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Vientós‐Plotts AI, Ericsson AC, Reinero CR. The respiratory microbiota and its impact on health and disease in dogs and cats: A One Health perspective. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1641-1655. [PMID: 37551852 PMCID: PMC10473014 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy lungs were long thought of as sterile, with presence of bacteria identified by culture representing contamination. Recent advances in metagenomics have refuted this belief by detecting rich, diverse, and complex microbial communities in the healthy lower airways of many species, albeit at low concentrations. Although research has only begun to investigate causality and potential mechanisms, alterations in these microbial communities (known as dysbiosis) have been described in association with inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic respiratory diseases in humans. Similar studies in dogs and cats are scarce. The microbial communities in the respiratory tract are linked to distant microbial communities such as in the gut (ie, the gut-lung axis), allowing interplay of microbes and microbial products in health and disease. This review summarizes considerations for studying local microbial communities, key features of the respiratory microbiota and its role in the gut-lung axis, current understanding of the healthy respiratory microbiota, and examples of dysbiosis in selected respiratory diseases of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida I. Vientós‐Plotts
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Internal Medicine LaboratoryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- University of Missouri Metagenomics CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Carol R. Reinero
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Internal Medicine LaboratoryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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2
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Upadhyay P, Wu CW, Pham A, Zeki AA, Royer CM, Kodavanti UP, Takeuchi M, Bayram H, Pinkerton KE. Animal models and mechanisms of tobacco smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:275-305. [PMID: 37183431 PMCID: PMC10718174 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2208886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, and its global health burden is increasing. COPD is characterized by emphysema, mucus hypersecretion, and persistent lung inflammation, and clinically by chronic airflow obstruction and symptoms of dyspnea, cough, and fatigue in patients. A cluster of pathologies including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and cardiovascular disease in the form of hypertension and atherosclerosis variably coexist in COPD patients. Underlying causes for COPD include primarily tobacco use but may also be driven by exposure to air pollutants, biomass burning, and workplace related fumes and chemicals. While no single animal model might mimic all features of human COPD, a wide variety of published models have collectively helped to improve our understanding of disease processes involved in the genesis and persistence of COPD. In this review, the pathogenesis and associated risk factors of COPD are examined in different mammalian models of the disease. Each animal model included in this review is exclusively created by tobacco smoke (TS) exposure. As animal models continue to aid in defining the pathobiological mechanisms of and possible novel therapeutic interventions for COPD, the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Upadhyay
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Ching-Wen Wu
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Alexa Pham
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Amir A. Zeki
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, School of Medicine; University of California, Davis, School of Medicine; U.C. Davis Lung Center; Davis, CA USA
| | - Christopher M. Royer
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Urmila P. Kodavanti
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Minoru Takeuchi
- Department of Animal Medical Science, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hasan Bayram
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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3
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Cha SR, Jang J, Park SM, Ryu SM, Cho SJ, Yang SR. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Respiratory Response: Insights into Cellular Processes and Biomarkers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1210. [PMID: 37371940 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) poses a significant risk factor for respiratory, vascular, and organ diseases owing to its high content of harmful chemicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These substances are known to induce oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and senescence due to their exposure to environmental pollutants and the presence of oxidative enzymes. The lung is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress. Persistent oxidative stress caused by chronic exposure to CS can lead to respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), and lung cancer. Avoiding exposure to environmental pollutants, like cigarette smoke and air pollution, can help mitigate oxidative stress. A comprehensive understanding of oxidative stress and its impact on the lungs requires future research. This includes identifying strategies for preventing and treating lung diseases as well as investigating the underlying mechanisms behind oxidative stress. Thus, this review aims to investigate the cellular processes induced by CS, specifically inflammation, apoptosis, senescence, and their associated biomarkers. Furthermore, this review will delve into the alveolar response provoked by CS, emphasizing the roles of potential therapeutic target markers and strategies in inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ryul Cha
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Jang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Min Ryu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Cho
