen genetic diversity and evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda C. Aulsebrook
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bob B. M. Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne Victoria 3800, Australia
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25
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Sun SJ, Dziuba MK, Jaye RN, Duffy MA. Temperature modifies trait-mediated infection outcomes in a Daphnia-fungal parasite system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220009. [PMID: 36744571 PMCID: PMC9900708 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One major concern related to climate change is that elevated temperatures will drive increases in parasite outbreaks. Increasing temperature is known to alter host traits and host-parasite interactions, but we know relatively little about how these are connected mechanistically-that is, about how warmer temperatures impact the relationship between epidemiologically relevant host traits and infection outcomes. Here, we used a zooplankton-fungus (Daphnia dentifera-Metschnikowia bicuspidata) disease system to experimentally investigate how temperature impacted physical barriers to infection and cellular immune responses. We found that Daphnia reared at warmer temperatures had more robust physical barriers to infection but decreased cellular immune responses during the initial infection process. Infected hosts at warmer temperatures also suffered greater reductions in fecundity and lifespan. Furthermore, the relationship between a key trait-gut epithelium thickness, a physical barrier-and the likelihood of terminal infection reversed at warmer temperatures. Together, our results highlight the complex ways that temperatures can modulate host-parasite interactions and show that different defense components can have qualitatively different responses to warmer temperatures, highlighting the importance of considering key host traits when predicting disease dynamics in a warmer world. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuan-Jyun Sun
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable Development, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Marcin K. Dziuba
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Riley N. Jaye
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meghan A. Duffy
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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26
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Jiranek J, Miller IF, An R, Bruns E, Metcalf CJE. Mechanistic models to meet the challenge of climate change in plant-pathogen systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220017. [PMID: 36744564 PMCID: PMC9900714 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence that climate change will impact the ecology and evolution of individual plant species is growing. However, little, as yet, is known about how climate change will affect interactions between plants and their pathogens. Climate drivers could affect the physiology, and thus demography, and ultimately evolutionary processes affecting both plant hosts and their pathogens. Because the impacts of climate drivers may operate in different directions at different scales of infection, and, furthermore, may be nonlinear, abstracting across these processes may mis-specify outcomes. Here, we use mechanistic models of plant-pathogen interactions to illustrate how counterintuitive outcomes are possible, and we introduce how such framing may contribute to understanding climate effects on plant-pathogen systems. We discuss the evidence-base derived from wild and agricultural plant-pathogen systems that could inform such models, specifically in the direction of estimates of physiological, demographic and evolutionary responses to climate change. We conclude by providing an overview of knowledge gaps and directions for future research in this important area. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Jiranek
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81244, USA
| | - Ian F. Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08450, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81244, USA
| | - Ruby An
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08450, USA
| | - Emme Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - C. Jessica E. Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08450, USA
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27
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Marcus E, Dagan T, Asli W, Ben-Ami F. Out of the 'host' box: extreme off-host conditions alter the infectivity and virulence of a parasitic bacterium. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220015. [PMID: 36744562 PMCID: PMC9900709 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease agents play an important role in the ecology and life history of wild and cultivated populations and communities. While most studies focus on the adaptation of parasites to their hosts, the adaptation of free-living parasite stages to their external (off-host) environment may tell us a lot about the factors that shape the distribution of parasites. Pasteuria ramosa is an endoparasitic bacterium of the water flea Daphnia with a wide geographical distribution. Its transmission stages rest outside of the host and thus experience varying environmental regimes. We examined the life history of P. ramosa populations from four environmental conditions (i.e. groups of habitats): the factorial combinations of summer-dry water bodies or not, and winter-freeze water bodies or not. Our goal was to examine how the combination of winter temperature and summer dryness affects the parasite's ability to attach to its host and to infect it. We subjected samples of the four groups of habitats to temperatures of 20, 33, 46 and 60°C in dry and wet conditions, and exposed a susceptible clone of Daphnia magna to the treated spores. We found that spores which had undergone desiccation endured higher temperatures better than spores kept wet, both regarding attachment and subsequent infection. Furthermore, spores treated with heightened temperatures were much less infective and virulent. Even under high temperatures (60°C), exposed spores from all populations were able to attach to the host cuticle, albeit they were unable to establish infection. Our work highlights the sensitivity of a host-free resting stage of a bacterial parasite to the external environment. Long heatwaves and harsh summers, which are becoming more frequent owing to recent climate changes, may therefore pose a problem for parasite survival. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enav Marcus
