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Paul S, Sahoo G, Tripathy S, Kulkarni M. A novel α-dosimetry technique using CR-39 detectors with optimized etching and FTIR spectroscopy: A prospective approach towards waste monitoring applications. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wang X, Dutt S, Notthoff C, Kiy A, Mota-Santiago P, Mudie ST, Toimil-Molares ME, Liu F, Wang Y, Kluth P. SAXS data modelling for the characterisation of ion tracks in polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9345-9359. [PMID: 35383785 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05813d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present new models to fit small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data for the characterization of ion tracks in polymers. Ion tracks in polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polyimide (PI) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were created by swift heavy ion irradiation using 197Au and 238U with energies between 185 MeV and 2.0 GeV. Transmission SAXS measurements were performed at the Australian Synchrotron. SAXS data were analysed using two new models that describe the tracks by a cylindrical structure composed of a highly damaged core with a gradual transition to the undamaged material. First, we investigate the 'Soft Cylinder Model', which assumes a smooth function to describe the transition region by a gradual change in density from a core to a matrix. As a simplified and computational less expensive version of the 'Soft Cylinder Model', the 'Core Transition Model' was developed to enable fast fitting. This model assumes a linear increase in density from the core to the matrix. Both models yield superior fits to the experimental SAXS data compared with the often-used simple 'Hard Cylinder Model' assuming a constant density with an abrupt transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.,Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Shankar Dutt
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Christian Notthoff
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Alexander Kiy
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Pablo Mota-Santiago
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Stephen T Mudie
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Maria E Toimil-Molares
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Planckstr. 1, D-64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yugang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick Kluth
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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Saad A, Fromm M, Ibraheim MH, El-Namrouty A, Nwara AM, Kandil S, Dawood MS. Loss of chemical bonds induced by high doses of γ-radiation in a PADC polymer film: The influence of dose and dose rate on radiation chemical yields. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Examining features of radiation-induced damage to PADC observed using FT-IR analysis: Radiation tolerance of methine groups at three-way junctions. RADIAT MEAS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2021.106645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Methodological and Conceptual Progresses in Studies on the Latent Tracks in PADC. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162665. [PMID: 34451202 PMCID: PMC8398540 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified structure along latent tracks and track formation process have been investigated in poly (allyl diglycol carbonate), PADC, which is well recognized as a sensitive etched track detector. This knowledge is essential to develop novel detectors with improved track registration property. The track structures of protons and heavy ions (He, C, Ne, Ar, Fe, Kr and Xe) have been examined by means of FT-IR spectrometry, covering the stopping power region between 1.2 to 12,000 eV/nm. Through a set of experiments on low-LET radiations—such as gamma ray-, multi-step damage process by electron hits was confirmed in the radiation-sensitive parts of the PADC repeat-unit. From this result, we unveiled for the first-time the layered structure in tracks, in relation with the number of secondary electrons. We also proved that the etch pit was formed when at least two repeat-units were destroyed along the track radial direction. To evaluate the number of secondary electrons around the tracks, a series of numerical simulations were performed with Geant4-DNA. Therefore, we are proposing new physical criterions to describe the detection thresholds. Furthermore, we propose a present issue of the definition of detection threshold for semi-relativistic C ions. Additionally, as a possible chemical criterion, formation density of hydroxyl group is suggested to express the response of PADC.
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Kusumoto T, Barillon R, Okada S, Yamauchi T, Kodaira S. Improved criterion of the mechanism for forming latent tracks in poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) based on the number of interactions induced by secondary electrons. RADIAT MEAS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2020.106445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kusumoto T, Okada S, Kurashige H, Kobayashi K, Fromm M, Raffy Q, Ludwig N, Kanasaki M, Oda K, Honda Y, Tojo S, Groetz JE, Ogawara R, Kodaira S, Barillon R, Yamauchi T. Evidence for a critical dose above which damage to carbonate ester bonds in PADC appear after gamma ray and ultra soft X-ray exposures. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The role of molecular and radical mobility in the creation of CO2 molecules and OH groups in PADC irradiated with C and O ions. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen CH, Chiang CL. Preparation and Characteristics of an Environmentally Friendly Hyperbranched Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Hybrid Containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silicon. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040720. [PMID: 31010246 PMCID: PMC6523784 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NCO functional group of 3-isocyanatoproplytriethoxysilane (IPTS) and the OH functional group of 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10H-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenantbrene-10-oxide (DOPO-BQ) were used to conduct an addition reaction. Following completion of the reaction, triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) was introduced to conduct a ring-opening reaction. Subsequently, a sol–gel method was used to initiate a hydrolysis–condensation reaction on TGIC–IPTS–DOPO-BQ to form a hyperbranched nitrogen–phosphorous–silicon (HBNPSi) flame retardant. This flame retardant was incorporated into a polyurethane (PU) matrix to prepare a hybrid material. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and Raman analysis were conducted to characterize the structure and analyze the transparency, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and residual char to understand the flame retardant mechanism of the prepared hybrid material. After the flame retardant was added, the maximum degradation rate decreased from −36 to −17 wt.%/min, the integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT) increased from 348 to 488 °C, and the char yield increased from 0.7 to 8.1 wt.%. The aforementioned results verified that the thermal stability of PU can be improved after adding HBNPSi. The LOI analysis indicated that the pristine PU was flammable because the LOI of pristine PU was only 19. When the content of added HBNPSi was 40%, the LOI value was 26; thus the PU hybrid became nonflammable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei City 11114, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Lung Chiang
- Green Flame Retardant Material Research Laboratory, Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
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Improving Thermal Stability of Polyurethane through the Addition of Hyperbranched Polysiloxane. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040697. [PMID: 30995825 PMCID: PMC6523278 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane with hydroxy groups was functionalized to form functionalized polydimethylsiloxane, which subsequently underwent an addition reaction with isophorone diisocyanate to form the prepolymer. Next, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) reacted with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) to produce bridged polysilsesquioxanes, and sol-gel technology was employed to form hyperbranched polysiloxane nanoparticles with hydroxy groups, APTS-GPTS, which was used as the additive. The hyperbranched polysiloxane and the prepolymer containing NCO functional groups then underwent an addition reaction to produce the hybrid materials. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance were used to characterize the structure of the polyurethane hybrid. Regarding thermal stability, after the hyperbranched polysiloxane nanoparticles was introduced, the integral procedural decomposition temperature increased from 348 °C for polyurethane matrix to 859 °C for the hybrid material. The results reveal that the thermal stability of the hybrid material substantially increased by approximately 247%.
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Kusumoto T, Mori Y, Kanasaki M, Oda K, Kodaira S, Barillon R, Yamauchi T. Drastic decrease of carbonyl group after the loss of ether in PADC exposed to 222 nm UV photons. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fromm M, Kodaira S, Kusumoto T, Barillon R, Yamauchi T. Role of intermediate species in the formation of ion tracks in PADC: A review. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kusumoto T, Mori Y, Kanasaki M, Ikenaga R, Oda K, Kodaira S, Kitamura H, Barillon R, Yamauchi T. Radiation chemical yields for the losses of typical functional groups in PADC films for high energy protons registered as unetchable tracks. RADIAT MEAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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