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Mahajan H, Mallinson PAC, Lieber J, Bhogadi S, Banjara SK, Reddy VS, Reddy GB, Kulkarni B, Kinra S. The Association of Total Meat Intake with Cardio-Metabolic Disease Risk Factors and Measures of Sub-Clinical Atherosclerosis in an Urbanising Community of Southern India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis for the APCAPS Cohort. Nutrients 2024; 16:746. [PMID: 38474874 PMCID: PMC10934090 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM Meat is commonly consumed in India; however, in comparison to Western settings, it is eaten in relatively lower quantities and with minimal processing. The association between meat intake and cardio-metabolic diseases (CMDs) and their risk factors in India is currently uncertain. We examined whether meat intake is associated with risk factors for CMDs and the measures of subclinical atherosclerosis in urbanising villages in southern India. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 6012 adults (52.3% male) participating in the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents' Study (APCAPS), which is a large prospective, intergenerational cohort study in Southern India that began with the long-term follow-up of the Hyderabad Nutrition Trial (1987-1990). We used cross-sectional data from the third wave of data collection conducted in 2010-2012, where total meat intake was assessed using 100-item, semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). The FFQs were validated using multiple weighed 24 h dietary recalls. The main predictor, 'total meat intake', was calculated as the sum of chicken, red meat, and fish consumption. The risk factors for CMDs [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, total cholesterol, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein] and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis [Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Pulse Wave Velocity, and Augmentation Index] were assessed using standardised clinical procedures. Stratified by gender, the association of meat intake with the risk factors of CMDs and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis was examined using linear multilevel models with random intercept at the household level. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the male (n = 3128) and female participants (n = 2828) was 34.09 years (15.55) and 34.27 years (12.73), respectively. The median (IQR) intake of meat was 17.79 g/day (8.90, 30.26) in males and 8.90 g/day (4.15, 18.82) in females. In males, a 10 g increase in total meat intake/1000 Kcal/day was positively associated with DBP, BMI, WC, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides, whereas in females, a 10 g increase in total meat intake/1000 Kcal/day was positively associated with SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides. There was no relationship between meat consumption and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Meat intake had a linear positive association with CMD risk factors among the relatively younger Indian population who were consuming meat at lower levels compared to their European counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Mahajan
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India; (S.B.); (S.K.B.); (V.S.R.); (G.B.R.)
| | - Poppy Alice Carson Mallinson
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (J.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Judith Lieber
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (J.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Santhi Bhogadi
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India; (S.B.); (S.K.B.); (V.S.R.); (G.B.R.)
| | - Santosh Kumar Banjara
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India; (S.B.); (S.K.B.); (V.S.R.); (G.B.R.)
| | - Vadde Sudhakar Reddy
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India; (S.B.); (S.K.B.); (V.S.R.); (G.B.R.)
| | - Geereddy Bhanuprakash Reddy
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India; (S.B.); (S.K.B.); (V.S.R.); (G.B.R.)
| | | | - Sanjay Kinra
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (J.L.); (S.K.)
