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Early exposure to farm dust in an allergic airway inflammation rabbit model: Does it affect bronchial and cough hyperresponsiveness? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279498. [PMID: 36706084 PMCID: PMC9882901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 50 years, the prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases has been increasing. The Hygiene hypothesis explains this progression by the decrease in the bio-diversity of early microbial exposure. This study aims to evaluate the effect of early-life farm exposure on airway hyperresponsiveness and cough hypersensitivity in an allergic airway inflammation rabbit model. METHOD A specific environment was applied to pregnant rabbits and their offspring until six weeks after birth. Rabbits were housed in a pathogen-free zone for the control group and a calf barn for the farm group. At the end of the specific environmental exposure, both groups were then housed in a conventional zone and then sensitized to ovalbumin. Ten days after sensitization, the rabbit pups received ovalbumin aerosols to provoke airway inflammation. Sensitization to ovalbumin was assessed by specific IgE assay. Cough sensitivity was assessed by mechanical stimulation of the trachea, and bronchial reactivity was assessed by methacholine challenge. The farm environment was characterized by endotoxin measurement. RESULTS A total of 38 rabbit pups were included (18 in the farm group). Endotoxin levels in the farm environment varied from 30 to 1854 EU.m-3. There was no significant difference in specific IgE values to ovalbumin (p = 0.826) between the two groups. The mechanical threshold to elicit a cough did not differ between the two groups (p = 0.492). There was no difference in the number of cough (p = 0.270) or the intensity of ventilatory responses (p = 0.735). After adjusting for age and weight, there was no difference in respiratory resistance before and after methacholine challenge. CONCLUSION Early exposure to the calf barn did not affect cough sensitivity or bronchial reactivity in ovalbumin-sensitized rabbits. These results suggest that not all farm environments protect against asthma and atopy. Continuous exposure to several sources of microbial diversity is probably needed.
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Plevkova J, Brozmanova M, Matloobi A, Poliacek I, Honetschlager J, Buday T. Animal models of cough. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 290:103656. [PMID: 33781930 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cough is a vital airway reflex that keeps the respiratory tract wisely protected. It is also a sign of many diseases of the respiratory system and it may become a disease in its own right. Even though the efficacy of antitussive compounds is extensively studied in animal models with promising results, the treatment of pathological cough in humans is insufficient at the moment. The limited translational potential of animal models used to study cough causes, mechanisms and possible therapeutic targets stems from multiple sources. First of all, cough induced in the laboratory by mechanical or chemical stimuli is far from natural cough present in human disease. The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of animal models currently used in cough research and to address their advantages and disadvantages. We also want to encourage cough researchers to call for precision is research by addressing the sex bias which has existed in basic cough research for decades and discuss the role of specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Plevkova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Pathophysiology, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Mariana Brozmanova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Pathophysiology, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alireza Matloobi
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Pathophysiology, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Poliacek
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Biophysics, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jan Honetschlager
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Buday
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Pathophysiology, Martin, Slovakia.
