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Jia X, Wang A, Yang L, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Ba J, Dou J, Mu Y, Zhao D, Lyu Z. Clinical Significance of Lifetime Maximum Body Mass Index in Predicting the Development of T2DM: A Prospective Study in Beijing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:839195. [PMID: 35721732 PMCID: PMC9201965 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.839195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity are well-known risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The effect of the maximum body mass index (BMImax), which indicates the highest body weight before the diagnosis of T2DM, is not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the predictive value of BMImax in the progression of diabetes. METHODS This prospective study recruited 2018 subjects with normal glucose tolerance in Beijing, China. The subjects were followed up for eight years, and the association between BMImax and glucose outcomes was evaluated. RESULTS Ninety-seven of the 2,018 participants developed diabetes by the end of the study. Compared to individuals with normal glucose tolerance, those who developed diabetes were characterized by higher levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h postload glucose (PBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), a higher prevalence of a familial history of diabetes and a lower level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). Multivariate regression analysis of sex-stratified groups suggested that FPG, HbA1c, SBP and familial history of diabetes were independent risk factors for diabetes, but that BMImax was a unique indicator for female patients. CONCLUSIONS BMImax might be an independent predictor of T2DM in females, but it does not seem to be associated with the risk of diabetes in males. BMImax could be regarded as an indicator in the prevention and management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Disease, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Longyan Yang
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Disease, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Ba
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingtao Dou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Disease, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Zhao, ; Zhaohui Lyu,
| | - Zhaohui Lyu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Zhao, ; Zhaohui Lyu,
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Wu H, Meng X, Wild SH, Gasevic D, Jackson CA. Socioeconomic status and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review. J Glob Health 2017; 7:011103. [PMID: 28702177 PMCID: PMC5481892 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.07.011103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China is estimated to have had the largest number of people with diabetes in the world in 2015, with extrapolation of existing data suggesting that this situation will continue until at least 2030. Type 2 diabetes has been reported to be more prevalent among people with low socioeconomic status (SES) in high-income countries, whereas the opposite pattern has been found in studies from low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a systematic review to describe the cross-sectional association between SES and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Chinese in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search in Medline, Embase and Global Health electronic databases for English language studies reporting prevalence or odds ratio for type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population for different SES groups measured by education, income and occupation. We appraised the quality of included studies using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity of studies precluded meta-analyses, therefore we summarized study results using a narrative synthesis. RESULTS Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. The association between education, income and occupation and type 2 diabetes was reported by 27, 19 and 12 studies, respectively. Most, but not all, studies reported an inverse association between education and type 2 diabetes, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 0.39 (CI not reported) to 1.52 (95% CI 0.91 - 2.54) for the highest compared to the lowest education level. The association between income and type 2 diabetes was inconsistent between studies. Only a small number of studies identified a significant association between occupation and type 2 diabetes. Retired people and people working in white collar jobs were reported to have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes than other occupational groups even after adjusting for age. CONCLUSIONS This first systematic review of the association between individual SES and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in China found that low education is probably associated with an increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes, while the association between income and occupation and type 2 diabetes is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Wu
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sarah H Wild
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Danijela Gasevic
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Caroline A Jackson
