1
|
Lima YL, Collings TJ, Hall M, Bourne MN, Diamond LE. Injury Prevention Programmes Fail to Change Most Lower Limb Kinematics and Kinetics in Female Team Field and Court Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2024; 54:933-952. [PMID: 38044391 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One mechanism by which exercise interventions may be effective in reducing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk is through changes in lower limb biomechanics. Understanding how training programmes affect lower-limb kinematics and kinetics may help refine injury prevention programmes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of injury prevention programmes on kinematics and kinetics during tasks related to ACL injury in female team field and court sports. DATA SOURCES Five databases were searched in October 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials assessing the effect of injury prevention programmes compared with usual training/no training on lower limb kinematics and kinetics in female team field and court sports were eligible for review. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included. A total of 976 female athletes were included. Most of the studies included interventions with multiple components (12/16). Commonly used components were plyometrics (12/16), strength (8/16), and balance/stability (7/16). Thirteen studies had routine training or sham interventions as the control group and three studies had no training. Very low certainty evidence suggests that injury prevention programmes increase knee flexion angles (mean difference = 3.1° [95% confidence interval 0.8-5.5]); however, very low to low certainty evidence suggests no effect on hip flexion angles/moments, knee flexion moments, hip adduction angles/moments, knee adduction angles/moments, hip internal rotation angles/moments, ankle dorsiflexion angles, and ground reaction forces, compared with usual training/no training. CONCLUSION Injury prevention programmes may be effective in increasing knee flexion angles during dynamic landing and cutting tasks but may have no effect on other lower limb biomechanical variables. As such, the benefits of injury prevention programmes may be mediated by factors other than altered biomechanics and/or may happen through other biomechanical measures not included in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Lopes Lima
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Clinical Sciences G02, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia.
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Australia.
| | - Tyler J Collings
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Clinical Sciences G02, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Michelle Hall
- Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Clinical Sciences G02, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Laura E Diamond
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Clinical Sciences G02, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Loturco I, Pereira LA, Freitas TT, Moura TBMA, Mercer VP, Fernandes V, Moura NSA, Moura NA, Zając A, Bishop C. Plyometric Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:131-150. [PMID: 37559773 PMCID: PMC10407309 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/169167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training is extensively used by coaches to enhance neuromuscular performance in a wide variety of sports. Due to the high demands of sprint speed and power output in elite sprinters and jumpers, sprint and jump coaches are likely to have great knowledge on this topic. Undoubtedly, this expertise is even more pronounced for Olympic coaches, who work with some of the fastest and most powerful athletes in the world, and who are required to continually maintain these athletes at optimal performance levels. Describing and discussing the practices commonly adopted by these coaches in detail and extrapolating this experience to other sport coaching contexts and disciplines may be extremely relevant. The current article presents, explores, and illustrates the plyometric training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, with a special focus on training programming and exercise selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas A. Pereira
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Nélio A. Moura
- Pinheiros Sport Club, São Paulo, Brazil
- Chinese Athletics Association, Beijing, China
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bathe C, Fennen L, Heering T, Greif A, Dubbeldam R. Training interventions to reduce the risk of injury to the lower extremity joints during landing movements in adult athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001508. [PMID: 37304892 PMCID: PMC10254820 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Aim of this systematic review was to summarise training interventions designed to reduce biomechanical risk factors associated with increased risk of lower extremity landing injuries and to evaluate their practical implications in amateur sports. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources MEDLINE, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. Eligibility criteria Training intervention(s) aimed at reducing biomechanical risk factors and/or injury rates included the following: (1) prospective or (non-)randomised controlled study design; (2) risk factors that were measured with valid two-dimensional or three-dimensional motion analysis systems or Landing Error Scoring System during jump landings. In addition, meta-analyses were performed, and the risk of bias was assessed. Results Thirty-one studies met all inclusion criteria, capturing 11 different training interventions (eg, feedback and plyometrics) and 974 participants. A significantly medium effect of technique training (both instruction and feedback) and dynamic strengthening (ie, plyometrics with/without strengthening) on knee flexion angle (g=0.77; 95% CI 0.33 to 1.21) was shown. Only one-third of the studies had training interventions that required minimal training setup and additional coaching educations. Conclusion This systematic review highlights that amateur coaches can decrease relevant biomechanical risk factors by means of minimal training setup, for example, instructing to focus on a soft landing, even within only one training session of simple technique training. The meta-analysis emphasises implementing technique training as stand-alone or combined with dynamic strengthening into amateur sport training routine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bathe
- Movement Science, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Fennen