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Li Y, Mallinson PAC, Aggarwal A, Kulkarni B, Kinra S. Association of Neighborhood Alcohol Environment With Alcohol Intake and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in India: Cross-Sectional Evidence From APCAPS. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:844086. [PMID: 35571211 PMCID: PMC9099288 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.844086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more and more proofs about the impact of neighborhood alcohol environment on alcohol-associated events. The relationship between the neighborhood availability and accessibility of alcohol outlet with individual level of alcohol consumption along with 11 cardiovascular risk factors was explored for the first time in India using data from the 3rd follow-up of the Andhra Pradesh children and parents study (APCAPS) (n = 6156, for liquor intake and 5,641 for heart and blood vessel risk elements). In fully adjusted models, volunteers in the lowest tertile performed worse than volunteers in the highest tertile of distance to the closest alcohol outlet were more probably to exhibit less alcohol consumption (-14.40 g/day, 95% CI: -26.21, -2.59). A unit per km2 rise in alcohol outlet density in 400 m buffering area was related to a rise in waist circumference (1.45 mm, 95% CI: 0.13, 2.77), SBP (0.29 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.49), and DBP (0.19 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.35). A unit per 100 m rise in distance to the closest alcohol outlet was related to a rise in waist circumference (-2.39 mm, 95% CI: -4.18, -0.59), SBP (-0.41 mmHg, 95% CI: -0.68, -0.15), and DBP (-0.29 mmHg, 95% CI: -0.51, -0.07). Neighborhood availability of alcohol outlets within immediate locality of participants' households had a closer relationship with cardiovascular risk factors than that within the whole village. Public health policies designed to limit neighborhood availability and accessibility of alcohol outlets ought to be advocated in southern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Hangzhou Medical College School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Poppy Alice Carson Mallinson
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aastha Aggarwal
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Onyegbutulem HC, Dogo D, Alu F, Dankyau M, Olorunfemi DS, Abdullahi FM, Akerele IO, Bala NJ, Ibeabuchi UN, Mohammed MO. Patterns of dyslipidemia amongst hypertensive patients in Abuja, North Central Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 39:11. [PMID: 34394802 PMCID: PMC8348252 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.11.28807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction dyslipidemia and hypertension are independent cardiovascular risk factors that are linked by insulin resistance and commonly coexist as components of the metabolic syndrome. The consequences of dyslipidaemic patterns includes high cardiovascular risk profile and sequalae. Data on lipid patterns amongst hypertensive patients in Abuja, a city with affluent pattern of life style and rising cardiovascular risk profile is very scanty or limited to just levels of total plasma cholesterol. This study was aimed at determining the pattern and frequencies of dyslipidaemic forms among hypertensive patients in Abuja. Methods this was a retrospective cohort study with the following data collected; socio-demographics, anthropometric measures and certain metabolic parameters from the new and old groups and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 23. All decisions were made using the assymp. Two-sided Pearson χ2 probability. Quantitative variables were expressed as means and standard deviations. Qualitative variables were expressed as percentages. A p-value of ≤0.05 was set as significant. Results eight hundred and fifty eight (858) cases were enrolled for this study, 704 (82.1%) olds and 154 (17.9%) news. There were 251 (29.3%) males and 607 (70.7%) females. The means of the two groups were largely comparable. The commonest dyslipidaemic type was reduced High density lipoprotein, HDL (96.1%), followed by elevated low-density lipoprotein, LDL (78.6%), then, elevated total cholesterol, (62.3%) TCHOL and elevated triglycerides, TG 43.5%. Conclusion dyslipidemic forms are very common among hypertensive patients in Abuja, Nigeria, particularly reduced HDL. Some observed associations include; middle age, female gender, middle/upper socio-economic classes, low levels of physical activity, overweight/obesity, dysglycaemia and long-standing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Chijioke Onyegbutulem
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Dilli Dogo
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Francis Alu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Maitama District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Musa Dankyau
- Department of Family Medicine, Bingham University, Karu, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - David Samuel Olorunfemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bingham University, Karu, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
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Sorensen TB, Wilson R, Gregson J, Shankar B, Dangour AD, Kinra S. Is night-time light intensity associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in early-stage urbanisation in South India? A cross-sectional study of the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036213. [PMID: 33444171 PMCID: PMC7678398 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore associations of night-time light intensity (NTLI), a novel proxy for continuous urbanisation levels, with mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), body mass index (BMI), fasting serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), among adults in early-stage urbanisation in Telangana, South India. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of the third wave of the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study cohort. SETTING 28 villages representing a continuum of urbanisation levels, ranging from rural settlement to medium-sized town in Telangana, South India. PARTICIPANTS Data were available from 6944 participants, 6236 of whom were eligible after excluding pregnant women, participants younger than 18 years of age and participants missing data for age. Participants were excluded if they did not provide fasting blood samples, had implausible or missing outcome values, were medicated for hypertension or diabetes or had triglyceride levels invalidating derived LDL. The analysis included 5924 participants for BMI, 5752 participants for SBP, 5287 participants for LDL and 5328 participants for FPG. RESULTS Increasing NTLI was positively associated with mean BMI, SBP and LDL but not FPG. Adjusted mean differences across the range of village-level NTLI were 1.0 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.01 to 1.9) for BMI; 4.2 mm Hg (95% CI 1.0 to 7.4) for SBP; 0.3 mmol/L (95% CI -0.01 to 0.7) for LDL; and -0.01 mmol/L (95% CI -0.4 to 0.4) for FPG. Associations of NTLI with BMI and SBP were stronger in older age groups. CONCLUSION The association of NTLI with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors identify NTLI as a potentially important tool for exploring urbanisation-related health. Consistent associations of moderate increases in urbanisation levels with important CVD risk factors warrant prevention strategies to curb expected large public health impacts from continued and rapid urbanisation in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bonde Sorensen
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robin Wilson
- Department of Geography & Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - John Gregson
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bhavani Shankar
- Department of Geography, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alan D Dangour
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Patel PP, Patel PA, Patel AD, Chiplonkar SA, Khadilkar AV. Varying Body Composition and Growth in Indian Adolescents from Different Socioeconomic Strata. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401315666181224094900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Early growth stunting has been associated with modifications in body composition
and its direction differs with the local environment. Data on the association between body
composition with growth and the influence of socioeconomic strata (SES) on the same is scarce in
Indian adolescents.