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Han C, Zhang M, Luo X, Wang C, Yin L, Pang C, Feng T, Ren Y, Wang B, Zhang L, Li L, Yang X, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Xie Z, Zhao J, Hu D. Secular trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adults in China from 1995 to 2014: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes 2017; 9:450-461. [PMID: 27282985 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to estimate trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults in China. METHODS A systematic search was conducted for studies of T2DM prevalence in adults in China from 2000 to 2014. Pooled prevalence was calculated by a random-effects model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Chi-squared and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests were used to assess differences among subgroups and pooled prevalence, respectively. RESULTS Forty-six studies (data from 1995 to 2014; 1 463 079 adults) were included in the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of T2DM was 7.9 %. The pooled prevalence overall and by location (urban and rural), gender (male and female), and age category (18-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years) was 4.5 %, 5.1 % and 3.0 %, 4.0 % and 4.2 %, and 1.4 %, 5.0 %, and 10.3 %, respectively, from 1995 to 1999; 6.6 %, 9.3 % and 5.6 %, 7.4 % and 7.5 %, and 1.8 %, 5.9 %, and 12.4 %, respectively, from 2000 to 2004; 10.3 %, 11.8 % and 6.8 %, 10.0 % and 8.6 %, and 2.8 %, 10.3 %, and 20.0 %, respectively, from 2005 to 2009; and 8.3 %, 12.5 % and 7.6 %, 8.6 % and 8.0 %, and 3.5 %, 8.5 %, and 15.3 %, respectively, from 2010 to 2014. The prevalence increased from 5.8 % to 11.6 % with per-capita gross domestic product and differed by diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS There was a trend of increasing prevalence of T2DM in adults in China from 1995 to 2009, with a decrease in 2010-14 and a greater increase over time in urban versus rural areas, males versus females, and older versus younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinping Luo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, Military Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Pang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, Military Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianping Feng
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, Military Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Ren
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingyuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junmei Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Intensive Care Unit, Zhoukou City Central Hospital, Zhoukou, China
| | - Jingzhi Zhao
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, Military Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
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Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Diabetes Mellitus-A Population Based Study in Shanghai, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13050512. [PMID: 27213415 PMCID: PMC4881137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes in Shanghai, China. A sample of 3600 residents aged from 18 to 80 years selected by a randomized stratified multiple-stage sampling method in Shanghai was investigated, with blood samples collected. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol), or previous diagnosis by a physician. Adequate control of diabetes was taken as a level of HbA1c < 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) among people with treated diabetes. Multivariable regression analysis was used to explore associated factors for diabetes and prediabetes. In the 3136 participants suitable for analysis, the prevalences of diabetes, prediabetes, and previously diagnosed diabetes were 15.91%, 37.37%, and 4.46%, respectively. Among those with diabetes, only 28.06% were aware of their condition, 25.85% were currently undergoing medication treatment, and 12.42% achieved glycaemic control. Logistic regression showed that old age, preobesity, obesity, elevated triglyceride (TG), elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), and lower education level were associated with an increased risk of diabetes; old age, obesity, elevated TG, and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were associated with an increased risk of prediabetes, while male sex and rural residence were associated with a decreased risk of prediabetes. In summary, the state of diabetes in China is alarming; the rates of awareness, treatment, and control were relatively low. More efforts should be made to promote the prevention and control of diabetes in china.
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Bao C, Zhang D, Sun B, Lan L, Cui W, Xu G, Sui C, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wang J, Li H. Optimal cut-off points of fasting plasma glucose for two-step strategy in estimating prevalence and screening undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes in Harbin, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119510. [PMID: 25785585 PMCID: PMC4364753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify optimal cut-off points of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) for two-step strategy in screening abnormal glucose metabolism and estimating prevalence in general Chinese population. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 7913 people aged 20 to 74 years in Harbin. Diabetes and pre-diabetes were determined by fasting and 2 hour post-load glucose from the oral glucose tolerance test in all participants. Screening potential of FPG, cost per case identified by two-step strategy, and optimal FPG cut-off points were described. The prevalence of diabetes was 12.7%, of which 65.2% was undiagnosed. Twelve percent or 9.0% of participants were diagnosed with pre-diabetes using 2003 ADA criteria or 1999 WHO criteria, respectively. The optimal FPG cut-off points for two-step strategy were 5.6 mmol/l for previously undiagnosed diabetes (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of FPG 0.93; sensitivity 82.0%; cost per case identified by two-step strategy ¥261), 5.3 mmol/l for both diabetes and pre-diabetes or pre-diabetes alone using 2003 ADA criteria (0.89 or 0.85; 72.4% or 62.9%; ¥110 or ¥258), 5.0 mmol/l for pre-diabetes using 1999 WHO criteria (0.78; 66.8%; ¥399), and 4.9 mmol/l for IGT alone (0.74; 62.2%; ¥502). Using the two-step strategy, the underestimates of prevalence reduced to nearly 38% for pre-diabetes or 18.7% for undiagnosed diabetes, respectively. Approximately a quarter of the general population in Harbin was in hyperglycemic condition. Using optimal FPG cut-off points for two-step strategy in Chinese population may be more effective and less costly for reducing the missed diagnosis of hyperglycemic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chundan Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Dianfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Department of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Li Lan