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tal Dagan
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Weaam Asli
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Frida Ben-Ami
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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28
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Gómez-Llano M, McPeek MA, Siepielski AM. Environmental variation shapes and links parasitism to sexual selection. Evol Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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29
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Gsell AS, Biere A, de Boer W, de Bruijn I, Eichhorn G, Frenken T, Geisen S, van der Jeugd H, Mason-Jones K, Meisner A, Thakur MP, van Donk E, Zwart MP, Van de Waal DB. Environmental refuges from disease in host-parasite interactions under global change. Ecology 2023; 104:e4001. [PMID: 36799146 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The physiological performance of organisms depends on their environmental context, resulting in performance-response curves along environmental gradients. Parasite performance-response curves are generally expected to be broader than those of their hosts due to shorter generation times and hence faster adaptation. However, certain environmental conditions may limit parasite performance more than that of the host, thereby providing an environmental refuge from disease. Thermal disease refuges have been extensively studied in response to climate warming, but other environmental factors may also provide environmental disease refuges which, in turn, respond to global change. Here, we (1) showcase laboratory and natural examples of refuges from parasites along various environmental gradients, and (2) provide hypotheses on how global environmental change may affect these refuges. We strive to synthesize knowledge on potential environmental disease refuges along different environmental gradients including salinity and nutrients, in both natural and food-production systems. Although scaling up from single host-parasite relationships along one environmental gradient to their interaction outcome in the full complexity of natural environments remains difficult, integrating host and parasite performance-response can serve to formulate testable hypotheses about the variability in parasitism outcomes and the occurrence of environmental disease refuges under current and future environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena S Gsell
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Ecosystem Research Department, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wietse de Boer
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene de Bruijn
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Koppert, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
| | - Götz Eichhorn
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Avian Migration and Demography, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Frenken
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER), University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van der Jeugd
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Avian Migration and Demography, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kyle Mason-Jones
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelein Meisner
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Madhav P Thakur
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Terrestrial Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ellen van Donk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark P Zwart
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dedmer B Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Rivera CL, Padilla JF, Ospina Pérez EM, Urbano FM, Guarín DV, Mejía Fontecha IY, Ossa López PA, Rivera Páez FA, Ramírez-Chaves HE. Interaction Networks between Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) and Ectoparasitic Flies (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) in the Colombian Orinoquia Region. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2023. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2022.24.2.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila López Rivera
- Grupo de Investigación GEBIOME, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado Aéreo 275, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Juliana Florez Padilla
- Grupo de Investigación GEBIOME, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado Aéreo 275, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Erika M. Ospina Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación GEBIOME, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado Aéreo 275, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Freddy Méndez Urbano
- Grupo de Investigación GEBIOME, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado Aéreo 275, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Daniela Velásquez Guarín
- Grupo de Investigación GEBIOME, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado Aéreo 275, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Ingrith Y. Mejía Fontecha
- Grupo de Investigación GEBIOME, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado Aéreo 275, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Paula A. Ossa López
- Grupo de Investigación GEBIOME, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado Aéreo 275, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Fredy A. Rivera Páez
- Grupo de Investigación GEBIOME, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado Aéreo 275, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves
- Grupo de Investigación GEBIOME, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado Aéreo 275, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
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31
