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Robles-Palazón FJ, McMahon JJ, Ayala F, Comfort P. Things to keep in mind when selecting physical assessments in youth soccer: Correlations between test performances, interlimb asymmetries, and effects of maturation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305570. [PMID: 38905234 PMCID: PMC11192305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A range of field-based tests have been proposed for inclusion in physical performance assessment batteries. However, there are obvious time and human resources constraints in applied settings. The knowledge of potential relationships between tests on performance, asymmetries, as well as maturation-induced changes, may help select the most informative and least time-consuming testing battery. The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine correlations in performance between different field-based tests, in interlimb asymmetry between those unilateral tests, and between asymmetry scores and test performances, and (2) to determine the influence of players' maturity status on test performances and asymmetries. A total of 309 male youth soccer players completed a nine-test battery including y-balance test, drop vertical jump, countermovement jump, single leg countermovement jump, standing long jump, single leg hop for distance, Illinois agility test, 10 m sprint, and 20 m sprint. The results revealed moderate-to-very large relationships between jump, sprint, and agility performances (r = 0.43-0.94), but weak-to-moderate correlations between these tests and balance scores (r ≤ 0.38). No relevant relationship (r ≤ 0.32) for asymmetries detected through different unilateral tests was found, nor between asymmetries and performance scores (r < 0.29). While maturity status clearly influenced players' performance, a limited impact on asymmetries was evident. Despite the mentioned relationships, the low shared variance between tests indicates that they should not be used interchangeably, and coaches should select those with the greatest specificity for the sport. Asymmetries do not influence performance, but their prevalence and unchanging nature with maturation can be seen as an opportunity for the identification of highly asymmetrical players and the application of interventions to improve the weaker limb, irrespective of the athlete's stage of development. To this end, the single leg countermovement jump might be viewed as an appropriate test in male youth soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Robles-Palazón
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Centre for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - John J. McMahon
- Centre for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Comfort
- Centre for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Dombrowski N, Cleary CJ, Bernard CD, Vopat BG, Herda AA. Psychological Readiness Is Weakly Related to Physical Function Tests at Return to Sport for Men and Not at All for Women Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Rehabilitation. Arthroscopy 2024; 40:1870-1878. [PMID: 38061685 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relationships between physical function tests of the operative limb and psychological readiness to return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (return to sport after injury [ACL-RSI]) by sex. The secondary purpose was to quantify sex-specific differences in physical function test outcomes. METHODS Patient records were retrospectively identified as cases who performed RTS physical function testing (strength, horizontal hops, vertical jumps, single-leg leg press, and drop landing knee excursion, etc.), and completed a 6-question ACL-RSI survey at the time point they were cleared to RTS. Independent t-tests compared all variables between sex at P ≤ .05. Correlations and regression models were produced per sex to identify factors related to operative limb physical function tests and ACL-RSI scores. RESULTS With a total of 127 patients (63 men; 64 women), there was no difference in ACL-RSI scores and leg press repetitions between sex (P = .32 and P = .12, respectively). There were sex differences for all other physical performance outcomes (P < .001 for all). To estimate readiness using physical function test scores, the men's regression model identified knee excursion (β = 0.345; P = .033) as the only contributor to ACL-RSI (R2 = 0.089), whereas there was no relationship between physical performance outcomes and ACL-RSI in women (R2 = 0.00, P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS Men and women reported similar ACL-RSI scales, indicating high readiness to return to sport. Likely due to sex-related physiological differences, men performed better at most physical function tests. Further, male ACL-RSI could be predicted using only one physical function outcome and 91% variability of the ACL-RSI coming from other contributors not evaluated, as indicated by R2. No physical function variables predict ACL-RSI in women. The evaluated variables are considered the primary indicators relevant for patients to be permitted to RTS yet cannot adequately predict psychological readiness in these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dombrowski
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Christopher J Cleary
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas Edwards Campus, Overland Park, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Christopher D Bernard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Bryan G Vopat
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Ashley A Herda
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas Edwards Campus, Overland Park, Kansas, U.S.A..