- Department of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiu Cui
- Department of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Xu
- Department of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Conglan Sui
- Department of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yibaina Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yashuang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JW); (HL)
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JW); (HL)
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JW); (HL)
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Qi L, Feng L, Ding X, Mao D, Wang Y, Xiong H. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose among residents in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1152. [PMID: 25377171 PMCID: PMC4232641 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Three Gorges Dam in China is the world's largest hydro-electric scheme in the contemporary world. After the construction of the Dam, great changes took place on the residents' lifestyles characterized by reduced physical activity due to the loss of arable land and a series of psychological problems caused by resettlement, which might be regarded as contributing factors to the development of diabetes in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR). However, there is no study that has been conducted targeting large population samples with the aim of determining the prevalence of diabetes in TGRR. This study purposed to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in the adult population ≥18 years in TGRR and to evaluate the associated risk factors. METHODS A total of 3721 randomly selected adults, aged ≥18 years and having lived in TGRR for at least one year, participated in questionnaire-based interview from April to May 2013 and had their physical examinations and standard glucose taken. 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted on the subjects with fasting glucose levels being ≥ 5.6 mmol/L. Diabetes and IFG were defined according to WHO 1999 criteria. RESULTS The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes and IFG were 7.6% (7.9% among men and 7.4% among women) and 9.0% (9.1% among men and 8.9% among women), respectively. Among the identified cases of diabetes in this study, 54.46% (171/314) were newly diagnosed. The prevalence of diabetes cases rose with age (4.0%, 4.5%, 8.1%, 11.2%, 12.4% and 12.9% among persons who were 18 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69 and ≥ 70 years of age, respectively). The results of multivariate logistic-regression analyses showed that the diabetes was significantly linked to age, family history of diabetes, central obesity, educational level and hypertension for both men and women. In addition, smoking was significantly associated with diabetes in men. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes has become a major public health problem in the TGRR with a large number of the cases undiagnosed. These results suggest that regular population-based diabetes screening should be conducted to identify early-stage diabetes and integrated strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of diabetes initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- />Department of Military Epidemiology, College of Military Prevention, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- />Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangui Feng
- />Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- />Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianbin Ding
- />Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Deqiang Mao
- />Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- />Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Xiong
- />Department of Military Epidemiology, College of Military Prevention, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Yoshizawa S, Heianza Y, Arase Y, Saito K, Hsieh SD, Tsuji H, Hanyu O, Suzuki A, Tanaka S, Kodama S, Shimano H, Hara S, Sone H. Comparison of different aspects of BMI history to identify undiagnosed diabetes in Japanese men and women: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 12 (TOPICS 12). Diabet Med 2014; 31:1378-86. [PMID: 24750392 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine current BMI and various aspects of BMI history as pre-screening tools for undiagnosed diabetes in Japanese individuals. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 16 226 men and 7026 women aged 30-75 years without a self-reported history of clinician-diagnosed diabetes. We estimated the probability of having undiagnosed diabetes (fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l and/or HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol⁄mol (≥ 6.5%) for the following variables: current BMI, BMI in the early 20s (BMI(20y)), lifetime maximum BMI (BMI(max)), change between BMI in the early 20s and current BMI (ΔBMI(20y-cur)), change between BMI in the early 20s and maximum BMI (ΔBMI(20y-max)), and change between lifetime maximum and current BMI (ΔBMI(max-cur)). RESULTS The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 3.3% (771/23252) among participants. BMI(max) , ΔBMI(20y-max) and current BMI (1-sd increments) were more strongly associated with diabetes than the other factors (multivariate odds ratio 1.58 [95% CI 1.47-1.70] in men and 1.65 [95% CI 