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ran Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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4
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Woodrow JS, Sheats MK, Cooper B, Bayless R. Asthma: The Use of Animal Models and Their Translational Utility. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071091. [PMID: 37048164 PMCID: PMC10093022 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic lower airway inflammation that results in airway remodeling, which can lead to a permanent decrease in lung function. The pathophysiology driving the development of asthma is complex and heterogenous. Animal models have been and continue to be essential for the discovery of molecular pathways driving the pathophysiology of asthma and novel therapeutic approaches. Animal models of asthma may be induced or naturally occurring. Species used to study asthma include mouse, rat, guinea pig, cat, dog, sheep, horse, and nonhuman primate. Some of the aspects to consider when evaluating any of these asthma models are cost, labor, reagent availability, regulatory burden, relevance to natural disease in humans, type of lower airway inflammation, biological samples available for testing, and ultimately whether the model can answer the research question(s). This review aims to discuss the animal models most available for asthma investigation, with an emphasis on describing the inciting antigen/allergen, inflammatory response induced, and its translation to human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Seymour Woodrow
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Bethanie Cooper
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Rosemary Bayless
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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5
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Nance RL, Sajib AM, Smith BF. Canine models of human cancer: Bridging the gap to improve precision medicine. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:67-99. [PMID: 35595353 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are remarkable, adaptable, and dependable creatures that have evolved alongside humans while contributing tremendously to our survival. Our canine companions share many similarities to human disease, particularly cancer. With the advancement of next-generation sequencing technology, we are beginning to unravel the complexity of cancer and the vast intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity that makes treatment difficult. Consequently, precision medicine has emerged as a therapeutic approach to improve patient survival by evaluating and classifying an individual tumor's molecular profile. Many canine and human cancers share striking similarities in terms of genotypic, phenotypic, clinical, and histological presentations. Dogs are superior to rodent models of cancer because they are a naturally heterogeneous population in which tumors occur spontaneously, are exposed to similar environmental conditions, and show more similarities in key modulators of tumorigenesis and clinical response, including the immune system, drug metabolism, and gut microbiome. In this chapter, we will explore various canine models of human cancers and emphasize the dog's critical role in advancing precision medicine and improving the survival of both man and man's best friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Nance
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Abdul Mohin Sajib
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Bruce F Smith
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States.
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6
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Woicke J, Al-Haddawi MM, Bienvenu JG, Caverly Rae JM, Chanut FJ, Colman K, Cullen JM, Davis W, Fukuda R, Huisinga M, Walker UJ, Kai K, Kovi RC, Macri NP, Marxfeld HA, Nikula KJ, Pardo ID, Rosol TJ, Sharma AK, Singh BP, Tamura K, Thibodeau MS, Vezzali E, Vidal JD, Meseck EK. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Dog. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:5-109. [PMID: 33393871 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320968181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the dog used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions, lesions induced by exposure to test materials, and relevant infectious and parasitic lesions. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karyn Colman
- Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John M Cullen
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Ryo Fukuda
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyonori Kai
- Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Medical Safety Research Laboratories, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories (EPL), Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,National Toxicology Program (NTP), US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Department, BoZo Research Center Inc, Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Emily K Meseck
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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7
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Ericsson AC, Personett AR, Rindt H, Grobman ME, Reinero CR. Respiratory dysbiosis and population-wide temporal dynamics in canine chronic bronchitis and non-inflammatory respiratory disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228085. [PMID: 31990924 PMCID: PMC6986754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs of people and companion animals are now recognized to harbor diverse, low biomass bacterial communities. While these communities are difficult to characterize using culture-based approaches, targeted molecular methods such as 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing can do so using DNA extracted from samples such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Previous studies identified a surprisingly uniform composition of the microbiota in the lungs of healthy research dogs living in a controlled environment, however there are no reports of the lung microbiota of client-owned dogs. Moreover, compositional changes in the lung microbiota depending on disease status have