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Wiprich MT, Eberle EF, Balbinot GF, Cecconi MP, Binotti F, Tadiello GS, Bonetti LV. Evaluation of muscular and functional inter-limb asymmetries during mid-season in young male soccer athletes. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 38:605-614. [PMID: 38763615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify inter-limb asymmetries through the knee's muscular and lower limb functional performance in young male soccer athletes. METHODS Twenty male soccer athletes aged 17 to 19 from an under-20 team performed isokinetic tests at 60°/s., 120°/s., 180°/s., and 240°/s. To assess the knee extensors and flexors muscles and functional tests (hop tests and Y-balance test). RESULTS There were no significant differences between the dominant limb (DL) and non-dominant limb (NDL) in the knee extensors and flexors peak torque and hamstrings (H)/quadriceps(Q) conventional ratio. Moreover, no angular velocities observed inter-limb asymmetries seen by values higher than 10% in the isokinetic parameters. However, the H/Q conventional ratio shows borderline values in low angular velocities (60°/s. and 120°/s.). No significant changes were observed in the functional test performance between the DL and NDL. Furthermore, we did not see inter-limb asymmetries in both hop and Y-balance tests. On the contrary, the anterior distance reached was lower than found in the literature, and the composite score of the Y-balance test demonstrated values below the normative (>94%). CONCLUSION The data demonstrated that soccer athletes have muscular and functional inter-limb symmetry. However, they tend to have knee muscle imbalance in low velocities and dynamic balance deficits that might increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Talita Wiprich
- Postgraduate (Latu Sensu) in Trauma-Orthopedic and Sports Physiotherapy, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leandro Viçosa Bonetti
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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Tondelli E, Kenny IC, Comyns TM, Zabaloy S. Differences and correlations between horizontal and vertical single-leg jump performance, dynamic balance, and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion in male amateur rugby players according to playing positions. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 38:281-288. [PMID: 38763571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the differences and correlations in the Y-Balance Test (YBT) scores, ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion (ADFROM), single-leg drop jump (SLDJ) and single-leg hop for distance (SLHD) in amateur male rugby players by playing positions and limb dominance. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Argentinian amateur rugby club. PARTICIPANTS Male (n = 58) senior amateur rugby players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ADFROM, YBT (anterior [AN], posteromedial, posterolateral, and composite [COM]), SLDJ and SLHD performances. RESULTS Forwards demonstrated different anthropometric traits than backs (p < 0.001 to 0.003; ES: -0.508 to -1.331), whereas the latter attained better jump performance (p < 0.001-0.05; ES: 0.297-1.349) and YBTCOM scores compared to the former, irrespective of limb dominance (p: 0.007-0.034; ES: 0.569-0.730). With regards to the associations, forwards' BMI (rho: -0.35 to -0.52, ES: 0.184) and ADFROM values (rho: 0.41 to 0.53, ES: 0.184; r: 0.43 to 0.50, ES: 0.184) were associated to jump performance among both limbs. In contrast, for the backs, leg length was associated with SLHD (rho: 0.42-0.45, ES: 0.214) and YBTCOM (rho: -0.67 to -0.76, ES: 0.215). Likewise, ADFROM values (r: 0.44-0.56, ES: 0.185) were moderately associated to YBTAN in both limbs. CONCLUSIONS Backs attained better dynamic balance, wider ADFROM, and better unilateral vertical and horizontal jumps performances in dominant and non-dominant limb, compared to forwards. Additionally, ADFROM maybe an important aspect to consider when aiming to improve balance and jump performance among forwards and backs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Tondelli
- Discipline of Sport Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ian C Kenny
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland; Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Thomas M Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland; Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mohammadi H, Ghaffari R, Kazemi A, Bennett H, Hosseinzadeh M. Evaluation of the Value of the Y-Balance Test to Predict Lower Limb Injuries in Professional Male Footballers. J Sport Rehabil 2024; 33:33-39. [PMID: 37875255 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2023-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The aim of this prospective cohort study was to identify whether Y-Balance Test (YBT) performance and asymmetry are associated with lower limb injury in elite adult football athletes. DESIGN A prospective cohort study. METHODS Preseason YBT measures were obtained from 121 male footballers participating in National League One across the 2021-2022 season. Lower limb injuries were tracked across the season to determine the relationship between YBT variables and injury incidence using logistic regression analysis. The statistical significance level was .05. RESULTS The average YBT score was 111.0 (5.8) cm on the left limb and 112.0 (5.5) cm on the right limb, with an average asymmetry of 2.3 (1.4) cm. Athletes with lower YBT scores on both the