1.43-1.90] in women for BMI(max) ; multivariate odds ratio 1.47 [95% CI 1.37-1.58] in men and 1.61 [95% CI 1.41-1.84] in women for ΔBMI(20y-max) ; multivariate odds ratio 1.47 [95% CI 1.36-1.58] in men and 1.63 [95% CI 1.40-1.89] in women for current BMI). The probability of having diabetes was markedly higher in those with both the highest tertile of BMI(max) and greatest ΔBMI(20y-max) ; however, a substantially lower likelihood of diabetes was observed among individuals with the lowest and middle tertiles of current BMI (< 24.62 kg/m² in men and < 22.54 kg/m² in women). CONCLUSIONS Lifetime maximum BMI and BMI changes from early adulthood were strongly associated with undiagnosed diabetes. Adding BMI history to people's current BMI would improve the identification of individuals with a markedly higher probability of having undiagnosed diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshizawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
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Fang Z, Zhao J, Shi G, Shu Y, Ni Y, Wang H, Ding L, Lu R, Li J, Zhu X, Cheng S, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wang J, Luo Y, Fan Q, Guo C, Jiang T, Wu Q, Fan L, Ling H, Cui L, Luo Y, Yang H, Anderson RM. Shenzhu Tiaopi granule combined with lifestyle intervention therapy for impaired glucose tolerance: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2014; 22:842-50. [PMID: 25440374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical effects of the Shenzhu Tiaopi granule (SZTP) combined with a lifestyle intervention in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), who also had a spleen deficiency and damp overabundance syndrome (SDDOS). METHODS After a one-month washout period, a total of 514 patients were randomly assigned to the control (lifestyle intervention) and experimental (SZTP plus lifestyle intervention) groups, with 257 patients in each group. Patients in the control group received the lifestyle intervention (diet and exercise) for 12 months, while the patients in the experimental group were treated with SZTP plus the lifestyle intervention for 12 months. The Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) symptom scores were observed in each group before and after treatment; the conversion rates from IGT to diabetes mellitus (DM) were also measured. RESULTS Following 12 months of treatment, the conversion rate from IGT to DM in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control group (8.52% vs. 15.28%, P<0.05). A significantly higher number of patients with IGT reverted to normal blood glucose levels in the experimental group than in the control group (42.15% vs. 32.87%, P<0.05). In addition, after following the treatment for 12 months, the TCM symptoms of patients in the experimental group were markedly alleviated, as compared to the control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The combination of SZTP and lifestyle intervention showed a reduction in the conversion from IGT to DM, and an increase in the conversion from IGT to normal blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine Prevention and Therapy Diabetes Mellitus, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Jindong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine Prevention and Therapy Diabetes Mellitus, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guobing Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yiqiong Shu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yingqun Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ruimin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiayun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Senhua Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shangyu City Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shangyu 312300, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhu City Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qingyun Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chenglin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hanpeng Ling
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Liqun Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China
| | - Robert M Anderson
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Prevention and Therapy Diabetes Mellitus, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province, China; The Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Zuo H, Shi Z, Hussain A. Prevalence, trends and risk factors for the diabetes epidemic in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 104:63-72. [PMID: 24468097 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the prevalence and trends of diabetes and to quantitatively assess its risk factors in mainland China. METHODS Thirty-one epidemiological studies were identified by a systematic search of four databases. Prevalence estimates were mapped and summarized by meta-analysis in each region of China. The pooled ORs and 95% CIs of risk factors for diabetes were also calculated. RESULTS There was a large geographical imbalance with regard to the prevalence of diabetes. Region-pooled prevalence was highest in the eastern region (8.0%, 95% CI: 6.1-10.0%) and lowest in the western region (4.6%, 95% CI: 3.3-6.0%), which was consistent with regional levels of economic development. The overall prevalence of diabetes has been increasing since 1980. Traditional risk factors such as age, family history of diabetes, obesity, hypertension and elevated triglycerides were found to be associated with diabetes. In addition, urban residence and being from ethnic minorities were also significantly associated. CONCLUSION Based on the meta-analyses, we found that the prevalence of diabetes is different in different parts of China but it has been increasing sharply during the last three decades. Some risk factors were quantitatively derived in the study, which are free from the diversity of a single sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zuo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China; Section for International Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Zumin Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China; Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Akhtar Hussain