- Movement Science, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Theresa Heering
- Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Deakin University School of Health and Social Development, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Greif
- Movement Science, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rosemary Dubbeldam
- Movement Science, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramirez-Campillo R, García-Hermoso A, Moran J, Chaabene H, Negra Y, Scanlan AT. The effects of plyometric jump training on physical fitness attributes in basketball players: A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:656-670. [PMID: 33359798 PMCID: PMC9729929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing body of experimental evidence examining the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on physical fitness attributes in basketball players; however, this evidence has not yet been comprehensively and systematically aggregated. Therefore, our objective was to meta-analyze the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes in basketball players, in comparison to a control condition. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, up to July 2020. Peer-reviewed controlled trials with baseline and follow-up measurements investigating the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes (muscle power, i.e., jumping performance, linear sprint speed, change-of-direction speed, balance, and muscle strength) in basketball players, with no restrictions on their playing level, sex, or age. Hedge's g effect sizes (ES) were calculated for physical fitness variables. Using a random-effects model, potential sources of heterogeneity were selected, including subgroup analyses (age, sex, body mass, and height) and single training factor analysis (program duration, training frequency, and total number of training sessions). Computation of meta-regression was also performed. RESULTS Thirty-two studies were included, involving 818 total basketball players. Significant (p < 0.05) small-to-large effects of PJT were evident on vertical jump power (ES = 0.45), countermovement jump height with (ES = 1.24) and without arm swing (ES = 0.88), squat jump height (ES = 0.80), drop jump height (ES = 0.53), horizontal jump distance (ES = 0.65), linear sprint time across distances ≤10 m (ES = 1.67) and >10 m (ES = 0.92), change-of-direction performance time across distances ≤40 m (ES = 1.15) and >40 m (ES = 1.02), dynamic (ES = 1.16) and static balance (ES = 1.48), and maximal strength (ES = 0.57). The meta-regression revealed that training duration, training frequency, and total number of sessions completed did not predict the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes. Subgroup analysis indicated greater improvements in older compared to younger players in horizontal jump distance (>17.15 years, ES = 2.11; ≤17.15 years, ES = 0.10; p < 0.001), linear sprint time >10 m (>16.3 years, ES = 1.83; ≤16.3 years, ES = 0.36; p = 0.010), and change-of-direction performance time ≤40 m (>16.3 years, ES = 1.65; ≤16.3 years, ES = 0.75; p = 0.005). Greater increases in horizontal jump distance were apparent with >2 compared with ≤2 weekly PJT sessions (ES = 2.12 and ES = 0.39, respectively; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Data from 32 studies (28 of which demonstrate moderate-to-high methodological quality) indicate PJT improves muscle power, linear sprint speed, change-of-direction speed, balance, and muscle strength in basketball players independent of sex, age, or PJT program variables. However, the beneficial effects of PJT as measured by horizontal jump distance, linear sprint time >10 m, and change-of-direction performance time ≤40 m, appear to be more evident among older basketball players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 7500000, Chile.
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany; High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, La Manouba 8189, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR 17JS01, Sport Performance, Health & Society), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Rockhampton 2037, Tunisia
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, QLD 4702, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Butler LS, Janosky JJ, Sugimoto D. Pediatric and Adolescent Knee Injuries. Clin Sports Med 2022; 41:799-820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
6
|
Lin CW, You YL, Chen YA, Wu TC, Lin CF. Effect of Integrated Training on Balance and Ankle Reposition Sense in Ballet Dancers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312751. [PMID: 34886476 PMCID: PMC8657441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a 6-week integrated training program on the ankle joint reposition sense and postural stability in ballet dancers. METHODS Sixteen female ballet dancers participated in the study and underwent a 6-week integrated training program consisting of plyometric, proprioception and core stability exercises along with a home program involving additional ankle muscle strengthening and stretching. The ankle joint reposition tests and the parameters of the center of pressure (COP) while performing grand-plie (deep squatting) and releve en demi-pointe (standing on balls of foot) movements were measured before and after training. RESULTS After 6 weeks, participants showed significantly smaller absolute ankle joint reposition errors in dorsiflexion (p = 0.031), plantarflexion (p = 0.003) and eversion (p = 0.019) compared to the pre-training measurement. Furthermore, after training, a significantly slower average COP speed at pre-equilibrium during grand-plie movement (p = 0.003) and pre-equilibrium phase of releve en demi-pointe (p = 0.023) were observed. In addition, the maximum COP displacement in the medial-lateral direction was significantly smaller at pre-equilibrium phase during grand-plie (p = 0.044) and releve en demi-pointe movements (p = 0.004) after training. CONCLUSIONS The 6-week integrated training program improved the ankle joint reposition sense and postural control in the medial-lateral direction during grand-plie and releve en demi-pointe movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chai-Wei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.-L.Y.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (Y.-L.Y.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-A.C.); (T.-C.W.)
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-A.C.); (T.-C.W.)
| | - Tzu-Chan Wu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-A.C.); (T.-C.W.)
| | - Cheng-Feng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-A.C.); (T.-C.W.)