Objective:
The study aimed to examine (i) the associations of SES with body composition and
growth (ii) the relationship between body composition and lifestyle factors (physical activity, diet)
across SES and (iii) interrelationship between the body composition and growth.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study on apparently healthy adolescents (10-14years, n=604) from different
SES, was conducted in Gujarat, Western India. Outcome parameters included anthropometry,
body composition, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and dietary intake.
Results:
84%, 66% and 39% boys, whereas 61%, 43% and 26% girls from upper, middle and lower
SES respectively, were underfat; amongst upper SES, 22% boys and 8% girls were obese (p<0.001).
24% boys and 19% girls from lower SES were stunted (HAZ<-2) (p<0.001). In all SES, 0at mass
(FM) showed an inverse correlation, while 0at free mass (FFM) showed a positive correlation with
MVPA. Comparing the prevalence of stunting across the % body fat categories revealed that 15% of
the underfat boys and 16% of the underfat girls were stunted (p<0.001).
Conclusion:
SES shows a significant impact on body composition with a majority of lower SES adolescents
being underfat. Underfat adolescents were at a greater risk of being stunted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna P. Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan-384265, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinal A. Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan-384265, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashish D. Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan-384265, Gujarat, India
| | - Shashi A. Chiplonkar
- Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune-411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anuradha V. Khadilkar
- Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune-411001, Maharashtra, India
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Waqas A, Zafar S, Lawlor DA, Wright J, Hafeez A, Ahmad I, Sikander S, Rahman A. A scientometric analysis of birth cohorts in South Asia: Way forward for Pakistan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235385. [PMID: 32645067 PMCID: PMC7347181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to: a) systematically map the of birth cohort studies from the South Asian region b) examine the major research foci and landmark contributions from these cohorts using reproducible scientometric techniques and c) offer recommendations on establishing new birth cohorts in Pakistan, building upon the strengths, weaknesses and gaps of previous cohorts. Bibliographic records for a total of 260 articles, published during through December 2018, were retrieved from the Web of Science (core database). All data were analysed using Microsoft Excel (2013), Web of Science platform and CiteSpace. A series of network analysis were then run for each time-period using the link reduction method and pathfinder network scaling. The co-cited articles were clustered into their homogeneous research clusters. The clusters were named using the Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) method that utilized author keywords as source of names for these clusters. The scientometric analyses of original research output from these birth cohorts also paint a pessimistic landscape in Pakistan- where Pakistani sites for birth cohorts contributed only 31 publications; a majority of these utilized the MAL-ED birth cohort data. A majority of original studies were published from birth cohorts in India (156), Bangladesh (63), and Nepal (15). Out of these contributions, 31 studies reported data from multiple countries. The three major birth cohorts include prospective and multi-country MAL-ED birth cohort and The Pakistan Early Childhood Development Scale Up Trial, and a retrospective Maternal and infant nutrition intervention cohort. In addition to these, a few small-scale birth cohorts reported findings pertaining to neonatal sepsis, intrauterine growth retardation and its effects on linear growth of children and environmental enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Waqas
- Human Development Research Foundation, Markaz, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamsa Zafar
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Fazaia Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Assad Hafeez
- Health Services Academy, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ikhlaq Ahmad
- Human Development Research Foundation, Markaz, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Health Services Academy, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Siham Sikander
- Human Development Research Foundation, Markaz, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Health Services Academy, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Atif Rahman