- Section for International Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Xu S, Ming J, Xing Y, Gao B, Yang C, Ji Q, Chen G. Regional differences in diabetes prevalence and awareness between coastal and interior provinces in China: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:299. [PMID: 23556471 PMCID: PMC3703289 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most studies on diabetes prevalence and awareness in China are regional or about a single province, and differences between coastal and interior provinces have not been discussed even in the nation-based studies. The aim of this study was to determine regional differences in diabetes prevalence and awareness between coastal and interior provinces, and to identify the factors associated with diabetes prevalence and awareness. Methods Provinces Fujian and Shaanxi were chosen to represent the coastal and interior provinces, respectively. The data of two provinces were from the China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study 2007–08. A total of 5926 people (Fujian 2672 and Shaanxi 3254) aged above 20 years were included as participants in the study. Age-standardized prevalence and awareness were compared between provinces. Logistic regression analysis was performed not only to examine risk factors of diabetes prevalence and awareness, but also to examine the association between regional difference and diabetes prevalence and awareness. Results The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes in Fujian was higher than that in Shaanxi among total (11.5% vs. 8.0%), male (13.6% vs. 8.9%) and female (10.8% vs. 7.4%) populations. Diabetes awareness for total and male population in Fujian was higher than that in Shaanxi (42.3% vs. 34.9% and 46.8% vs. 35.2%, respectively). Age, sex, central obesity, family history of diabetes, and metabolic risk factors were all significantly associated with diabetes prevalence in both provinces. However, cigarette smoking was significantly associated with prevalence in Fujian and physical activity was significantly associated with the prevalence in Shaanxi. Family history of diabetes was the only independent risk factor of diabetes awareness in both provinces. After being adjusted for all listed risk factors, the regional difference of diabetes prevalence was still significant, but that of diabetes awareness lost significance. Conclusions Both diabetes prevalence and awareness were higher in coastal provinces and lower in interior provinces in China. Lifestyle risk factors were found to contribute differently to diabetes prevalence in the two provinces and other unknown risk factors may account for differences of diabetes prevalence between provinces. In addition, family history of diabetes was the only independent risk factor in both provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiuhe Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle Road West, Xi'an, China.
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11
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Li MZ, Su L, Liang BY, Tan JJ, Chen Q, Long JX, Xie JJ, Wu GL, Yan Y, Guo XJ, Gu L. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus in mainland china from 1979 to 2012. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:753150. [PMID: 24288530 PMCID: PMC3830848 DOI: 10.1155/2013/753150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the primary causes of premature death and disability worldwide. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature regarding the trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus in mainland China. PUBMED, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Database, China National Infrastructure database, Chinese Wan Fang database, and Chongqing VIP database were searched. Fifty-six eligible studies were included. Increasing trends in the prevalence, treatment, and control of diabetes in mainland China from 1979 to 2012 were observed. The pooled prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus were 6.41%, 45.81%, 42.54%, and 20.87%, respectively. A higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus was found in urban (7.48%, 95%CI = 5.45~9.50) than rural (6.53%, 95%CI = 4.30~8.76) areas. Furthermore, an increasing chronological tendency was shown in different subgroups of age with regard to the prevalence of diabetes. A higher awareness of DM was found in urban (44.25%, 95%CI = 32.60~55.90) than rural (34.27%, 95%CI = 21.00~47.54) populations, and no significant differences were found in the treatment, and control of diabetes among the subgroups stratified by gender and location. From 1979 to 2012, the prevalence, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus increased; nevertheless, there was no obvious improvement in the awareness of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-zhi Li
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Li Su
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Bao-yun Liang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Jin-jing Tan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Qing Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Jian-xiong Long
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Juan-juan Xie
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Guang-liang Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Yan Yan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
| | - Xiao-jing Guo
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lian Gu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
- Department of Internal Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 89-9 Dongge Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