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Vasantha Raman N, Gsell AS, Voulgarellis T, van den Brink NW, de Senerpont Domis LN. Moving beyond standard toxicological metrics: The effect of diclofenac on planktonic host-parasite interactions. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 254:106370. [PMID: 36516501 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are increasingly released into surface waters and therefore ubiquitous in aquatic systems. While pharmaceuticals are known to influence species interactions, their effect on host-parasite interactions is still underexplored despite potential ecosystem-level consequences. Here, we ask whether diclofenac, a widely used non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug, affects the interaction between a phytoplankton host (Staurastrum sp.; green alga) and its obligate fungal parasite (Staurastromyces oculus; chytrid fungus). We hypothesized that the effect of increasing diclofenac concentration on the host-parasite system depends on parasite exposure. We assessed acute and chronic effects of a wide range of diclofenac concentrations (0-150 mg/L) on host and parasite performance using a replicated long gradient design in batch cultures. Overall system response summarizing parameters related to all biotic components in an experimental unit i.e., number of bacteria and phytoplankton host cells along with photosynthetic yield (a measure of algal cell fitness), depended on diclofenac concentration and presence/absence of parasite. While host standing biomass decreased at diclofenac concentrations >10 mg/L in non-parasite-exposed treatments, it increased at ≥10 mg/L in parasite-exposed treatments since losses due to infection declined. During acute phase (0-48 h), diclofenac concentrations <0.1 mg/L had no effect on host net-production neither in parasite-exposed nor non-parasite-exposed treatments, but parasite infection ceased at 10 mg/L. During chronic phase (0-216 h), host net-production declined only at concentrations >10 mg/L in non-parasite-exposed cultures, while it was overall close to zero in parasite-exposed cultures. Our results suggest that chytrid parasites are more sensitive to diclofenac than their host, allowing a window of opportunity for growth of phytoplankton hosts, despite exposure to a parasite. Our work provides a first understanding about effects of a pharmaceutical on a host-parasite interaction beyond those defined by standard toxicological metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vasantha Raman
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, PB 6708, the Netherlands.
| | - Alena S Gsell
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, PB 6708, the Netherlands
| | - Themistoklis Voulgarellis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, PB 6708, the Netherlands
| | - Nico W van den Brink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, WE 6708, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette N de Senerpont Domis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, PB 6708, the Netherlands; Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Pervasive Systems Research Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, the Netherlands; Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, the Netherlands
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32
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Spatially structured eco-evolutionary dynamics in a host-pathogen interaction render isolated populations vulnerable to disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6018. [PMID: 36229442 PMCID: PMC9561709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While the negative effects that pathogens have on their hosts are well-documented in humans and agricultural systems, direct evidence of pathogen-driven impacts in wild host populations is scarce and mixed. Here, to determine how the strength of pathogen-imposed selection depends on spatial structure, we analyze growth rates across approximately 4000 host populations of a perennial plant through time coupled with data on pathogen presence-absence. We find that infection decreases growth more in the isolated than well-connected host populations. Our inoculation study reveals isolated populations to be highly susceptible to disease while connected host populations support the highest levels of resistance diversity, regardless of their disease history. A spatial eco-evolutionary model predicts that non-linearity in the costs to resistance may be critical in determining this pattern. Overall, evolutionary feedbacks define the ecological impacts of disease in spatially structured systems with host gene flow being more important than disease history in determining the outcome.
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33
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A Genome-Wide Association study in Arabidopsis thaliana to decipher the adaptive genetics of quantitative disease resistance in a native heterogeneous environment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274561. [PMID: 36190949 PMCID: PMC9529085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are often the main selective agents acting in plant communities, thereby influencing the distribution of polymorphism at loci affecting resistance within and among natural plant populations. In addition, the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions can be drastically affected by abiotic and biotic factors at different spatial and temporal grains. The characterization of the adaptive genetic architecture of disease resistance in native heterogeneous environments is however still missing. In this study, we conducted an in situ Genome-Wide Association study in the spatially heterogeneous native habitat of a highly genetically polymorphic local mapping population of Arabidopsis thaliana, to unravel the adaptive genetic architecture of quantitative disease resistance. Disease resistance largely differed among three native soils and was affected by the presence of the grass Poa annua. The observation of strong crossing reactions norms among the 195 A. thaliana genotypes for disease resistance among micro-habitats, combined with a negative fecundity-disease resistance relationship in each micro-habitat, suggest that alternative local genotypes of A. thaliana are favored under contrasting environmental conditions at the scale of few meters. A complex genetic architecture was detected for disease resistance and fecundity. However, only few QTLs were common between these two traits. Heterogeneous selection in this local population should therefore promote the maintenance of polymorphism at only few candidate resistance genes.