been reported in people, suggesting that similar events may occur in dogs, a species subject to several respiratory disease mechanisms analogous to those seen in people. To address these knowledge gaps, BALF samples from client-owned dogs presenting to the University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center for respiratory signs between 2014 and 2017 were processed for and subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. Based on specific diagnostic criteria, dogs were categorized as Chronic Bronchitis (CB, n = 53) or non-CB (n = 11). Community structure was compared between groups, as well as to historical data from healthy research dogs (n = 16) of a uniform breed and environment. The lung microbiota detected in all client-owned dogs was markedly different in composition from that previously detected in research dogs and contained increased relative abundance of multiple canine fecal and environmental bacteria, likely due to aspiration associated with their clinical signs. While inter-sample diversity differed significantly between samples from CB and non-CB dogs, the variability within both groups made it difficult to discern reproducible bacterial classifiers of disease. During subsequent analyses to identify other sources of variability within the data however, population-wide temporal dynamics in community structure were observed, with substantial changes occurring in late 2015 and again in early 2017. A review of regional climate data indicated that the first change occurred during a historically warm and wet period, suggesting that changes in environmental conditions may be associated with changes in the respiratory microbiota in the context of respiratory disease. As the lung microbiota in humans and other animals is believed to result from repetitive micro-aspirations during health and in certain disease states associated with dyspnea and laryngeal dysfunction, these data support the increased colonization of the lower airways during compromised airway function, and the potential for temporal effects due to putative factors such as climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Ericsson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACE); (CRR)
| | - Alexa R. Personett
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hansjorg Rindt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Grobman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carol R. Reinero
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACE); (CRR)
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8
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Kodavanti UP. Susceptibility Variations in Air Pollution Health Effects: Incorporating Neuroendocrine Activation. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:962-975. [PMID: 31594484 PMCID: PMC9353182 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319878402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Diverse host factors/phenotypes may exacerbate or diminish biological responses induced by air pollutant exposure. We lack an understanding of biological indicators of environmental exposures that culminate in a physiological response versus those that lead to adversity. Variations in response phenotype might arise centrally and/or at the local tissue level. In addition to genetic differences, the current evidence supports the roles of preexisting cardiopulmonary diseases, diabetes, diet, adverse prenatal environments, neurobehavioral disorders, childhood infections, microbiome, sex, and psychosocial stressors in modifying the susceptibility to air pollutant exposures. Animal models of human diseases, obesity, nutritional inadequacies, and neurobehavioral conditions have been compared with healthy controls to understand the causes of variations in susceptibility. Although psychosocial stressors have been associated with increased susceptibility to air pollutant effects, the contribution of neuroendocrine stress pathways in mediating these effects is just emerging. The new findings of neuroendocrine activation leading to systemic metabolic and immunological effects of air pollutants, and the potential contribution to allostatic load, emphasize the consideration of these mechanisms into susceptibility. Variations in susceptibility to air pollution health effects are likely to underlie host genetic and physiological conditions in concert with disrupted neuroendocrine circuitry that alters physiological stability under the influence of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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9
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic respiratory disease of human beings characterized by not fully reversible airflow limitation. Emphysema is the main pathological feature of COPD which causes high mortality worldwide every year and consumes a large amount of medical expenses. This paper was to review the establishment and evaluation methods of animal models of emphysema or COPD, and put forward some new ideas on animal selection, method of modeling, and model evaluation. DATA SOURCES The author retrieved information from the PubMed database up to July 2019, using various combinations of search terms, including emphysema, model, and animal. STUDY SELECTION Original articles, reviews, and other articles were searched and reviewed for animal models of emphysema. RESULTS This review summarized animal models of emphysema from the perspectives of animal selection, emphysema mechanism, modeling method and model evaluation, and found that passive smoking is the classic method for developing animal model of emphysema, mice are more suitable for experimental study on emphysema. Compared with pulmonary function indicators, airway inflammation indicators and oxidative stress indicators, pathomorphological indicators of lung tissue are the most important parameters for evaluating the establishment of the animal model of emphysema. CONCLUSIONS Mice model induced by passive smoking is the classic animal model of emphysema. Pathomorphological indicators are the most important parameters for evaluating the establishment of the animal model of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Bin Liang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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10