- Physical Therapy Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-235-3535 (ext. 5911)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Females Decrease Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Following 4-Week Jump-Landing Feedback Intervention Without Negative Affect on Vertical Jump Performance. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 28:866-870. [PMID: 30300051 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT High vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) when initiating ground contact during jump landing is one biomechanical factor that may increase risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Intervention programs have been developed to decrease vGRF to reduce injury risk, yet generating high forces is still critical for performing dynamic activities such as a vertical jump task. OBJECTIVE To evaluate if a jump-landing feedback intervention, cueing a decrease in vGRF, would impair vertical jump performance in a separate task (Vertmax). DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. Patients (or Other Participants): Forty-eight recreationally active females (feedback: n = 31; 19.63 [1.54] y, 1.6 [0.08] cm, 58.13 [7.84] kg and control: n = 15; 19.6 [1.68] y, 1.64 [0.05] cm, 60.11 [8.36] kg) participated in this study. INTERVENTION Peak vGRF during a jump landing and Vertmax were recorded at baseline and 4 weeks post. The feedback group participated in 12 sessions over the 4-week period consisting of feedback provided for 6 sets of 6 jumps off a 30-cm box. The control group was instructed to return to the lab 28 days following the baseline measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change scores (postbaseline) were calculated for peak vGRF and Vertmax. Group differences were evaluated for peak vGRF and Vertmax using a Mann-Whitney U test (P < .05). RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups at baseline (P > .05). The feedback group (-0.5 [0.3] N/kg) demonstrated a greater decrease in vGRF compared with the control group (0.01 [0.3] N/kg) (t(46) = -5.52, P < .001). There were no significant differences in change in Vertmax between groups (feedback = 0.9 [2.2] cm, control = 0.06 [2.1] cm; t(46) = 0.46, P = .64). CONCLUSIONS While the feedback intervention was effective in decreasing vGRF when landing from a jump, these participants did not demonstrate changes in vertical jump performance when assessed during a different task. Practitioners should consider implementing feedback intervention programs to reduce peak vGRF, without worry of diminished vertical jump performance.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mullally EM, Clark NC. Noncontact Knee Soft-Tissue Injury Prevention Considerations and Practical Applications for Netball Players. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
9
|
Frankinouille R, Baur H, Vissers D, Taeymans J, Gielen J, Schulz C. Effects of a forefoot-oriented exercise intervention on jumping performance in volleyball players: a randomized controlled intervention study. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.19.04106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
10
|
Meszler B, Váczi M. Effects of short-term in-season plyometric training in adolescent female basketball players. Physiol Int 2019; 106:168-179. [PMID: 31271308 DOI: 10.1556/2060.106.2019.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that, during the regular in-seasonal basketball training, an additional 7-week plyometric training program improves lower extremity strength, balance, agility, and jump performance in adolescent female basketball players. Eighteen female basketball players less than 17 years of age were randomly assigned into an experimental group (plyometric training) and a control group. Both groups underwent the same basketball training program. Pre- and post-training test periods included quadriceps and hamstring strength, balance, jump performance, and agility measurements. Illinois agility test time (p = 0.000) and quadriceps strength (p = 0.035) increased uniformly in the two groups. Significant group by test period interaction was found for countermovement jump (p = 0.007), and countermovement height reduced significantly in the plyometric training group (p = 0.012), while it remained unchanged in controls. No significant change was found for T agility test, balance, hamstring strength or H:Q ratio. This study shows that the training program used in-season did not improve the measured variables, except for knee extensor strength. It is possible that regular basketball trainings and games combined with high-volume plyometric training did not show positive functional effects because of the fatigue caused by incomplete recovery between sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Meszler
- 1 Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs , Pécs, Hungary
| | - M Váczi
- 1 Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs , Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oxfeldt M, Overgaard K, Hvid LG, Dalgas U. Effects of plyometric training on jumping, sprint performance, and lower body muscle strength in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1453-1465. [PMID: 31136014 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of lower body plyometric training (PLY) on jumping, sprint performance, and lower body muscle strength in healthy adults. METHODS A systematic literature search (PubMed, Embase) was performed. Studies were included if they (a) described a lower body PLY intervention lasting ≥4 weeks; (b) included measures of jumping, sprint, and/or lower body muscle strength; (c) included healthy individuals ≥18 years; (d) included a training or non-training control group; and (e) were written in English. Meta-analyses identifying the effects of PLY on jumping, sprint, and lower body muscle strength were conducted providing the standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS A total of 826 records were identified of which 25 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, yielding 19, 11, and seven data points for the meta-analyses of jumping, sprint performance, and lower body muscle strength, respectively. The data showed improvements for all three performance variables after 4-12 weeks of PLY. The SMD (CI95%) across studies for jump height, sprint time, and muscle strength were 0.45 (0.16: 0.75), -0.59 (-1.01: -0.17), and 0.33 (0.03: 0.63), respectively, where the latter two showed within-sample heterogeneity. CONCLUSION The systematic review and meta-analyses showed that PLY elicits a small-to-moderate positive effect on jumping, sprint performance, and lower body muscle strength in healthy adults being recreationally active or athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Oxfeldt
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Overgaard
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars G Hvid
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Dalgas
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang C, Yao W, Garrett WE, Givens DL, Hacke J, Liu H, Yu B. Effects of an Intervention Program on Lower Extremity Biomechanics in Stop-Jump and Side-Cutting Tasks. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:3014-3022. [PMID: 30148646 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518793393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common injuries in sport. To reduce the risk of noncontact ACL injury, it is critical to understand the effects of an intervention program on neuromuscular control-related biomechanical risk factors. HYPOTHESIS A newly developed 4-week intervention program would significantly increase the knee flexion angle at peak impact posterior ground-reaction force and would significantly decrease the peak impact posterior and vertical ground-reaction forces in the stop-jump and side-cutting tasks, while the intervention effects would be retained after the training was completed. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 22 male and 18 female collegiate basketball and volleyball players with biomechanical characteristics associated with increased risk of ACL injury were recruited and randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. The intervention group executed a program to improve landing techniques through strength and plyometric training 3 times a week for 4 weeks while participating in their regular training. The control group participated in only their regular training for 4 weeks. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data in the stop-jump and side-cutting tasks were collected at week 0 (the beginning of the study) and at the ends of weeks 4, 8, 16, and 20. Knee flexion angle and ground-reaction forces were calculated. Analyses of variance with a mixed design were performed to determine the intervention effects and the retention of intervention effects for each sex. RESULTS Male participants in the intervention group significantly increased the knee flexion angle at peak impact posterior ground-reaction force in the stop-jump task at weeks 8, 12, and 20 when compared with that at week 0 and with the male control group ( P ≤ .002). No significant intervention effects on knee flexion angle and ground-reaction force were found in the side-cutting task for male participants. No significant interaction effects on takeoff velocities were detected in any task for male participants. No significant intervention effects on knee flexion angle and ground-reaction force were found in any task for female participants. Vertical takeoff velocity in the stop-jump task was significantly lower in the intervention group at week 20 compared with the control group ( P = .011). CONCLUSION A 4-week intervention program significantly increased the knee flexion angle at peak impact posterior ground-reaction force of male collegiate athletes in the stop-jump task without significant effect on the performance of the task. This intervention effect was retained for at least 16 weeks after the training was completed. The intervention program, however, did not affect knee flexion angle and ground-reaction force in any task for female collegiate athletes. A reduction in vertical takeoff velocity of the stop-jump task was observed for female collegiate athletes 16 weeks after the intervention. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The intervention program with strength conditioning and plyometric exercises could modify landing biomechanics of male collegiate athletes in a stop-jump task. The intervention program may be a useful tool for preventing noncontact ACL injury for male collegiate athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Human Movement Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanxiang Yao
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - William E Garrett
- Duke Sports Medicine Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deborah L Givens
- Center for Human Movement Science, Division of Physical Therapy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathon Hacke
- Center for Human Movement Science, Division of Physical Therapy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Human Movement Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Center for Human Movement Science, Division of Physical Therapy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lopes TJA, Simic M, Myer GD, Ford KR, Hewett TE, Pappas E. The Effects of Injury Prevention Programs on the Biomechanics of Landing Tasks: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:1492-1499. [PMID: 28759729 PMCID: PMC6604048 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517716930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a common injury in sports and often occurs during landing from a jump. PURPOSE To synthesize the evidence on the effects of injury prevention programs (IPPs) on landing biomechanics as they relate to the ligament, quadriceps, trunk, and leg dominance theories associated with ACL injury risk. STUDY DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS Six electronic databases were searched for studies that investigated the effect of IPPs on landing task biomechanics. Prospective studies that reported landing biomechanics at baseline and post-IPP were included. Results from trunk, hip, and knee kinematics and kinetics related to the ACL injury theories were extracted, and meta-analyses were performed when possible. RESULTS The criteria were met by 28 studies with a total of 466 participants. Most studies evaluated young females, bilateral landing tasks, and recreational athletes, while most variables were related to the ligament and quadriceps dominance theories. An important predictor of ACL injury, peak knee abduction moment, decreased ( P = .01) after the IPPs while other variables related to the ligament dominance theory did not change. Regarding the quadriceps dominance theory, after the IPPs, angles of hip flexion at initial contact ( P = .009), peak hip flexion ( P = .002), and peak knee flexion ( P = .007) increased, while knee flexion at initial contact did not change ( P = .18). Moreover, peak knee flexion moment decreased ( P = .005) and peak vertical ground-reaction force did not change ( P = .10). CONCLUSION The exercises used in IPPs might have the potential to improve landing task biomechanics related to the quadriceps dominance theory, especially increasing peak knee and hip flexion angles. Importantly, peak knee abduction moment decreased, which indicates that IPPs influence a desired movement strategy to help athletes overcome dangerous ligament dominance loads arising from lack of frontal plane control during dynamic tasks. The lack of findings for some biomechanical variables suggests that future IPPs may be enhanced by targeting participants' baseline profile deficits, highlighting the need to deliver an individualized and task-specific IPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Jambo Alves Lopes
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, Sydney, Australia., Research Laboratory of Exercise Science, CEFAN, Brazilian Navy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Address correspondence to Thiago Jambo Alves Lopes, MSc, University of Syndey, Faculty of Health Sciences, 75 East Street, Room S227, S Block, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia ()
| | - Milena Simic
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory D. Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA., Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA., The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA., Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin R. Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy E. Hewett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA., Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA., Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, Sydney, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ramirez-Campillo R, Álvarez C, García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R, Gentil P, Asadi A, Chaabene H, Moran J, Meylan C, García-de-Alcaraz A, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Nakamura FY, Granacher U, Kraemer W, Izquierdo M. Methodological Characteristics and Future Directions for Plyometric Jump Training Research: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:1059-1081. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
15
|
Padua DA, DiStefano LJ, Hewett TE, Garrett WE, Marshall SW, Golden GM, Shultz SJ, Sigward SM. National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. J Athl Train 2018; 53:5-19. [PMID: 29314903 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-99-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide certified athletic trainers, physicians, and other health care and fitness professionals with recommendations based on current evidence regarding the prevention of noncontact and indirect-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in athletes and physically active individuals. BACKGROUND Preventing ACL injuries during sport and physical activity may dramatically decrease medical costs and long-term disability. Implementing ACL injury-prevention training programs may improve an individual's neuromuscular control and lower extremity biomechanics and thereby reduce the risk of injury. Recent evidence indicates that ACL injuries may be prevented through the use of multicomponent neuromuscular-training programs. RECOMMENDATIONS Multicomponent injury-prevention training programs are recommended for reducing noncontact and indirect-contact ACL injuries and strongly recommended for reducing noncontact and indirect-contact knee injuries during physical activity. These programs are advocated for improving balance, lower extremity biomechanics, muscle activation, functional performance, strength, and power, as well as decreasing landing impact forces. A multicomponent injury-prevention training program should, at minimum, provide feedback on movement technique in at least 3 of the following exercise categories: strength, plyometrics, agility, balance, and flexibility. Further guidance on training dosage, intensity, and implementation recommendations is offered in this statement.