- *Lian Gu:
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Li H, Oldenburg B, Chamberlain C, O'Neil A, Xue B, Jolley D, Hall R, Dong Z, Guo Y. Diabetes prevalence and determinants in adults in China mainland from 2000 to 2010: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 98:226-35. [PMID: 22658670 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To systematically review trends in diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence in adults in China over the last 10 years and to identify the determinants of these trends. METHODS A systematic search was conducted for studies published between 2000 and 2010. Studies reporting DM prevalence were included if they met the pre-determined criteria. The prevalence estimates and reported determinants of these studies were compared. RESULTS Twenty-five manuscripts, reporting on 22 studies, were selected for inclusion in the review. There has been an increase in DM prevalence from 2.6% to 9.7% in China over the past decade. DM prevalence is strongly associated with age and is higher in urban residents compared with rural populations. Some studies found a difference in DM prevalence between males and females, but this finding was not consistent. Other commonly reported associations with DM included family history, obesity and hypertension. CONCLUSION Over the period of 2000-2010, we identify a significant increase in DM prevalence at the national level. It is important for all levels of government to develop more effective strategies to prevent and manage this rising diabetes epidemic. There is also an important need for more large-scale studies of diabetes in the western and central regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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Hwang CK, Han PV, Zabetian A, Ali MK, Narayan KMV. Rural diabetes prevalence quintuples over twenty-five years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 96:271-85. [PMID: 22261096 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To verify the assertions that diabetes pandemic may be spreading across rural parts of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), we performed a systematic review of published studies reporting diabetes prevalence in rural parts of LMICs. METHODS Electronic databases (EMBASE and MEDLINE) were searched for papers published from 1990 to 2011. Two independent reviewers screened the articles using structured criteria for inclusion and performed full-text reviews. Pooled prevalence of diabetes was estimated using meta-analysis. Potential factors influencing the estimates were identified by meta-regression and used for sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Rural prevalence of diabetes of LMICs was 5.6% (95% CI=4.6-6.6), and similar between men and women. This estimate remained robust in separate sensitivity analyses accounting for study quality, level of heterogeneity, age, and sex. In a multivariate meta-regression analysis, pooled prevalence varied by study year and region. Diabetes prevalence increased over time, from 1.8% (1.0-2.6) in 1985-1989, 5.0% (3.8-6.3) in 1990-1994, 5.2% (4.1-6.2) in 1995-1999, 6.4% (5.1-7.7) in 2000-2004, and to 8.6% (6.4-10.7) for 2005-2010 (p=0.001 for secular trend). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of diabetes in rural parts of LMICs has risen dramatically. As 55% of LMIC populations live in rural areas, this trend has enormous implications for the global burden of diabetes.
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Tshiananga JKT, Kocher S, Weber C, Erny-Albrecht K, Berndt K, Neeser K. The effect of nurse-led diabetes self-management education on glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2011; 38:108-23. [PMID: 22116473 DOI: 10.1177/0145721711423978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the effect of nurse-led diabetes self-management education (DSME) on blood glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS The electronic databases PubMed and ISIS Knowledge were searched for relevant randomized controlled studies published between 1999 and 2009. Effect size was calculated for change in A1C, blood pressure, and lipid levels using both fixed- and random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed on patient age, gender, diabetes type, baseline A1C, length of follow-up, and study setting. RESULTS A total of 34 randomized controlled trials with a combined cohort size of 5993 patients was identified. Mean patient age was 52.8 years, 47% were male, and mean A1C at baseline was 8.5%. Mean change in A1C was a reduction by -0.70% for nurse-led DSME versus -0.21% with usual care (UC). This corresponded to an effect size of 0.506, using a random-effects model for nurse-led DSME versus UC. Effect size was significantly associated with patient age older than 65 years and with duration of follow-up. Nurse-led DSME was also associated with improvements in cardiovascular risk factors, particularly among male patients, among those with good glycemic control, and in studies conducted in the United States. CONCLUSIONS Nurse-led DSME is associated with improved glycemic control, demonstrating that programs are most effective among seniors and with follow-up periods of 1 to 6 months. Future programs tailored to the needs of patients younger than 65 years may improve the impact of DSME on blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serge Kocher
- The Institute for Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Basel, Switzerland (Mr. Tshiananga, Dr Kocher, Dr Weber, Dr Neeser)
| | - Christian Weber
- The Institute for Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Basel, Switzerland (Mr. Tshiananga, Dr Kocher, Dr Weber, Dr Neeser)
| | | | | | - Kurt Neeser
- The Institute for Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Basel, Switzerland (Mr. Tshiananga, Dr Kocher, Dr Weber, Dr Neeser)
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