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Valentin S, Chenuel B, Demoulin-Alexikova S, Demoulin B, Gérard D, Foucaud L, Poussel M. Desensitization of the Cough Reflex Induced by Corticosteroids in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Rabbits During Artificial Limb Exercise. Front Physiol 2020; 11:466. [PMID: 32528305 PMCID: PMC7247830 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cough is a major symptom frequently experienced during exercise, mainly in asthmatic patients. Inhaled glucocorticoids represent the keystone treatment in the management of asthma, but little is known about interactions between cough and exercise, especially in controlled patients. During exercise, cough reflex (CR) appears downregulated in healthy animal models whereas a lack of desensitization of CR has been shown in ovalbumin-sensitized animal models, mimicking asthmatic disease. Aims and Objectives The goal of our study was to clarify the potential modulation of the CR induced by inhaled corticosteroids (CS) in ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized rabbits during artificial limb exercise. Materials and Methods Seventeen OVA sensitized rabbits were studied. Among them, 9 were treated with CS delivered intravenously (OVA-Corticoids). The ventilatory response to direct tracheal stimulation, performed at rest and during exercise, was determined to assess the incidence and the sensitivity of the CR. Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) and cell counts were performed to determine the level of airway inflammation. Exercise was mimicked by electrically induced hindlimb muscular contractions (EMC). Results Compared to rest values, EMC increased minute ventilation by 28% without any decrease in respiratory resistance (Rsr). Among 322 tracheal stimulations, 172 (53%) were performed at rest and 150 (47%) during exercise. The sensitivity of CR decreased during artificial limb exercise compared to baseline in OVA-Corticoids rabbits (p = 0.0313) while it remained unchanged in OVA rabbits (p = NS). Conclusion Corticosteroids appear to restore the desensitization of the CR in OVA sensitized rabbits during artificial limb exercise, suggesting the potential role of airway inflammation in the pathophysiology of cough during exercise in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Valentin
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Department of Pneumology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Chenuel
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Pulmonary Function Testing and Exercise Physiology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Silvia Demoulin-Alexikova
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Demoulin
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Laurent Foucaud
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Mathias Poussel
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Pulmonary Function Testing and Exercise Physiology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
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Foucaud L, Demoulin B, Leblanc AL, Ioan I, Schweitzer C, Demoulin-Alexikova S. Modulation of protective reflex cough by acute immune driven inflammation of lower airways in anesthetized rabbits. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226442. [PMID: 31887143 PMCID: PMC6936810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic irritating cough in patients with allergic disorders may reflect behavioral or reflex response that is inappropriately matched to the stimulus present in the respiratory tract. Such dysregulated response is likely caused by sensory nerve damage driven by allergic mediators leading to cough hypersensitivity. Some indirect findings suggest that even acid-sensitive, capsaicin-insensitive A-δ fibers called “cough receptors” that are likely responsible for protective reflex cough may be modulated through immune driven inflammation. The aim of this study was to find out whether protective reflex cough is altered during acute allergic airway inflammation in rabbits sensitized to ovalbumin. In order to evaluate the effect of such inflammation exclusively on protective reflex cough, C-fiber mediated cough was silenced using general anesthesia. Cough provocation using citric acid inhalation and mechanical stimulation of trachea was realized in 16 ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized, anesthetized and tracheotomised rabbits 24h after OVA (OVA group, n = 9) or saline challenge (control group, n = 7). Number of coughs provoked by citric acid inhalation did not differ between OVA and control group (12,2 ±6,1 vs. 17,9 ± 6,9; p = 0.5). Allergic airway inflammation induced significant modulation of cough threshold (CT) to mechanical stimulus. Mechanically induced cough reflex in OVA group was either up-regulated (subgroup named “responders” CT: 50 msec (50–50); n = 5 p = 0.003) or down-regulated (subgroup named “non responders”, CT: 1200 msec (1200–1200); n = 4 p = 0.001) when compared to control group (CT: 150 msec (75–525)). These results advocate that allergen may induce longer lasting changes of reflex cough pathway, leading to its up- or down-regulation. These findings may be of interest as they suggest that effective therapies for chronic cough in allergic patients should target sensitized component of both, reflex and behavioral cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Foucaud
- Research Unit EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Campus Biologie Santé, University of Lorraine, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Demoulin
- Research Unit EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Campus Biologie Santé, University of Lorraine, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Anne-Laure Leblanc
- Research Unit EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Campus Biologie Santé, University of Lorraine, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Iulia Ioan
- Research Unit EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Campus Biologie Santé, University of Lorraine, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Department of Pediatric Functional Testing, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHRU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France
| | - Cyril Schweitzer