Collapse
|
16
|
Stojanović E, Ristić V, McMaster DT, Milanović Z. Effect of Plyometric Training on Vertical Jump Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2016; 47:975-986. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Dai B, Garrett WE, Gross MT, Padua DA, Queen RM, Yu B. The effects of 2 landing techniques on knee kinematics, kinetics, and performance during stop-jump and side-cutting tasks. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:466-74. [PMID: 25367015 DOI: 10.1177/0363546514555322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL) commonly occur during jump landing and cutting tasks. Attempts to land softly and land with greater knee flexion are associated with decreased ACL loading. However, their effects on performance are unclear. HYPOTHESIS Attempts to land softly will decrease peak posterior ground-reaction force (PPGRF) and knee extension moment at PPGRF compared with a natural landing during stop-jump and side-cutting tasks. Attempts to land with greater knee flexion at initial ground contact will increase knee flexion at PPGRF compared with a natural landing during both tasks. In addition, both landing techniques will increase stance time and lower extremity mechanical work as well as decrease jump height and movement speed compared with a natural landing during both tasks. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 18 male and 18 female recreational athletes participated in the study. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected during stop-jump and side-cutting tasks under 3 conditions: natural landing, soft landing, and landing with greater knee flexion at initial ground contact. RESULTS Attempts to land softly decreased PPGRF and knee extension moment at PPGRF compared with a natural landing during stop-jump tasks. Attempts to land softly decreased PPGRF compared with a natural landing during side-cutting tasks. Attempts to land with greater knee flexion at initial ground contact increased knee flexion angle at PPGRF compared with a natural landing during both stop-jump and side-cutting tasks. Attempts to land softly and land with greater knee flexion at initial ground contact increased stance time and lower extremity mechanical work, as well as decreased jump height and movement speed during both stop-jump and side-cutting tasks. CONCLUSION Although landing softly and landing with greater knee flexion at initial ground contact may reduce ACL loading during stop-jump and side-cutting tasks, the performance of these tasks decreased, as indicated by increased stance time and mechanical work as well as decreased jump height and movement speed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Training effects tested in laboratory environments with the focus on reducing ACL loading may be reduced in actual competition environments when the focus is on athlete performance. The effects of training programs for ACL injury prevention on lower extremity biomechanics in athletic tasks may need to be evaluated in laboratories as well as in actual competitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Dai
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - William E Garrett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael T Gross
- Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darin A Padua
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robin M Queen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sugimoto D, Myer GD, Micheli LJ, Hewett TE. ABCs of Evidence-based Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Strategies in Female Athletes. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2015; 3:43-49. [PMID: 26042191 DOI: 10.1007/s40141-014-0076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a major concern in physically active females. Although ACL reconstruction techniques have seen significant advances in recent years, risk associated with re-injury and future osteoarthritis remains a major concern. Thus, prevention of ACL injury is a logical step to protect and preserve healthy knee joints in young athletes. The current report aims to summarize a list of evidence-based prevention strategies to reduce ACL injury in female athletes. A list of six critical principles, which come from documented, large scale clinical trial studies and further analyses, were presented with ABC format including age, biomechanics, compliance, dosage, exercise, and feedback. Also, a grade for evidence and implications of future research is noted. Finally, in the conclusion section, importance of collaborative efforts from healthcare practitioners, researchers, and personnel associated with athletics is addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Sugimoto
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA ; Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA ; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH ; Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center and Human Performance Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH ; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lyle J Micheli
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA ; Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA ; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Timothy E Hewett
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH ; Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center and Human Performance Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH ; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH ; OSU Sports Medicine Sports Health & Performance Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Family Medicine, Anatomy and Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sugimoto D, Myer GD, Foss KDB, Hewett TE. Specific exercise effects of preventive neuromuscular training intervention on anterior cruciate ligament injury risk reduction in young females: meta-analysis and subgroup analysis. Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:282-9. [PMID: 25452612 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Clinical trials have demonstrated that preventive neuromuscular training (PNMT) can be effective to reduce ACL injuries in young females. However, the magnitude of the overall effect of PNMT for ACL injury reduction has not reached consensus. In addition, the effects of individual exercises in PNMT that optimise ACL injury reduction are unknown. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this project was to systematically review previously published clinical trials and evaluate types of exercises that best support ACL injury reduction in young females. DATA SOURCES The key words 'knee', 'anterior cruciate ligament', 'ACL', 'prospective', 'neuromuscular', 'training', 'female', and 'prevention' were used for studies published from 1995 to May 2012 in PubMed and EBSCO host. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria for the current analysis were: (1) documented number of ACL injuries, (2) employed a PNMT intervention that aimed to reduce ACL injuries, (3) had a comparison group, (4) used a prospective controlled study design, (5) recruited female athletes and (6) recorded exercises implemented in the PNMT. DATA EXTRACTION The number of ACL injuries and female athletes in each group (control and intervention) were extracted. In addition, exercises were categorised into four types and analysed for each investigation. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 14 clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. The subgroup analyses identified fewer ACL injuries in PNMT that focused on strengthening (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.46, p=0.001), proximal control exercises (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.47, p=0.001) and multiple exercise interventions (OR 0.32, CI 0.22 to 0.46, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS The current subgroup analyses indicate strengthening, proximal control exercises and multi exercise genres increased efficacy in PNMT intervention designed to reduce ACL injury in young female athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Sugimoto