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Machado C, Cuco AP, Cássio F, Wolinska J, Castro BB. Antiparasitic potential of agrochemical fungicides on a non-target aquatic model (Daphnia × Metschnikowia host-parasite system). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155296. [PMID: 35429554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are a major anthropogenic threat to the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems, having the potential to affect non-target aquatic organisms and disrupt the processes in which they intervene. Important knowledge gaps have been recognised concerning the ecological effects of synthetic fungicides on non-target symbiotic aquatic fungi and the ecological processes where they intervene. The goal of this work was to assess the influence of three commonly used fungicides (myclobutanil, metalaxyl and cymoxanil), which differ in their mode of action, on a host (the crustacean Daphnia magna) × parasite (the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata) experimental model. Using a set of life history experiments, we evaluated the effect of each fungicide on the outcome of this relationship (disease) and on the fitness of both host and parasite. Contrasting results were observed: (i) cymoxanil and metalaxyl were overall innocuous to host and parasite at the tested concentrations, although host reproduction was occasionally reduced in the simultaneous presence of parasite and fungicide; (ii) on the contrary, myclobutanil displayed a clear antifungal effect, decreasing parasite prevalence and alleviating infection signs in the hosts. This antiparasitic effect of myclobutanil was further investigated with a follow-up experiment that manipulated the timing of application of the fungicide, to understand which stage of parasite development was most susceptible: while myclobutanil did not interfere in the early stages of infection, its antifungal activity was clearly observable at a later stage of the disease (by impairing the production of transmission stages of the parasite). More research is needed to understand the broader consequences of this parasite-clearance effect, especially in face of increasing evidence that parasites are ecologically more important than their cryptic nature might suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Machado
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana P Cuco
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno B Castro
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Burghardt LT, Epstein B, Hoge M, Trujillo DI, Tiffin P. Host-Associated Rhizobial Fitness: Dependence on Nitrogen, Density, Community Complexity, and Legume Genotype. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0052622. [PMID: 35852362 PMCID: PMC9361818 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00526-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental context of the nitrogen-fixing mutualism between leguminous plants and rhizobial bacteria varies over space and time. Variation in resource availability, population density, and composition likely affect the ecology and evolution of rhizobia and their symbiotic interactions with hosts. We examined how host genotype, nitrogen addition, rhizobial density, and community complexity affected selection on 68 rhizobial strains in the Sinorhizobium meliloti-Medicago truncatula mutualism. As expected, host genotype had a substantial effect on the size, number, and strain composition of root nodules (the symbiotic organ). The understudied environmental variable of rhizobial density had a stronger effect on nodule strain frequency than the addition of low nitrogen levels. Higher inoculum density resulted in a nodule community that was less diverse and more beneficial but only in the context of the more selective host genotype. Higher density resulted in more diverse and less beneficial nodule communities with the less selective host. Density effects on strain composition deserve additional scrutiny as they can create feedback between ecological and evolutionary processes. Finally, we found that relative strain rankings were stable across increasing community complexity (2, 3, 8, or 68 strains). This unexpected result suggests that higher-order interactions between strains are rare in the context of nodule formation and development. Our work highlights the importance of examining mechanisms of density-dependent strain fitness and developing theoretical predictions that incorporate density dependence. Furthermore, our results have translational relevance for overcoming establishment barriers in bioinoculants and motivating breeding programs that maintain beneficial plant-microbe interactions across diverse agroecological contexts. IMPORTANCE Legume crops establish beneficial associations with rhizobial bacteria that perform biological nitrogen fixation, providing nitrogen to plants without the economic and greenhouse gas emission costs of chemical nitrogen inputs. Here, we examine the influence of three environmental factors that vary in agricultural fields on strain relative fitness in nodules. In addition to manipulating nitrogen, we also use two biotic variables that have rarely been examined: the rhizobial community's density and complexity. Taken together, our results suggest that (i) breeding legume varieties that select beneficial strains despite environmental variation is possible, (ii) changes in rhizobial population densities that occur routinely in agricultural fields could drive evolutionary changes in rhizobial populations, and (iii) the lack of higher-order interactions between strains will allow the high-throughput assessments of rhizobia winners and losers during plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana T. Burghardt