- Research Unit EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Campus Biologie Santé, University of Lorraine, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Department of Pediatric Functional Testing, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHRU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France
| | - Silvia Demoulin-Alexikova
- Research Unit EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Campus Biologie Santé, University of Lorraine, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Department of Pediatric Functional Testing, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHRU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
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Modulation of defensive airway reflexes during continuous positive airway pressure in the rabbit. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 257:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mazzone SB, Undem BJ. Vagal Afferent Innervation of the Airways in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 96:975-1024. [PMID: 27279650 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagal sensory neurons constitute the major afferent supply to the airways and lungs. Subsets of afferents are defined by their embryological origin, molecular profile, neurochemistry, functionality, and anatomical organization, and collectively these nerves are essential for the regulation of respiratory physiology and pulmonary defense through local responses and centrally mediated neural pathways. Mechanical and chemical activation of airway afferents depends on a myriad of ionic and receptor-mediated signaling, much of which has yet to be fully explored. Alterations in the sensitivity and neurochemical phenotype of vagal afferent nerves and/or the neural pathways that they innervate occur in a wide variety of pulmonary diseases, and as such, understanding the mechanisms of vagal sensory function and dysfunction may reveal novel therapeutic targets. In this comprehensive review we discuss historical and state-of-the-art concepts in airway sensory neurobiology and explore mechanisms underlying how vagal sensory pathways become dysfunctional in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Mazzone
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia; and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Asthma & Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bradley J Undem
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia; and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Asthma & Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Tiotiu A, Chenuel B, Foucaud L, Demoulin B, Demoulin-Alexikova S, Christov C, Poussel M. Lack of desensitization of the cough reflex in ovalbumin-sensitized rabbits during exercise. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171862. [PMID: 28182749 PMCID: PMC5300204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cough is a major symptom of asthma frequently experienced during exercise but little is known about interactions between cough and exercise. The goal of our study was to clarify the potential modulation of the cough reflex (CR) by exercise in a spontaneously breathing anaesthetized animal model of airway eosinophilic inflammation. Materials & methods Ten ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized adult rabbits and 8 controls were studied. The ventilatory response to direct tracheal stimulation, performed both at rest and during exercise was determined to quantify the incidence and the sensitivity of the CR. Broncho-alveolar lavages (BAL) and cell counts were performed to assess the level of the airway inflammation following OVA-induced sensitization. Exercise was mimicked by Electrically induced hindlimb Muscular Contractions (EMC). Results Among 494 tracheal stimulations, 261 were performed at rest and 233 at exercise. OVA challenges in sensitized rabbits caused a significant increase in the percentage of eosinophils (p = 0.008) in BAL. EMC increased minute ventilation by 36% and 35% in OVA and control rabbits respectively, compared to rest values. The sensitivity of the CR decreased during exercise compared to baseline in control rabbits (p = 0.0313) while it remained unchanged in OVA rabbits. Conclusion The desensitization of the CR during exercise in control rabbits was abolished in OVA rabbits. The precise role of airway inflammation in this lack of CR desensitization needs to be further investigated but it might contribute to the exercise-induced cough in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Tiotiu
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- Pulmonology Department, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno Chenuel
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- Pulmonary Function Testing and Exercise Physiology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Foucaud
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Demoulin
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Silvia Demoulin-Alexikova
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Christo Christov
- Department of Histology, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Mathias Poussel
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- Pulmonary Function Testing and Exercise Physiology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
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Coutier-Marie L, Ioan I, Bonabel C, Demoulin B, Leblanc AL, Debitu L, Schweitzer C, Marchal F, Demoulin-Alexikova S. Maturation of Airway Defensive Reflexes Is Related to Development of Feeding Behavior during Growth in Rabbits. Front Physiol 2017; 8:64. [PMID: 28228733 PMCID: PMC5296324 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cough and expiration reflex are major lower airway defense mechanisms that have not been studied throughout development in relation with the feeding behavior. Aim: To describe airway defense reflexes evoked by mechanical stimulation of the trachea in developing rabbit pups. Material and Methods: Sixty one pups were allocated to 3 groups according to their feeding behavior: suckling (n = 22), weanling (n = 21) and weaning (n = 18) group. The incidence and sensitivity of defense reflexes triggered by mechanical tracheal stimulation were studied in anesthetized and tracheotomized animals. Data are expressed as median (25th to 75th percentile). Results: The overall incidence of defensive responses (cough and/or expiration reflex) was found to be significantly higher in suckling [100% (50–100%); p = 0.01] and weanling [75% (40–100%); p = 0.05] animals when compared to weaning ones [37.5% (0–75%)]. However, cough motor pattern accounted for only 29% (0–62%) of all defensive responses in suckling rabbits and its frequency was significantly lower in this group when compared with weanling [100%(50–100%); p = 0.006] or weaning group [62%(50–100%), p = 0.05]. In other word the expiration reflex was the dominant response in suckling animals. Conclusion: Incidence and motor pattern of defensive responses were found to be linked to the pup feeding behavior and the expiration reflex was the major response triggered in suckling pups. The results suggest that this reflex is especially fitted to occur during the coordinated swallowing - breathing fast activities of sucking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Coutier-Marie