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Tanner L, Single AB. Animal Models Reflecting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Related Respiratory Disorders: Translating Pre-Clinical Data into Clinical Relevance. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:203-225. [PMID: 31527372 PMCID: PMC7265725 DOI: 10.1159/000502489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the lives of an ever-growing number of people worldwide. The lack of understanding surrounding the pathophysiology of the disease and its progression has led to COPD becoming the third leading cause of death worldwide. COPD is incurable, with current treatments only addressing associated symptoms and sometimes slowing its progression, thus highlighting the need to develop novel treatments. However, this has been limited by the lack of experimental standardization within the respiratory disease research area. A lack of coherent animal models that accurately represent all aspects of COPD clinical presentation makes the translation of promising in vitrodata to human clinical trials exceptionally challenging. Here, we review current knowledge within the COPD research field, with a focus on current COPD animal models. Moreover, we include a set of advantages and disadvantages for the selection of pre-clinical models for the identification of novel COPD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,
| | - Andrew Bruce Single
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Bonnardel E, Prevel R, Campagnac M, Dubreuil M, Marthan R, Berger P, Dupin I. Determination of reliable lung function parameters in intubated mice. Respir Res 2019; 20:211. [PMID: 31521163 PMCID: PMC6744631 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models and, in particular, mice models, are important tools to investigate the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases and to test potential new therapeutic drugs. Lung function measurement is a key step in such investigation. In mice, it is usually performed using forced oscillation technique (FOT), negative pressure-driven forced expiratory (NPFE) and pressure-volume (PV) curve maneuvers. However, these techniques require a tracheostomy, which therefore only allows end-point measurements. Orotracheal intubation has been reported to be feasible and to give reproducible lung function measurements, but the agreement between intubation and tracheostomy generated-data remains to be tested. Methods Using the Flexivent system, we measured lung function parameters (in particular, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first 0.1 s (FEV0.1), compliance (Crs) of the respiratory system, compliance (C) measured using PV loop and an estimate of inspiratory capacity (A)) in healthy intubated BALB/cJ mice and C57BL/6 J mice and compared the results with similar measurements performed in the same mice subsequently tracheostomized after intubation, by means of paired comparison method, correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. The feasibility of repetitive lung function measurements by intubation was also tested. Results We identified parameters that are accurately evaluated in intubated animals (i.e., FVC, FEV0.1, Crs, C and A in BALB/cJ and FVC, FEV0.1, and A in C57BL/6 J). Repetitive lung function measurements were obtained in C57BL/6 J mice. Conclusion This subset of lung function parameters in orotracheally intubated mice is reliable, thereby allowing relevant longitudinal studies. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at (10.1186/s12931-019-1177-9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Bonnardel
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Renaud Prevel
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marilyne Campagnac
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marielle Dubreuil
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roger Marthan
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, CIC 1401, F-33604, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick Berger
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, CIC 1401, F-33604, Pessac, France
| | - Isabelle Dupin
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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12
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Pulley JM, Jerome RN, Zaleski NM, Shirey-Rice JK, Pruijssers AJ, Lavieri RR, Chettiar SN, Naylor HM, Aronoff DM, Edwards DA, Niswender CM, Dugan LL, Crofford LJ, Bernard GR, Holroyd KJ. When Enough Is Enough: Decision Criteria for Moving a Known Drug into Clinical Testing for a New Indication in the Absence of Preclinical Efficacy Data. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 15:354-361. [PMID: 29193979 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animal models of disease are suboptimal in their representation of human diseases and lack of predictive power in the success of pivotal human trials. In the context of repurposing drugs with known human safety, it is sometimes appropriate to conduct the "last experiment first," that is, progressing directly to human investigations. However, there are not accepted criteria for when to proceed straight to humans to test a new indication. We propose a specific set of criteria to guide the decision-making around when to initiate human proof of principle without preclinical efficacy studies in animal models. This approach could accelerate the transition of novel therapeutic approaches to human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Pulley
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rebecca N Jerome
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nicole M Zaleski
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jana K Shirey-Rice
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrea J Pruijssers
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert R Lavieri
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Somsundaram N Chettiar
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Helen M Naylor
- 2 Center for Knowledge Management, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David M Aronoff
- 3 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David A Edwards