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brendan Epstein
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle Hoge
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Diana I. Trujillo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Tiffin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Varas O, Pulgar J, Duarte C, García-Herrera C, Abarca-Ortega A, Grenier C, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Zapata J, Lagos NA, García-Huidobro MR, Aldana M. Parasitism by metacercariae modulates the morphological, organic and mechanical responses of the shell of an intertidal bivalve to environmental drivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154747. [PMID: 35337870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental variation alters biological interactions and their ecological and evolutionary consequences. In coastal systems, trematode parasites affect their hosts by disrupting their life-history traits. However, the effects of parasitism could be variable and dependent on the prevailing environmental conditions where the host-parasite interaction occurs. This study compared the effect of a trematode parasite in the family Renicolidae (metacercariae) on the body size and the shell organic and mechanical characteristics of the intertidal mussels Perumytilus purpuratus, inhabiting two environmentally contrasting localities in northern and central Chile (ca. 1600 km apart). Congruent with the environmental gradient along the Chilean coast, higher levels of temperature, salinity and pCO2, and a lower pH characterise the northern locality compared to that of central Chile. In the north, parasitised individuals showed lower body size and shell resistance than non-parasitised individuals, while in central Chile, the opposite pattern was observed. Protein level in the organic matter of the shell was lower in the parasitised hosts than in the non-parasitised ones regardless of the locality. However, an increase in polysaccharide levels was observed in the parasitised individuals from central Chile. These results evidence that body size and shell properties of P. purpuratus vary between local populations and that they respond differently when confronting the parasitism impacts. Considering that the parasite prevalence reaches around 50% in both populations, if parasitism is not included in the analysis, the true response of the host species would be masked by the effects of the parasite, skewing our understanding of how environmental variables will affect marine species. Considering parasitism and identifying its effects on host species faced with environmental drivers is essential to understand and accurately predict the ecological consequences of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Varas
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultas de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultas de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultas de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio García-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Abarca-Ortega
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Biomecánica y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Grenier
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Javier Zapata
- Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Roberto García-Huidobro
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcela Aldana
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Conservación y Gestión de la Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
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Hector TE, Hoang KL, Li J, King KC. Symbiosis and host responses to heating. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:611-624. [PMID: 35491290 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all organisms are colonized by microbes. Average temperatures are rising because of global climate change - accompanied by increases in extreme climatic events and heat shock - and symbioses with microbes may determine species persistence in the 21st century. Although parasite infection typically reduces host upper thermal limits, interactions with beneficial microbes can facilitate host adaptation to warming. The effects of warming on the ecology and evolution of the microbial symbionts remain understudied but are important for understanding how climate change might affect host health and disease. We present a framework for untangling the contributions of symbiosis to predictions of host persistence in the face of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E Hector
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Kim L Hoang
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Jingdi Li
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Kayla C King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.
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The timing and development of infections in a fish-cestode host-parasite system. Parasitology 2022; 149:1173-1178. [PMID: 35570667 PMCID: PMC10090619 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cestode Schistocephalus solidus is a common parasite in freshwater threespine stickleback populations, imposing strong fitness costs on their hosts. Given this, it is surprising how little is known about the timing and development of infections in natural stickleback populations. Previous work showed that young-of-year stickleback can get infected shortly after hatching. We extended this observation by comparing infection prevalence of young-of-year stickleback from 3 Alaskan populations (Walby, Cornelius and Wolf lakes) over 2 successive cohorts (2018/19 and 2019/20). We observed strong variation between sampling years (2018 vs 2019 vs 2020), stickleback age groups (young-of-year vs 1-year-old) and sampling populations.