- EA 3450DevAH - Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, Hôpital d'EnfantsVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France
| | - Iulia Ioan
- EA 3450DevAH - Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, Hôpital d'EnfantsVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Claude Bonabel
- Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, Hôpital d'Enfants Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Demoulin
- EA 3450DevAH - Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Anne-Laure Leblanc
- EA 3450DevAH - Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Ludivine Debitu
- EA 3450DevAH - Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cyril Schweitzer
- EA 3450DevAH - Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, Hôpital d'EnfantsVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - François Marchal
- Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, Hôpital d'Enfants Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Silvia Demoulin-Alexikova
- EA 3450DevAH - Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, Hôpital d'EnfantsVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Mutolo D, Cinelli E, Iovino L, Pantaleo T, Bongianni F. Downregulation of the cough reflex by aclidinium and tiotropium in awake and anesthetized rabbits. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016; 38:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Varechova S, Demoulin B, Leblanc AL, Coutier L, Ioan I, Bonabel C, Schweitzer C, Marchal F. Neonatal hyperoxia up regulates cough reflex in young rabbits. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 208:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Poussel M, Bosser G, Varechova S, Demoulin B, Chalon B, Ruckebusch O, Tiotiu A, Renaud P, Schweitzer C, Chenuel B. Desensitization of the cough reflex during limb muscle contraction in anesthetized rabbits. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 27:96-101. [PMID: 23891778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 'cough network' exhibits plasticity at the sensor and integration levels leading to modulation of the strength or pattern of the cough reflex. Little is known about the interactions between cough and human activities, especially during exercise. The present study was designed to determine whether exercise, mimicked by electrically induced muscle contractions, can modify the incidence and/or strength of cough following mechanical stimulation of the trachea in anesthetized rabbits. Thirteen anesthetized, tracheotomized rabbits were studied by a total of 311 tracheal stimulations: 196 at rest and 115 during exercise. During muscle contractions, the incidence of the cough reflex (CR) decreased and the expiration reflex (ER) increased (p < 0.0001). The sensitivity of the CR and ER both decreased during exercise compared to the sensitivity of the CR at rest (p < 0.02), while the strength of the expulsive response remained unchanged. These results indicate that adjustments occurring during muscle contractions likely downregulate tracheal defensive reflexes in anesthetized rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Poussel
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, F-54505, France.
| | - Gilles Bosser
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, F-54505, France
| | - Silvia Varechova
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, F-54505, France
| | - Bruno Demoulin
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, F-54505, France
| | - Bernard Chalon
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, F-54505, France
| | - Odile Ruckebusch
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, F-54505, France
| | - Angelica Tiotiu
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, F-54505, France
| | - Pierre Renaud
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, F-54505, France
| | - Cyril Schweitzer
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, F-54505, France
| | - Bruno Chenuel
- EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory regulations and motor control, Université de Lorraine, F-54505, France.
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Widdicombe J, Tatar M, Fontana G, Hanacek J, Davenport P, Lavorini F, Bolser D. Workshop: tuning the 'cough center'. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:344-52. [PMID: 21215322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Workshop considered the mechanisms whereby the 'cough center' could be tuned by various afferent inputs. There were particular presentations on the effects of inputs from the nose, mouth, respiratory tract and lungs, cerebral cortex, somatic tissues and the pharynx. From all these sites cough induced from the lungs could be increased or decreased in its strength or modified in its pattern. Thus 'tuning' of cough could be due to the interaction of afferent inputs, or to the sensitization or desensitization of brainstem neural pathways. The pattern of response depended on the 'type' of cough being studied and, in some instances, on the timing of the sensory input into the brainstem. Cough inputs could also affect various 'non-cough' motor outputs from the brain, although this was not the main theme of the Workshop. The main conclusion was that cough is not a stereotyped output from the medullary 'cough center', but that its pattern and strength depend on many afferent inputs acting on the 'cough center'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Widdicombe
- University of London, 116 Pepys Road, London SW20 8NY, UK.
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