left (odds ratio = 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 4.8: P ≤ .001) and right (odds ratio = 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 3.2: P ≤ .001) limbs were at a greater risk of injury. Similarly, athletes with greater amounts of asymmetry were also more likely to get injured (odds ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 3.3: P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that lower and asymmetrical YBT scores have a significant relationship with future lower limb injuries in professional male footballers. The YBT offers a simple, reliable, and effective screening tool that can be used by practitioners in football to help identify players at a greater risk of injury before the season commences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniyeh Mohammadi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Shomal University, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Abdolreza Kazemi
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mahdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Guan Y, Bredin SS, Taunton J, Jiang Q, Wu N, Warburton DE. Predicting the Risk of Injuries Through Assessments of Asymmetric Lower Limb Functional Performance: A Prospective Study of 415 Youth Taekwondo Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231185586. [PMID: 37655257 PMCID: PMC10467375 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231185586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of interlimb asymmetries on sport injuries is unclear because of inconsistent findings, and there is a lack of research on youth athletes and the sport of taekwondo. Purpose To examine the effects of functional interlimb asymmetries on noncontact lower limb injuries in youth athletes. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods A total of 415 taekwondo athletes (318 boys and 97 girls) aged 6 to 17 years underwent baseline testing to determine interlimb asymmetries through the single-leg countermovement jump (CMJ), hop, and triple hop tests as well as the Star Excursion Balance Test. The athletes were then evaluated for 12 months to observe the occurrence of noncontact lower limb injuries. Results During the study, 98 athletes (70 boys and 28 girls) sustained at least 1 noncontact lower limb injury. Athletes with higher interlimb asymmetries in single-leg CMJ height showed a significantly increased risk of noncontact lower limb injuries (boys: odds ratio [OR], 1.053 [95% CI, 1.027-1.080], P < .001; girls: OR, 1.070 [95% CI, 1.016-1.128], P = .011). Asymmetry in single-leg CMJ height of ≥15.28% was found to be the cutoff point for predicting noncontact lower limb injuries in boys (OR, 4.652 [95% CI, 2.577-8.398]; P < .001). Conclusion This study highlights the utility of interlimb asymmetries in unilateral jump performance as a tool for assessing the risk of noncontact lower limb injuries in youth taekwondo athletes of both sexes. A proper evaluation of interlimb asymmetries may improve prevention strategies for youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Guan
- School of Physical Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon S.D. Bredin
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jack Taunton
- Allan McGavin Sports Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qinxian Jiang
- Department of Physical Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Nana Wu
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darren E.R. Warburton
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Lopez-Valenciano A, Ayala F, De Ste Croix MBA, Barbado D, Moreno-Perez V, Sanz-Rivas D, Fernandez-Fernandez J. The Association Between Chronological Age and Maturity Status on Lower Body Clinical Measurements and Asymmetries in Elite Youth Tennis Players. Sports Health 2023; 15:250-259. [PMID: 35350941 PMCID: PMC9950987 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221083319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tennis is one of the most popular sports among youths. At elite levels, a notable increase in injury incidence and a temporary decline in performance may occur when children progress through puberty. However, limited research has explored maturity-associated variations in clinical measurements suggested as predictors of injury and tennis performance in elite youth players. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the association between chronological age and maturity status on several measures of neuromuscular capability and physical performance as well as bilateral (interlimb) asymmetries in elite youth tennis players. HYPOTHESIS Youth tennis players around peak height velocity (PHV) will show higher growth-related impairments or deficits in measures of neuromuscular capability and physical performance than their less (pre-PHV) and more (post-PHV) mature counterparts irrespective of sex. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS A total of 68 male (age, 13.7 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.4 ± 9.4 cm; body mass, 51.4 ± 10.3 kg [Mean values ± SD]) and 60 female (age, 13.6 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.8 ± 7.2 cm; body mass, 52.7 ± 7.5 kg [Mean values ± SD]) elite youth tennis players from 2 different age groups (under 13 [U13] and under 15 [U15]) and maturity status (pre-PHV, around PHV, and post-PHV), were tested during national training camps. Tests included the Y Balance Test, isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, hip ranges of motion (ROMs), and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Bayesian analysis was used to establish any significant between-group differences. RESULTS Only dynamic balance (in boys; Bayesian factor [BF10] = 88.2) and jump height (in both boys and girls; BF10 >100) were significatively associated with chronological age, whereby the U15 group showed lower Y Balance Test reach distances (-6%; standardized effect size δ = 0.62) but higher CMJ height scores (+18%; δ = 0.73) than the U13 group. Although boys jump higher (+11%; δ = 0.62) and were stronger in isometric hip adduction strength (+14%; δ = 0.92) than girls, the latter had greater hip internal ROM values (+15%; δ = 0.75). Furthermore, relevant maturity-associated effects (BF10 = 34.6) were solely observed for the CMJ test in boys, with the most mature players demonstrating higher jump height scores (+12%; δ = 0.93). Finally, a significant percentage (>25%) of tennis players, independent of sex, demonstrated bilateral asymmetries in hip ROM, hip strength, and jump height values. CONCLUSION The findings of this study show that in U13 and U15 male and female tennis players, there were neither positive nor negative maturity-associated variations in the clinical measurements analyzed (with the exception of jump height in male players). The high proportion of tennis players showing bilateral asymmetries in dynamic balance, hip ROM, and strength and jump performance highlight the need of future studies to analyze these factors in relation to unilateral tennis-specific adaptations in the musculoskeletal and sensorimotor systems. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results may help to better understand how different clinical measurements are associated with the process of growth and maturation in elite youth tennis players and may aid in the design of specific training interventions during these stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - David Barbado
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Perez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez
- Spanish Tennis Federation, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of León, Spain.,AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, University of León, Spain
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Liu B, Zhou CJ, Ma HW, Gong B. Mapping the youth soccer: A bibliometrix analysis using R-tool. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231183550. [PMID: 37361439 PMCID: PMC10286214 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231183550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the scientific production of youth soccer. However, a panoramic map of research on this subject does not exist. The aim of this study was to identify global research trends in youth soccer over time, among the main levels of analysis: sources, authors, documents, and keywords. The bibliometric software Biblioshiny was used to analyze 2606 articles in Web of Science (WoS) published between 2012 and 2021. The main conclusion is that US and UK scholars dominate the research; the topics of research are changing with the real needs, and research on the topic of performance has been of interest to scholars; talent identification and development, performance, injury prevention, and concussion are the studies of interest to scholars in this area. This finding, which offers a global picture of youth soccer research over time, can help future research in this or similar domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Jing Zhou
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Wei Ma
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Gong
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Chaari F, Boyas S, Sahli S, Fendri T, Harrabi MA, Rebai H, Rahmani A. Postural balance asymmetry and subsequent noncontact lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries among Tunisian soccer players with groin pain: A prospective case control study. Gait Posture 2022; 98:134-140. [PMID: 36115130 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies reported postural balance disorders in patients and soccer players with groin pain (GP) compared to controls. Since postural balance asymmetry identified after an initial injury contributes for subsequent injuries, identification of this asymmetry in soccer players with GP may highlight the risk of sustaining subsequent noncontact lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries in these players. Therefore, the aims of this study were to (i) examine static and dynamic unipedal postural balance asymmetry in soccer players with GP compared to healthy ones, and (ii) quantify the risk of subsequent noncontact lower extremity injuries in these players. RESEARCH QUESTION Do soccer players with GP exhibit higher static and dynamic unipedal postural balance asymmetry, and higher risk of sustaining subsequent injuries compared to controls? METHODS In this prospective case control study, 27 soccer players with non-time loss GP (GP group: GPG), and 27 healthy ones (control group: CG) were enrolled. Static and dynamic unipedal postural balance asymmetry were evaluated with a force platform using symmetry index (SI), and Y-balance test (Y-BT), respectively. Additionally, subsequent noncontact lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries were tracked for 10 months. RESULTS The GPG revealed higher (p < 0.01) SI in eyes closed condition, higher (p < 0.001) side-to-side asymmetry in anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral reach distances and in composite Y-BT score compared to CG. They showed lower (p < 0.001) composite score for injured limb and higher (p < 0.001) side-to-side asymmetry in posteromedial reach distance compared to the cut-off values of 89.6 % and 4 cm, respectively. Moreover, GPG exhibited higher odds (OR= 7.48; 95 % CI = 2.15, 26.00; p < 0.01) of sustaining subsequent injuries compared to CG. SIGNIFICANCE The Y-BT should be instituted into existing pre-participation physical examinations to screen for soccer players with non-time loss GP at an elevated risk of sustaining subsequent injuries. This could help coaches and clinicians make valid return to play decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Chaari