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Pulkkinen K, Ketola T, Laakso J, Mappes J, Sundberg L. Rich resource environment of fish farms facilitates phenotypic variation and virulence in an opportunistic fish pathogen. Evol Appl 2022; 15:417-428. [PMID: 35386393 PMCID: PMC8965373 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variation is suggested to facilitate the persistence of environmentally growing pathogens under environmental change. Here, we hypothesized that the intensive farming environment induces higher phenotypic variation in microbial pathogens than natural environment, because of high stochasticity for growth and stronger survival selection compared to the natural environment. We tested the hypothesis with an opportunistic fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare isolated either from fish farms or from natural waters. We measured growth parameters of two morphotypes from all isolates in different resource concentrations and two temperatures relevant for the occurrence of disease epidemics at farms and tested their virulence using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model. According to our hypothesis, isolates originating from the fish farms had higher phenotypic variation in growth between the morphotypes than the isolates from natural waters. The difference was more pronounced in higher resource concentrations and the higher temperature, suggesting that phenotypic variation is driven by the exploitation of increased outside-host resources at farms. Phenotypic variation of virulence was not observed based on isolate origin but only based on morphotype. However, when in contact with the larger fish, the less virulent morphotype of some of the isolates also had high virulence. As the less virulent morphotype also had higher growth rate in outside-host resources, the results suggest that both morphotypes can contribute to F. columnare epidemics at fish farms, especially with current prospects of warming temperatures. Our results suggest that higher phenotypic variation per se does not lead to higher virulence, but that environmental conditions at fish farms could select isolates with high phenotypic variation in bacterial population and hence affect evolution in F. columnare at fish farms. Our results highlight the multifaceted effects of human-induced environmental alterations in shaping epidemiology and evolution in microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Jouni Laakso
- Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Johanna Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Nanoscience CenterUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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Wu Q, Miles DB, Richard M, Rutschmann A, Clobert J. Intraspecific diversity alters the relationship between climate change and parasitism in a polymorphic ectotherm. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1301-1314. [PMID: 34856039 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate-modulated parasitism is driven by a range of factors, yet the spatial and temporal variability of this relationship has received scant attention in wild vertebrate hosts. Moreover, most prior studies overlooked the intraspecific differences across host morphotypes, which impedes a full understanding of the climate-parasitism relationship. In the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), females exhibit three colour morphs: yellow (Y-females), orange (O-females) and mixed (mixture of yellow and orange, M-females). Zootoca vivipara is also infested with an ectoparasite (Ophionyssus mites). We therefore used this model system to examine the intraspecific response of hosts to parasitism under climate change. We found infestation probability to differ across colour morphs at both spatial (10 sites) and temporal (20 years) scales: M-females had lower parasite infestations than Y- and O-females at lower temperatures, but became more susceptible to parasites as temperature increased. The advantage of M-females at low temperatures was counterbalanced by their higher mortality rates thereafter, which suggests a morph-dependent trade-off between resistance to parasites and host survival. Furthermore, significant interactions between colour morphs and temperature indicate that the relationship between parasite infestations and climate warming was contingent on host morphotypes. Parasite infestations increased with temperature for most morphs, but displayed morph-specific rates. Finally, infested M-females had higher reductions in survival rates than infested Y- or O-females, which implies a potential loss of intraspecific diversity within populations as parasitism and temperatures rise. Overall, we found parasitism increases with warming temperatures, but this relationship is modulated by host morphotypes and an interaction with temperature. We suggest that epidemiological models incorporate intraspecific diversity within species for better understanding the dynamics of wildlife diseases under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Donald B Miles
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Murielle Richard
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Alexis Rutschmann
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
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Grimaudo AT, Hoyt JR, Yamada SA, Herzog CJ, Bennett AB, Langwig KE. Host traits and environment interact to determine persistence of bat populations impacted by white-nose syndrome. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:483-497. [PMID: 34935272 PMCID: PMC9299823 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases have resulted in severe population declines across diverse taxa. In some instances, despite attributes associated with high extinction risk, disease emergence and host declines are followed by host stabilisation for unknown reasons. While host, pathogen, and the environment are recognised as important factors that interact to determine host-pathogen coexistence, they are often considered independently. Here, we use a translocation experiment to disentangle the role of host traits and environmental conditions in driving the persistence of remnant bat populations a decade after they declined 70-99% due to white-nose syndrome and subsequently stabilised. While survival was significantly higher than during the initial epidemic within all sites, protection from severe disease only existed within a narrow environmental space, suggesting host traits conducive to surviving disease are highly environmentally dependent. Ultimately, population persistence following pathogen invasion is the product of host-pathogen interactions that vary across a patchwork of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph R. Hoyt