- 4 Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,6 Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development , Nashville Tennessee
| | - Laura L Dugan
- 7 Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Leslie J Crofford
- 8 Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gordon R Bernard
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kenneth J Holroyd
- 1 Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,9 Center for Technology Transfer and Commercialization, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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Mazzatenta A, Carluccio A, Robbe D, Giulio CD, Cellerino A. The companion dog as a unique translational model for aging. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 70:141-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Prakash YS, Halayko AJ, Gosens R, Panettieri RA, Camoretti-Mercado B, Penn RB. An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement: Current Challenges Facing Research and Therapeutic Advances in Airway Remodeling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:e4-e19. [PMID: 28084822 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201611-2248st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway remodeling (AR) is a prominent feature of asthma and other obstructive lung diseases that is minimally affected by current treatments. The goals of this Official American Thoracic Society (ATS) Research Statement are to discuss the scientific, technological, economic, and regulatory issues that deter progress of AR research and development of therapeutics targeting AR and to propose approaches and solutions to these specific problems. This Statement is not intended to provide clinical practice recommendations on any disease in which AR is observed and/or plays a role. METHODS An international multidisciplinary group from within academia, industry, and the National Institutes of Health, with expertise in multimodal approaches to the study of airway structure and function, pulmonary research and clinical practice in obstructive lung disease, and drug discovery platforms was invited to participate in one internet-based and one face-to-face meeting to address the above-stated goals. Although the majority of the analysis related to AR was in asthma, AR in other diseases was also discussed and considered in the recommendations. A literature search of PubMed was performed to support conclusions. The search was not a systematic review of the evidence. RESULTS Multiple conceptual, logistical, economic, and regulatory deterrents were identified that limit the performance of AR research and impede accelerated, intensive development of AR-focused therapeutics. Complementary solutions that leverage expertise of academia and industry were proposed to address them. CONCLUSIONS To date, numerous factors related to the intrinsic difficulty in performing AR research, and economic forces that are disincentives for the pursuit of AR treatments, have thwarted the ability to understand AR pathology and mechanisms and to address it clinically. This ATS Research Statement identifies potential solutions for each of these factors and emphasizes the importance of educating the global research community as to the extent of the problem as a critical first step in developing effective strategies for: (1) increasing the extent and impact of AR research and (2) developing, testing, and ultimately improving drugs targeting AR.
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Ghorani V, Boskabady MH, Khazdair MR, Kianmeher M. Experimental animal models for COPD: a methodological review. Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:25. [PMID: 28469539 PMCID: PMC5414171 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-017-0130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disorder that makes the breathing difficult and is characterized by pathological conditions ranging from chronic inflammation to tissue proteolysis. With regard to ethical issues related to the studies on patients with COPD, the use of animal models of COPD is inevitable. Animal models improve our knowledge about the basic mechanisms underlying COPD physiology, pathophysiology and treatment. Although these models are only able to mimic some of the features of the disease, they are valuable for further investigation of mechanisms involved in human COPD. METHODS We searched the literature available in Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases for English articles published until November 2015. For this purpose, we used 5 keywords for COPD, 3 for animal models, 4 for exposure methods, 3 for pathophysiological changes and 3 for biomarkers. One hundred and fifty-one studies were considered eligible for inclusion in this review. RESULTS According to the reviewed articles, animal models of COPD are mainly induced in mice, guinea pigs and rats. In most of the studies, this model was induced by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS), intra-tracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and intranasal elastase. There were variations in time course and dose of inducers used in different studies. The main measured parameters were lung pathological data and lung inflammation (both inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators) in most of the studies and tracheal responsiveness (TR) in only few studies. CONCLUSION The present review provides various methods used for induction of animal models of COPD, different animals used (mainly mice, guinea pigs and rats) and measured parameters. The information provided in this review is valuable for choosing appropriate animal, method of induction and selecting parameters to be measured in studies concerning COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ghorani
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564 Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khazdair
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Kianmeher
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564 Iran