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Bhan N, Madhira P, Muralidharan A, Kulkarni B, Murthy G, Basu S, Kinra S. Health needs, access to healthcare, and perceptions of ageing in an urbanizing community in India: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr 2017; 17:156. [PMID: 28724399 PMCID: PMC5517927 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND India's elderly population is rising at an unprecedented rate, with a majority living in rural areas. Health challenges associated with ageing, changing social networks and limited public health infrastructure are issues faced by the elderly and caregivers. We examined perceptions of health needs of the elderly across local stakeholders in an urbanizing rural area. METHODS The qualitative study was conducted among participants in the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study (APCAPS) site in Rangareddy district, Telangana. We collected data using focus group discussions and interviews among communities (n = 6), health providers (n = 9) and administrators (n = 6). We assessed stakeholders' views on the influence of urbanization on health issues faced and interventions for alleviating these challenges. We used a conceptual-analytical model to derive themes and used an inductive approach to organizing emerging codes as per a priori themes. These were organized as per thematic groups and ranked by different authors in order of importance. Bronfebrenner's theory was used to understand stakeholder perspectives and suggest interventions within four identified spheres of influence - individual, household, community and services. RESULTS Stakeholders reported frailty, lack of transport and dependence on others as factors impacting health access of the elderly. Existing public health systems were perceived as overburdened and insensitive towards the elderly. Urbanization was viewed positively, but road accidents, crime and loneliness were significant concerns. Interventions suggested by stakeholders included health service outreach, lifestyle counseling, community monitoring of healthcare and engagement activities. CONCLUSIONS We recommend integrating outreach services and lifestyle counseling within programs for care of the elderly. Community institutions can play an important role in the delivery and monitoring of health and social services for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Bhan
- Public Health Foundation of India, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, India.
| | - Pavitra Madhira
- Indian Institute of Public Health Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Gvs Murthy
- Indian Institute of Public Health Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Basu
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Clinical Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Dathan-Stumpf A, Vogel M, Rieger K, Thiery J, Hiemisch A, Kiess W. Serum lipid levels were related to socio-demographic characteristics in a German population-based child cohort. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:e360-7. [PMID: 27096544 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Socio-demographic factors affect the development and lives of children and adolescents. We examined links between serum lipids and apolipoproteins and socio-demographic factors in the Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases Child (LIFE Child) study. METHODS The Winkler index and the Family Affluence Scale were used to define characteristics of the social status of 938 boys and 860 girls aged from birth to 19 years. We then used univariate and multivariate regression analyses to examine the socio-demographic impact on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), cholesterol triglycerides and apolipoproteins A1 (ApoA1) and B (ApoB). RESULTS No significant influences on the Winkler index or the Family Affluence Scale were observed regarding the concentrations of serum lipids for total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol. However, and most importantly, children and adolescents with high social status and high family affluence showed significantly higher HDL cholesterol and ApoA1 levels than those with lower individual totals. A higher Winkler index was associated with significantly lower values for triglycerides and ApoB. CONCLUSION Adolescents with higher family wealth and social status showed a lower cardiovascular risk profile, as measured by the concentrations of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides as well as ApoA1 and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dathan-Stumpf
- LIFE-Child-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents; University Hospital; Leipzig Germany
- Centre of Paediatric Research (CPL); Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Mandy Vogel
- LIFE-Child-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Centre of Paediatric Research (CPL); Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Kristin Rieger
- LIFE-Child-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents; University Hospital; Leipzig Germany
- Centre of Paediatric Research (CPL); Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- LIFE-Child-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- LIFE-Child-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents; University Hospital; Leipzig Germany
- Centre of Paediatric Research (CPL); Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE-Child-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents; University Hospital; Leipzig Germany
- Centre of Paediatric Research (CPL); Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
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The 2013 cholesterol guideline controversy: Would better evidence prevent pharmaceuticalization? Health Policy 2016; 120:797-808. [PMID: 27256859 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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