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center and Human Performance Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA College of Health Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center and Human Performance Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kim D Barber Foss
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center and Human Performance Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy E Hewett
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center and Human Performance Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA College of Health Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Family Medicine, Anatomy and Biomedical Engineering, OSU Sports Medicine Sports Health & Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
ter Stege MHP, Dallinga JM, Benjaminse A, Lemmink KAPM. Effect of Interventions on Potential, Modifiable Risk Factors for Knee Injury in Team Ball Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2014; 44:1403-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
22
|
Liu H, Wu W, Yao W, Spang JT, Creighton RA, Garrett WE, Yu B. Effects of knee extension constraint training on knee flexion angle and peak impact ground-reaction force. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42:979-86. [PMID: 24532596 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513519323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low compliance with training programs is likely to be one of the major reasons for inconsistency of the data regarding the effectiveness of current anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention programs. Training methods that reduce training time and cost could favorably influence the effectiveness of ACL injury prevention programs. A newly designed knee extension constraint training device may serve this purpose. HYPOTHESIS (1) Knee extension constraint training for 4 weeks would significantly increase the knee flexion angle at the time of peak impact posterior ground-reaction force and decrease peak impact ground-reaction forces during landing of a stop-jump task and a side-cutting task, and (2) the training effects would be retained 4 weeks after completion of the training program. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Twenty-four recreational athletes were randomly assigned to group A or B. Participants in group A played sports without wearing a knee extension constraint device for 4 weeks and then played sports while wearing the device for 4 weeks, while participants in group B underwent a reversed protocol. Both groups were tested at the beginning of week 1 and at the ends of weeks 4 and 8 without wearing the device. Knee joint angles were obtained from 3-dimensional videographic data, while ground-reaction forces were measured simultaneously using force plates. Analyses of variance were performed to determine the training effects and the retention of training effects. RESULTS Participants in group A significantly increased knee flexion angles and decreased ground-reaction forces at the end of week 8 (P ≤ .012). Participants in group B significantly increased knee flexion angles and decreased ground-reaction forces at the ends of weeks 4 and 8 (P ≤ .007). However, participants in group B decreased knee flexion angles and increased ground-reaction forces at the end of week 8 in comparison with the end of week 4 (P ≤ .009). CONCLUSION Knee extension constraint training for 4 weeks significantly altered lower extremity movement patterns and transferred these changes in lower extremity movement patterns to stop-jump and side-cutting tasks in which ACL injuries frequently occur. Training effects were retained 4 weeks after the training was completed but were diminished in magnitude. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A knee extension constraint device may be a useful training tool in future ACL injury prevention programs to alter movement patterns without extra training time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Bing Yu, Center for Human Movement Science, Division of Physical Therapy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bondurant Hall, CB #7135, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7135, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Makaruk H, Czaplicki A, Sacewicz T, Sadowski J. The effects of single versus repeated plyometrics on landing biomechanics and jumping performance in men. Biol Sport 2014; 31:9-14. [PMID: 24917684 PMCID: PMC3994579 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1083273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the chronic effects of single and repeated jumps training on vertical landing force (VGRF) and jump height in untrained men. The VGRF and jump height were compared after a six-week plyometric training programme containing single and repeated jumps, together with two additional parameters: landing time (LT) and range of the knee flexion during landing (KF). Thirty-six untrained physical education students with a plyometric training background were randomly assigned to a single jump group (SJG, n =12), repeated jumps group (RJG, n =12), and control group (CON, n =12). The SJG performed only single jumps, the RJG executed repeated (consecutive) jumps, whereas the CON did not perform any exercises at all. A countermovement jump (CMJ), repeated countermovement jumps (RCMJ), and a drop jump (DJ) were tested before and after the training. Only the RJG showed a significantly reduced VGRF (p < 0.05) in all tests. Both plyometric groups significantly improved (p < 0.05) their jump height in all tests. The LT was significantly greater in the RJG, compared to the SJG, in all tests. The KF was also significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the RJG than in the SJG for CMJ and RCMJ. The results suggest that repeated jumps are beneficial for simultaneous landing force reduction and jumping performance enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Makaruk
- Department of Track and Field, The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - A Czaplicki
- Department of Biomechanics, The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - T Sacewicz
- Department of Biomechanics, The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - J Sadowski