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Wang FP, Fan YQ, Li SY, Mao H. Biomarkers of in vivo fluorescence imaging in allergic airway inflammation. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:100-5. [PMID: 26902991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Airway inflammation is a central component of the manifestation of asthma but is relatively inaccessible to study. Current imaging techniques such as X-ray CT, MRI, and PET, have advanced noninvasive research on pulmonary diseases. However, these techniques mainly facilitate the anatomical or structural assessment of the diseased lung and/or typically use radioactive agents. In vivo fluorescence imaging is a novel method for noninvasive, real-time, and specific monitoring of lung airway inflammation, which is particularly important to gain a further understanding asthma. Compared to conventional techniques, fluorescent imaging has the advantages of rapid feedback, as well as high sensitivity and resolution. Recently, there has been an increase in the identification of biomarkers, including matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, selectins, folate receptor-beta, nanoparticles, as well as sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-F to assess the level of airway inflammation in asthma. Recent advances in our understanding of these biomarkers as molecular probes for in vivo imaging are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ping Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying-Qi Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su-Yun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Morita H, Arae K, Unno H, Miyauchi K, Toyama S, Nambu A, Oboki K, Ohno T, Motomura K, Matsuda A, Yamaguchi S, Narushima S, Kajiwara N, Iikura M, Suto H, McKenzie ANJ, Takahashi T, Karasuyama H, Okumura K, Azuma M, Moro K, Akdis CA, Galli SJ, Koyasu S, Kubo M, Sudo K, Saito H, Matsumoto K, Nakae S. An Interleukin-33-Mast Cell-Interleukin-2 Axis Suppresses Papain-Induced Allergic Inflammation by Promoting Regulatory T Cell Numbers. Immunity 2015. [PMID: 26200013 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
House dust mite-derived proteases contribute to allergic disorders in part by disrupting epithelial barrier function. Interleukin-33 (IL-33), produced by lung cells after exposure to protease allergens, can induce innate-type airway eosinophilia by activating natural helper (NH) cells, a member of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), to secrete Th2 type-cytokines. Because IL-33 also can induce mast cells (MCs) to secrete Th2 type-cytokines, MCs are thought to cooperate with NH cells in enhancing protease or IL-33-mediated innate-type airway eosinophilia. However, we found that MC-deficient Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice exhibited exacerbated protease-induced lung inflammation associated with reduced numbers of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Moreover, IL-2 produced by IL-33-stimulated MCs promoted expansion of numbers of Treg cells, thereby suppressing development of papain- or IL-33-induced airway eosinophilia. We have thus identified a unique anti-inflammatory pathway that can limit induction of innate-type allergic airway inflammation mediated by NH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Morita
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Ken Arae
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, Kyorin University, Tokyo, 192-8508, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Unno
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kousuke Miyauchi
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sumika Toyama
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Aya Nambu
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan; Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oboki
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tatsukuni Ohno
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Seiko Narushima
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Naoki Kajiwara
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Iikura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hajime Suto
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | | | - Takao Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Immune Cell System, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos 7270, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Departments of Pathology and of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Laboratory for Immune Cell System, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Sciences, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Animal Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Abstract
The 2nd Cross Company Respiratory Symposium (CCRS), held in Horsham, U.K. in 2012, brought together representatives from across the pharmaceutical industry with expert academics, in the common interest of improving the design and translational predictiveness of in vivo models of respiratory disease. Organized by the respiratory representatives of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Federations (EFPIA) group of companies involved in the EU-funded project (U-BIOPRED), the aim of the symposium was to identify state-of-the-art improvements in the utility and design of models of respiratory disease, with a view to improving their translational potential and reducing wasteful animal usage. The respiratory research and development community is responding to the challenge of improving translation in several ways: greater collaboration and open sharing of data, careful selection of the species, complexity and chronicity of the models, improved practices in preclinical research, continued refinement in models of respiratory diseases and their sub-types, greater understanding of the biology underlying human respiratory diseases and their sub-types, and finally greater use of human (and especially disease-relevant) cells, tissues and explants. The present review highlights these initiatives, combining lessons from the symposium and papers published in Clinical Science arising from the symposium, with critiques of the models currently used in the settings of asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COPD. The ultimate hope is that this will contribute to a more rational, efficient and sustainable development of a range of new treatments for respiratory diseases that continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality across the world.