- Research laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sébastien Boyas
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Thouraya Fendri
- Research laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mohammed A Harrabi
- Research laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Abderrahmane Rahmani
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
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Guan Y, Bredin SSD, Taunton J, Jiang Q, Wu N, Warburton DER. Association between Inter-Limb Asymmetries in Lower-Limb Functional Performance and Sport Injury: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020360. [PMID: 35054054 PMCID: PMC8779786 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance has been associated with increased risk of sport injury; however, findings are not always consistent. Purpose: To conduct a systematic review on whether inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance can predict sport injury. Methods: Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SportDiscus) were systematically searched for prospective cohort studies reporting the association between inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance and sport injury. Results: A total of 28 prospective cohort studies were included in the analyses. Collectively, the findings were highly inconsistent, and a clear statement on the association between each asymmetry and sport injury was difficult. Conclusions: Highly inconsistent findings make it difficult to create clear recommendations on the relationship between the inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance (power, muscle flexibility, and dynamic balance) and sport injury. The influence of potential factors (selection of tests/parameters, participant characteristics, definition of injury, and ways of calculating asymmetry) should be considered when using previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Guan
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.G.); (S.S.D.B.); (N.W.)
| | - Shannon S. D. Bredin
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.G.); (S.S.D.B.); (N.W.)
| | - Jack Taunton
- Allan McGavin Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Qinxian Jiang
- Department of Physical Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China;
| | - Nana Wu
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.G.); (S.S.D.B.); (N.W.)
| | - Darren E. R. Warburton
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Faculty of Education, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.G.); (S.S.D.B.); (N.W.)
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-822-4603
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Bennett H, Chalmers S, Milanese S, Fuller J. The association between Y-balance test scores, injury, and physical performance in elite adolescent Australian footballers. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:306-311. [PMID: 34801389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identify how modified Lower-Quarter Y-Balance Test (mYBT-LQ) and Upper-Quarter Balance Test (mYBT-UQ) scores relate to injury risk and measures of physical performance in elite adolescent Australian Football (AF) athletes. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Pre-season mYBT-LQ, mYBT-UQ, and physical performance measures (speed, jump height, and agility) were obtained in 257 elite adolescent male AF athletes. Injury status was tracked across the 18-game season to determine the relationship between mYBT scores and injury risk based on time-to-event analysis. Cross-sectional analysis of mYBT-LQ scores and performance measures determined the relationships between these variables. RESULTS There were no significant associations between injury risk and any single mYBT parameter. However, athletes with high posteromedial asymmetry and good agility performance (top 25% of the cohort) had moderately increased injury risk with and tended to without a previous injury history (Hazard Ratio = 3.26 [95% Confidence Interval: 1.01, 10.54; p = 0.048] and 2.69 [95% Confidence Interval = 0.92, 7.82; p = 0.069], respectively). There were significant correlations between faster agility times and higher composite limb-length normalised mYBT-LQ (r = -0.210; CI = -0.324, -0.090), limb-length normalised average posteromedial reach score (r = -0.227; CI = -0.340, -0.108), and limb-length normalised average posterolateral reach score (r = -0.250: CI = -0.361, -0.132). CONCLUSION In isolation, the mYBT is not useful for identifying injury risk in junior AF athletes, and only small correlations between mYBT-LQ and physical performance variables were identified. However, high mYBT-LQ posteromedial asymmetry is associated with increased injury risk for athletes with good agility performance. This should be considered within athlete preparation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Bennett
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Australia.