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Carl J. Herzog
- New York State Department of Environmental ConservationAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Kate E. Langwig
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
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Alba A, Vázquez AA, Sánchez J, Gourbal B. Immunological Resistance of Pseudosuccinea columella Snails From Cuba to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) Infection: What We Know and Where We Go on Comparative Molecular and Mechanistic Immunobiology, Ecology and Evolution. Front Immunol 2022; 13:794186. [PMID: 35140717 PMCID: PMC8818719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.794186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most interesting biological models is that of snail-trematode interactions, many of which ultimately result in the transmission of several important diseases, particularly in the tropics. Herein, we review the scientific advances on a trematode-snail system in which certain populations of Pseudosuccinea columella (a common host species for trematodes) have been demonstrated naturally-resistant to Fasciola hepatica, in association with an effective encapsulation of the parasite by innate immune cells of the host, the hemocytes. Emphasis is made on the molecular and immunological features characterizing each P. columella phenotype in relation to their anti-parasitic competence, their distinctive ecological patterns and the existence of a significant cost of resistance. An integrative overview of the resistance to F. hepatica through comparative immunobiology, genetics and ecology is presented to hypothesize on the possible origins and evolution of this phenomenon and to postulate significant roles for parasite mediated-selection and environmental factors in shaping and maintaining the resistant phenotype in the field. Lastly, clues into future experimental perspectives to deeply characterize the interplay between P. columella and F. hepatica and the immunobiology of the resistance are also included. The advances revised in the present paper are only beginning to unravel mechanisms of anti-parasite innate defense responses and their evolutionary bases, and can facilitate the development of prospective approaches towards practical applications of P. columella resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia Alba
- Centro de Investigaciones, Diagnóstico y Referencia, Instituto “Pedro Kourí” de Medicina Tropical, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Antonio A. Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones, Diagnóstico y Referencia, Instituto “Pedro Kourí” de Medicina Tropical, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones, Diagnóstico y Referencia, Instituto “Pedro Kourí” de Medicina Tropical, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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Eck JL, Barrès B, Soubeyrand S, Sirén J, Numminen E, Laine AL. Strain Diversity and Spatial Distribution Are Linked to Epidemic Dynamics in Host Populations. Am Nat 2022; 199:59-74. [DOI: 10.1086/717179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Logging effects on parasitic infections in a swamp rat (Malacomys edwardsi) in West Africa. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Habitat disturbance can have negative impacts on biodiversity, such as reducing species richness. The effects of habitat disturbances on parasite infections of host species, potentially altering their survival rate and thus abundance, are less well known. We examined the influence of forest logging in combination with seasonality, host abundance, host body condition, and host sex, on the community composition of gastrointestinal parasites infecting Edward’s swamp rat, Malacomys edwardsi. Community composition of parasites did not differ between logged and undisturbed sites, but the abundance of some nematodes (i.e., Ascaris and hookworm) was higher in undisturbed than logged sites. The higher abundance of these nematode species implies a changed host-parasite relationship, thus potentially influencing host persistence.
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Mathieu‐Bégné E, Blanchet S, Rey O, Scelsi O, Poesy C, Marselli G, Loot G. A fine‐scale analysis reveals microgeographic hotspots maximizing infection rate between a parasite and its fish host. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eglantine Mathieu‐Bégné
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueEcole Nationale pour la Formation Agronomique (ENFA)UMR5174 EDB Toulouse France
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale CNRSUPSUMR5321 SETE Moulis France
- Interactions Hôtes‐Pathogènes‐Environnements Univ. MontpellierCNRSIfremerUniv. Perpignan Via DomitiaUMR5244 IHPE Perpignan France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueEcole Nationale pour la Formation Agronomique (ENFA)UMR5174 EDB Toulouse France
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale CNRSUPSUMR5321 SETE Moulis France
| | - Olivier Rey
- Interactions Hôtes‐Pathogènes‐Environnements Univ. MontpellierCNRSIfremerUniv. Perpignan Via DomitiaUMR5244 IHPE Perpignan France
| | - Orlane Scelsi
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueEcole Nationale pour la Formation Agronomique (ENFA)UMR5174 EDB Toulouse France
| | - Camille Poesy
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale CNRSUPSUMR5321 SETE Moulis France
| | - Geoffrey Marselli
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale CNRSUPSUMR5321 SETE Moulis France
| | - Géraldine Loot
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueEcole Nationale pour la Formation Agronomique (ENFA)UMR5174 EDB Toulouse France
- Institut Universitaire de France Paris France
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46