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He ZH, Chen P, Chen Y, He SD, Ye JR, Zhang HL, Cao J. Comparison between cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and cigarette smoke extract-induced emphysema. Tob Induc Dis 2015; 13:6. [PMID: 25814921 PMCID: PMC4374374 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-015-0033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Emphysema is the main pathological feature of COPD and also is the focus of the related research. Although several emphysema animal models have been established, exact comparison of findings is seldom. The present study aimed to compare cigarette smoke (CS) exposure-induced emphysema model and intraperitoneal injection of cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced emphysema model to evaluate the effectiveness of the two different modeling methods. Methods Six-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were used and randomly divided into two groups: CS exposure and intraperitoneal injection of CSE. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups: control and CS or CSE. Lung function, mean linear intercept (MLI), destructive index (DI), apoptotic index (AI), total and differential cells count in broncholavolar lavage fluid (BALF), SOD and IL-6 concentration in serum were measured. Results Compared with their respective controls, lung function was significantly decreased in CS and CSE groups (P < 0.01); MLI, DI, and AI of lung tissue were significantly higher in CS and CSE groups (P < 0.01); total number of leukocytes, the number and percentage of neutrophils (NEUs), and the number of macrophages (MAC) in BALF were significantly higher in CS and CSE groups (P < 0.01); SOD concentration in serum was significantly decreased in CS and CSE groups (P < 0.01); IL-6 concentration in serum was significantly increased in in CS and CSE groups (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between CS group and CSE group in any of the parameters described above. Conclusions Both CS exposure and intraperitoneal injection of CSE could induce emphysema and the effectiveness of the two different modeling methods were equal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui He
- Intensive Care Unit, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China ; Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Sheng-Dong He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Ji-Ru Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005 China
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Yamaya Y, Watari T. Increased proportions of CCR4(+) cells among peripheral blood CD4(+) cells and serum levels of allergen-specific IgE antibody in canine chronic rhinitis and bronchitis. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:421-5. [PMID: 25650058 PMCID: PMC4427742 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine chronic rhinitis (CR) and bronchitis (CB) are suspected to be allergic diseases.
The present study tested whether dogs diagnosed with CR or CB present an atopic
predisposition based on the ratio of CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4)-positive cells among
peripheral blood CD4-positive cells (CCR4/CD4) and the serum levels of allergen-specific
IgE antibodies. We found that most dogs with CR and CB have a possibility of atopic
predisposition, and macrolide therapy constitutes an alternative to corticosteroid therapy
in controlling the clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Yamaya
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Toxicological assessment of inhaled nanoparticles: role of in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4795-822. [PMID: 24646916 PMCID: PMC3975425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium of the lung is by far the most permeable epithelial barrier of the human body. The risk for adverse effects by inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) depends on their hazard (negative action on cells and organism) and on exposure (concentration in the inhaled air and pattern of deposition in the lung). With the development of advanced in vitro models, not only in vivo, but also cellular studies can be used for toxicological testing. Advanced in vitro studies use combinations of cells cultured in the air-liquid interface. These cultures are useful for particle uptake and mechanistic studies. Whole-body, nose-only, and lung-only exposures of animals could help to determine retention of NPs in the body. Both approaches also have their limitations; cellular studies cannot mimic the entire organism and data obtained by inhalation exposure of rodents have limitations due to differences in the respiratory system from that of humans. Simulation programs for lung deposition in humans could help to determine the relevance of the biological findings. Combination of biological data generated in different biological models and in silico modeling appears suitable for a realistic estimation of potential risks by inhalation exposure to NPs.
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Channabasappa S, Stewart S, Caldwell S, Carr A, Singh B. Retinoic acid induces apoptosis in activated canine neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 157:175-81. [PMID: 24359944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated neutrophils live longer, produce toxic metabolites and cause considerable tissue injury, which is central to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory conditions. Retinoids are a class of lipophilic compounds with anti-inflammatory effects. We examined the effect of retinoic acid on apoptosis in normal and activated neutrophils. Our results showed that treatment with 1 μg/ml Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 and 36 h delayed the spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis compared to untreated cells. But exposure of LPS-treated cells to retinoic acid (1 and 5 μM) abolished the inhibitory effects of LPS on neutrophil apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner based on annexin V staining, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, light and electron microscopy. These results show that retinoic acid increases apoptosis in activated canine neutrophils and this effect could enhance the resolution of inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Stewart
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Sarah Caldwell
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Anthony Carr
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Baljit Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada.