- Department of Track and Field, The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Taylor JB, Waxman JP, Richter SJ, Shultz SJ. Evaluation of the effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programme training components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2013; 49:79-87. [PMID: 23922282 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention programmes have shown mixed results, which may be due to differing emphasis on training components. The purpose of this study was to (1) quantify the overall and relative duration of each training component encompassed within these programmes and (2) examine the effect of these durations on ACL injury rates. METHODS A systematic review was completed and meta-analyses performed on eligible studies to produce a pooled OR estimate of the effectiveness of these programmes. Meta-regression was used to detect any relationship that programme duration and the duration of individual training components had on ACL injury rates. RESULTS 13 studies were included for review. Results of the meta-analyses revealed a significant reduction of injuries after preventative training programmes for all ACL injuries (pooled OR estimate of 0.612, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.85; p=0.004) and for non-contact ACL injuries (OR 0.351, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.54; p<0.001). Results of meta-regression analysis revealed that a greater duration of balance training was associated with a higher injury risk for ACL injury (p=0.04), while greater durations of static stretching was associated with a lower injury risk for non-contact ACL injuries (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS While ACL prevention programmes are successful in reducing the risk of ACL injury, the ideal combination and emphasis of training components within these programmes remains unclear. Evidence indicates that greater emphases on balance training and static stretching may be associated with an increase and decrease in injury risk, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Taylor
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA Applied Neuromechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin P Waxman
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott J Richter
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sandra J Shultz
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Howell KC. Training for Landing and Cutting Stability in Young Female Basketball and Soccer Players. Strength Cond J 2013. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e31828b9a23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
26
|
Dai B, Herman D, Liu H, Garrett WE, Yu B. Prevention of ACL injury, part II: effects of ACL injury prevention programs on neuromuscular risk factors and injury rate. Res Sports Med 2012; 20:198-222. [PMID: 22742076 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2012.680987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prevention strategies have been developed based on existing knowledge in an attempt to alter neuromuscular control and lower extremity biomechanics in order to reduce anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates. These strategies have included different training programs ranging from injury education to multicomponent training. Many training programs have been demonstrated as resulting in altered lower extremity movement patterns. The effects of current training programs on ACL injury rate, however, are inconsistent. This review was focused on the effects of current ACL injury training programs on neuromuscular risk factors and ACL injury rate. Recommendations were made based on the available evidence for clinicians and coaches to implement ACL injury prevention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Dai
- Center for Human Movement Science, Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Koch J, Riemann BL, Davies GJ. Ground Reaction Force Patterns in Plyometric Push-Ups. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2220-7. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318239f867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
28
|
Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD, Smith ST, Campbell T, Garrison TT. A training program to improve neuromuscular and performance indices in female high school basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:709-19. [PMID: 22289699 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318228194c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if a sports-specific training program could improve neuromuscular and performance indices in female high school basketball players. We combined components from a published anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention program for jump and strength training with other exercises and drills to improve speed, agility, overall strength, and aerobic conditioning. We hypothesized that this sports-specific training program would lead to significant improvements in neuromuscular and performance indices in high school female basketball players. Fifty-seven female athletes aged 14-17 years participated in the supervised 6-week program, 3 d·wk(-1) for approximately 90-120 minutes per session. The program was conducted on the basketball court and in weight room facilities in high schools. The athletes underwent a video drop-jump test, multistage fitness test, vertical jump test, and an 18-m sprint test before and upon completion of the training program. All the subjects attended at least 14 training sessions. After training, a significant increase was found in the mean estimated VO2max (p < 0.001), with 89% of the athletes improving this score. In the drop-jump video test, significant increases were found in the mean absolute knee separation distance (p < 0.0001) and in the mean normalized knee separation distance (p < 0.0001), indicating a more neutral lower limb alignment on landing. A significant improvement was found in the vertical jump test (p < 0.0001); however, the effect size was small (0.09). No improvement was noted in the sprint test. This program significantly improved lower limb alignment on a drop-jump test and estimated maximal aerobic power and may be implemented preseason or off-season in high school female basketball players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Noyes
- Cincinnati SportsMedicine Research and Education Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ebben WP, Fauth ML, Garceau LR, Petushek EJ. Kinetic quantification of plyometric exercise intensity. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 25:3288-98. [PMID: 22080319 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31821656a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ebben, WP, Fauth, ML, Garceau, LR, and Petushek, EJ. Kinetic quantification of plyometric exercise intensity. J Strength Cond Res 25(12): 3288-3298, 2011-Quantification of plyometric exercise intensity is necessary to understand the characteristics of these exercises and the proper progression of this mode of exercise. The purpose of this study was to assess the kinetic characteristics of a variety of plyometric exercises. This study also sought to assess gender differences in these variables. Twenty-six men and 23 women with previous experience in performing plyometric training served as subjects. The subjects performed a variety of plyometric exercises including line hops, 15.24-cm cone hops, squat jumps, tuck jumps, countermovement jumps (CMJs), loaded CMJs equal to 30% of 1 repetition maximum squat, depth jumps normalized to the subject's jump height (JH), and single leg jumps. All plyometric exercises were assessed with a force platform. Outcome variables associated with the takeoff, airborne, and landing phase of each plyometric exercise were evaluated. These variables included the peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) during takeoff, the time to takeoff, flight time, JH, peak power, landing rate of force development, and peak vertical GRF during landing. A 2-way mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures for plyometric exercise type demonstrated main effects for exercise type and all outcome variables (p ≤ 0.05) and for the interaction between gender and peak vertical GRF during takeoff (p ≤ 0.05). Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons identified a number of differences between the plyometric exercises for the outcome variables assessed (p ≤ 0.05). These findings can be used to guide the progression of plyometric training by incorporating exercises of increasing intensity over the course of a program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Ebben