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Gimmi E, Vorburger C. Strong genotype-by-genotype interactions between aphid-defensive symbionts and parasitoids persist across different biotic environments. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1944-1953. [PMID: 34695269 PMCID: PMC9298302 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of coevolution between hosts and parasites are influenced by their genetic interactions. Highly specific interactions, where the outcome of an infection depends on the precise combination of host and parasite genotypes (G × G interactions), have the potential to maintain genetic variation by inducing negative frequency‐dependent selection. The importance of this effect also rests on whether such interactions are consistent across different environments or modified by environmental variation (G × G × E interaction). In the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, resistance to its parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum is largely determined by the possession of a heritable bacterial endosymbiont, Hamiltonella defensa, with strong G × G interactions between H. defensa and L. fabarum. A key environmental factor in this system is the host plant on which the aphid feeds. Here, we exposed genetically identical aphids harbouring three different strains of H. defensa to three asexual genotypes of L. fabarum and measured parasitism success on three common host plants of A. fabae, namely Vicia faba, Chenopodium album and Beta vulgaris. As expected, we observed the pervasive G × G interaction between H. defensa and L. fabarum, but despite strong main effects of the host plants on average rates of parasitism, this interaction was not altered significantly by the host plant environment (no G × G × E interaction). The symbiont‐conferred specificity of resistance is thus likely to mediate the coevolution of A. fabae and L. fabarum, even when played out across diverse host plants of the aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gimmi
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, D-USYS, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, D-USYS, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
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47
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Janecka MJ, Rovenolt F, Stephenson JF. How does host social behavior drive parasite non-selective evolution from the within-host to the landscape-scale? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Drew GC, Stevens EJ, King KC. Microbial evolution and transitions along the parasite-mutualist continuum. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:623-638. [PMID: 33875863 PMCID: PMC8054256 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all plants and animals, including humans, are home to symbiotic microorganisms. Symbiotic interactions can be neutral, harmful or have beneficial effects on the host organism. However, growing evidence suggests that microbial symbionts can evolve rapidly, resulting in drastic transitions along the parasite-mutualist continuum. In this Review, we integrate theoretical and empirical findings to discuss the mechanisms underpinning these evolutionary shifts, as well as the ecological drivers and why some host-microorganism interactions may be stuck at the end of the continuum. In addition to having biomedical consequences, understanding the dynamic life of microorganisms reveals how symbioses can shape an organism's biology and the entire community, particularly in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kayla C King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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49
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Hector TE, Sgrò CM, Hall MD. Thermal limits in the face of infectious disease: How important are pathogens? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4469-4480. [PMID: 34170603 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and severity of both extreme thermal events and disease outbreaks are predicted to continue to shift as a consequence of global change. As a result, species persistence will likely be increasingly dependent on the interaction between thermal stress and pathogen exposure. Missing from the intersection between studies of infectious disease and thermal ecology, however, is the capacity for pathogen exposure to directly disrupt a host's ability to cope with thermal stress. Common sources of variation in host thermal performance, which are likely to interact with infection, are also often unaccounted for when assessing either the vulnerability of species or the potential for disease spread during extreme thermal events. Here, we describe how infection can directly alter host thermal limits, to a degree that exceeds the level of variation commonly seen across species large geographic distributions and that equals the detrimental impact of other ecologically relevant stressors. We then discuss various sources of heterogeneity within and between populations that are likely to be important in mediating the impact that infection has on variation in host thermal limits. In doing so we highlight how infection is a widespread and important source of variation in host thermal performance, which will have implications for both the persistence and vulnerability of species and the dynamics and transmission of disease in a more thermally extreme world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E Hector
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Matthew D Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Centre of Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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50
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Kirk D, Greischar M, Mideo N, Krkošek M. Environmental variability affects optimal trade‐offs in ecological immunology. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devin Kirk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto OntarioM5S 1A1Canada
| | - Megan Greischar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto OntarioM5S 1A1Canada
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto OntarioM5S 1A1Canada
| | - Martin Krkošek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto OntarioM5S 1A1Canada
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