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Ochs M. Estimating structural alterations in animal models of lung emphysema. Is there a gold standard? Ann Anat 2013; 196:26-33. [PMID: 24268708 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common lung diseases. The major component of COPD, which affects the gas-exchanging parenchyma of the lung, emphysema, is characterized by destruction of alveolar septae leading to loss of functional surface, loss of alveoli and enlargement of remaining distal airspaces. These microstructural alterations can be modeled in animals and can be measured using stereological methods applied to imaging datasets. Many animal models of emphysema exist, but most of them are insufficiently characterized with respect to the underlying nature (e.g. destructive or developmental) and the degree of the structural alterations. The most popular parameter for assessment of emphysematous alterations, mean linear intercept length, has severe limitations. It can, therefore, not be recommended. Better design-based stereological alternatives exist but are less often applied, such as total volumes of parenchymal compartments (alveolar airspace, alveolar duct airspace, alveolar septum), total alveolar surface area, total alveolar number and mean alveolar size and its size variation. A prerequisite is the use of appropriate fixation, sampling, and specimen processing protocols. This article reviews the challenges of stereologic assessment of emphysematous alterations in the lung and illustrates possible strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany.
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Yahaya B. Understanding cellular mechanisms underlying airway epithelial repair: selecting the most appropriate animal models. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:961684. [PMID: 23049478 PMCID: PMC3461624 DOI: 10.1100/2012/961684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying the process of regeneration and repair of airway epithelial structures demands close characterization of the associated cellular and molecular events. The choice of an animal model system to study these processes and the role of lung stem cells is debatable since ideally the chosen animal model should offer a valid comparison with the human lung. Species differences may include the complex three-dimensional lung structures, cellular composition of the lung airway as well as transcriptional control of the molecular events in response to airway epithelium regeneration, and repair following injury. In this paper, we discuss issues related to the study of the lung repair and regeneration including the role of putative stem cells in small- and large-animal models. At the end of this paper, the author discuss the potential for using sheep as a model which can help bridge the gap between small-animal model systems and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yahaya
- Cluster for Regenerative Medicine, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bandar Putra Bertam, Penang, Kepala Batas, Malaysia.
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Helyes Z, Hajna Z. Endotoxin-Induced Airway Inflammation and Asthma Models. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-077-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kent LM, Fox SM, Farrow SN, Singh D. The effects of dexamethasone on cigarette smoke induced gene expression changes in COPD macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:57-64. [PMID: 19818417 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a smoking related inflammatory airway disease in which macrophages play a key role. Previously we have shown that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) causes suppression of macrophage inflammatory mediators, with the exception of IL-8. We now investigate the effects of dexamethasone on these gene expression changes. Monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) were cultured with CSE and dexamethasone. Microarray analysis was used to assess inflammatory mediator regulation, with qPCR and ELISA also performed for selected cytokines. The major effect of CSE was down-regulation of inflammatory genes (11 probe sets). For CSE regulated genes (n=13), the median fold change with CSE alone was -2.84 and with dexamethasone alone was -2.97. Both treatments combined caused the greatest suppression of gene expression; -4.47. qPCR also showed that IL-1beta, GM-CSF and IL-6 mRNA levels were significantly reduced by CSE and further suppressed by dexamethasone. qPCR and ELISA showed that IL-8 levels were increased by CSE, with suppression by dexamethasone. We show that CSE suppressed the expression of some inflammatory genes whilst up-regulating IL-8. Dexamethasone further suppressed gene expression when combined with CSE. The combined effect of GC and CSE causes suppression of the macrophage innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Kent
- University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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Allen JE, Bischof RJ, Sucie Chang HY, Hirota JA, Hirst SJ, Inman MD, Mitzner W, Sutherland TE. Animal models of airway inflammation and airway smooth muscle remodelling in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:455-65. [PMID: 19393759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disease that involves chronic inflammation and subsequent decline in airway function. The widespread use of animal models has greatly contributed to our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways underlying human allergic asthma. Animal models of allergic asthma include smaller animal models which offer 'ease of use' and availability of reagents, and larger animal models that may be used to address aspects of allergic airways disease not possible in humans or smaller animal models. This review examines the application and suitability of various animal models for studying mechanisms of airway inflammation and tissue remodelling in allergic asthma, with a specific focus on airway smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Allen
- Ashworth Laboratory, Institute of Infection and Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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