- Strength and Conditioning Research Unit, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Sport Management University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, Wisconsin, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Markovic G, Mikulic P. Neuro-Musculoskeletal and Performance Adaptations to Lower-Extremity Plyometric Training. Sports Med 2010; 40:859-95. [DOI: 10.2165/11318370-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
31
|
Ismail MM, Ibrahim MM, Youssef EF, El Shorbagy KM. Plyometric training versus resistive exercises after acute lateral ankle sprain. Foot Ankle Int 2010; 31:523-30. [PMID: 20557819 DOI: 10.3113/fai.2010.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plyometric training is a widely used method to improve performance in healthy athletes. It is highly recommended in the late stage of rehabilitation of many lower limb injuries. However, its effects on muscle strength and function in management of lateral ankle sprain have not been reported. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine the effects of plyometric training versus resistive exercises on muscle strength and function following acute lateral ankle sprain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two athletes (aged from 20 to 35 years) of both sexes with grade I or II unilateral inversion ankle sprain participated in the study (at least 3 weeks after acute injury). They were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group received plyometric training, whereas the second one received resistive training for 6 weeks. Isokinetic peak torque/body weight for invertors and evertors at 30 degrees/s and 120 degrees/s and functional tests were assessed before and after training. RESULTS Both plyometric and resistive training improve isokinetic evertor and invertor peak torques and functional performance of athletes p < 0.05. There were no significant differences between groups concerning peak torque/body weight for invertors and evertors at both speeds measured p > 0.05. The functional test measures of the plyometric group were significantly higher than that of resistive group. CONCLUSION Plyometrics were more effective than resistive exercises in improving functional performance of athletes after lateral ankle sprain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manal M Ismail
- Cairo University, Orthopedic Physical Therapy, Bin el Sarayat, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ebben WP, Feldmann CR, Vanderzanden TL, Fauth ML, Petushek EJ. Periodized plyometric training is effective for women, and performance is not influenced by the length of post-training recovery. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:1-7. [PMID: 19924004 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c49086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a periodized plyometric training program and the impact of the duration of the post-training recovery period on countermovement jump performance. Fourteen women subjects participated in a 6-week periodized plyometric training program. Ten women subjects served as non-training controls. All subjects' countermovement jump height, peak power, and body mass were assessed before and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days after training. Kinetic data were obtained via a force platform using the average of 3 repetitions of the countermovement jump for each testing session. Jump height was 25.0% greater (p < or = 0.05) after training with no difference (p > 0.05) between recovery periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 days, for the training group. Peak power was 11.6-14.3% (p < or = 0.001) greater after training for the training group with no difference (p > 0.05) between recovery periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 days. Analysis revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) for jump height or peak power from pre- to posttest for the control group. Practitioners should prescribe periodized plyometric programs with decreasing volume and increasing intensity to improve jump performance without a need for a post-training recovery period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Ebben
- Marquette University Department of Physical Therapy, Program in Exercise Science, Strength and Conditioning Research Laboratory, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hudson Z. Ten year celebration--a decade of progress for Physical Therapy in Sport. Phys Ther Sport 2010; 11:1-2. [PMID: 20129115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
34
|
The ABC's of movement literacy. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2009; 13:291-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
35
|
Vescovi JD, VanHeest JL. Effects of an anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention program on performance in adolescent female soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 20:394-402. [PMID: 19558381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Female soccer players are three times more likely to suffer a non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear compared with male soccer players. Several ACL injury prevention programs have been developed and are used to reduce injury risk. However, to date there is limited information on how such programs affect physical performance. The aim of this randomized controlled study was to investigate the effects of the Prevent Injury Enhance Performance (PEP) program in adolescent female soccer players. Four soccer teams were randomly assigned to an intervention (PEP) or control (CON) group and assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks on linear sprinting, countermovement jump (CMJ), and two agility tests. A mixed model factorial ANOVA with repeated measures was used to assess for treatment effects on the dependent variables. Improvements in 27.3 and 36.6 m sprint times (<0.10 s) were evident during the first 6 weeks for PEP, but reverted back to baseline values by 12 weeks; there were no changes for 9.1 or 18.2 m sprint times in either group. There was no change in the CMJ height for PEP; however, there was a decrement at 6 and 12 weeks compared with baseline in CON. Performance on the Illinois and pro-agility tests declined in both groups. Our findings demonstrate that improvements in linear sprint performance were small and transient in adolescent female soccer players, and that there was no benefit of the PEP program on CMJ or agility performance. ACL injury prevention programs designed as a structured warm-up routine seem to lack the necessary stimulus to enhance athletic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Vescovi
- Norman Bethune College, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|