| | - Samuel Chalmers
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Steve Milanese
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Australia; International Centre for Allied Health Evidence (iCAHE), University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Joel Fuller
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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The Protective Effect of Neuromuscular Training on the Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Youth Female Track-and-Field Athletes: A Clinical Trial and Cohort Study. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 30:1019-1027. [PMID: 33883301 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Few reports have analyzed the effects of neuromuscular (NM) training programs on the injury incidence among youth female track-and-field athletes. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of NM training on reducing lower limb injury incidence and to establish its effects on countermovement jump performance, balance, 30-m sprint, and joint position sense in youth female track-and-field athletes. DESIGN Single-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING Sports research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-two female athletes were allocated into 2 groups: Conventional (CONV) training (n = 11; age = 15.3 [2.1] y) and NM training (n = 11; age = 15.0 [2.7] y). INTERVENTIONS Interventions were performed during the preseason of 6 weeks. The CONV training included anaerobic, strength, and aerobic training. The NM training consisted of a multicomponent program that integrated jumps, landings, and running with strength, endurance, agility, balance, and CORE training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A follow-up of the cohorts was carried out through the evaluation of lower limb injuries (main outcome) during a regular season (weeks 7-18). Secondary outcomes were measured before and after the intervention: Y-balance test, active joint repositioning, ground reaction force, and countermovement jump height. RESULTS The injury incidence rate was 17.89 injuries per 1000 hours athlete-exposure in CONV training, and 6.58 in NM training (relative risk = 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.82; P = .044). Particularly, the medial tibial stress syndrome incidence rate was 5.96 injuries per 1000 hours athlete-exposure in CONV training and 0.82 in NM training (relative risk = 0.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.02 to 1.12; P = .012). In addition, a significant training × time interaction was noted, favoring improvements in 30-m sprint and countermovement jump height after NM. CONCLUSION The NM training may improve youth female athlete's physical fitness and reduce their injury relative risk of medial tibial stress syndrome injury.
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Schwiertz G, Beurskens R, Muehlbauer T. Discriminative validity of the lower and upper quarter Y balance test performance: a comparison between healthy trained and untrained youth. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:73. [PMID: 33292443 PMCID: PMC7713321 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background The Lower (YBT-LQ) and Upper (YBT-UQ) Quarter Y Balance Test have been widely used for the assessment of dynamic balance and shoulder mobility/stability, respectively. However, investigations on the validity of the two tests in youth are lacking. Therefore, we performed two studies to determine discriminative validity of the YBT-LQ (study 1) and the YBT-UQ (study 2) in healthy youth. Methods Sixty-nine male soccer players (age: 14.4 ± 1.9 yrs) and 69 age-matched untrained male subjects (14.3 ± 1.6 yrs) participated in study 1 and 37 young swimmers (age: 12.3 ± 2.1 yrs) as well as 37 age−/sex-matched individuals (age: 12.5 ± 2.0 yrs) took part in study 2. Absolute (cm) and relative (% leg/arm length) maximal reach distances per reach direction and the composite score of the YBT-LQ/UQ were used as outcome measures. One-way analysis of variance and the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis (i.e., calculating the area under the curve [AUC]) were conducted to assess discriminative validity. Results Concerning the relative values, youth athletes showed significantly better YBT-LQ (study 1: p < 0.001, d = 0.86–1.21) and YBT-UQ (study 2: p < 0.001, d = 0.88–1.48) test performances compared to age- and sex-matched untrained subjects. Further, AUC-values indicated a chance of ≥74% (YBT-LQ) and ≥ 71% (YBT-UQ) to discriminate between youth athletes and controls. These findings were confirmed when using the absolute data for analysis. Conclusions According to our results, the YBT-LQ and the YBT-UQ seem to be useful test instruments to discriminate trained and untrained healthy youth performance for dynamic balance and shoulder mobility/stability, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Schwiertz
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Gladbecker Str. 182, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Rainer Beurskens
- Department of Health and Social Affairs, FHM Bielefeld - University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Gladbecker Str. 182, 45141, Essen, Germany
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