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Kandouz M. Cell Death, by Any Other Name…. Cells 2024; 13:325. [PMID: 38391938 PMCID: PMC10886887 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies trying to understand cell death, this ultimate biological process, can be traced back to a century ago. Yet, unlike many other fashionable research interests, research on cell death is more alive than ever. New modes of cell death are discovered in specific contexts, as are new molecular pathways. But what is "cell death", really? This question has not found a definitive answer yet. Nevertheless, part of the answer is irreversibility, whereby cells can no longer recover from stress or injury. Here, we identify the most distinctive features of different modes of cell death, focusing on the executive final stages. In addition to the final stages, these modes can differ in their triggering stimulus, thus referring to the initial stages. Within this framework, we use a few illustrative examples to examine how intercellular communication factors in the demise of cells. First, we discuss the interplay between cell-cell communication and cell death during a few steps in the early development of multicellular organisms. Next, we will discuss this interplay in a fully developed and functional tissue, the gut, which is among the most rapidly renewing tissues in the body and, therefore, makes extensive use of cell death. Furthermore, we will discuss how the balance between cell death and communication is modified during a pathological condition, i.e., colon tumorigenesis, and how it could shed light on resistance to cancer therapy. Finally, we briefly review data on the role of cell-cell communication modes in the propagation of cell death signals and how this has been considered as a potential therapeutic approach. Far from vainly trying to provide a comprehensive review, we launch an invitation to ponder over the significance of cell death diversity and how it provides multiple opportunities for the contribution of various modes of intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Kandouz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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2
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Li Y, Wang B, Ma F, Jiang D, Wang Y, Li K, Tan S, Feng J, Wang Y, Qin Z, Xu G, Tian S, Zhang X, Xu C, Wu J, Xu J, Hou Y, Ding C. Proteomic characterization of the colorectal cancer response to chemoradiation and targeted therapies reveals potential therapeutic strategies. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101311. [PMID: 38086380 PMCID: PMC10772406 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemoradiation and targeted therapies are the major treatments for colorectal cancer (CRC); however, molecular properties associated with therapy resistance are incompletely characterized. Here, we profile the proteome of 254 tumor tissues from patients with CRC undergoing chemotherapy, chemoradiation, or chemotherapy combined with targeted therapy. Proteome-based classification reveals four subtypes featured with distinct biological and therapeutic characteristics. The integrative analysis of CRC cell lines and clinical samples indicates that immune regulation is significantly associated with drug sensitivity. HSF1 can increase DNA damage repair and cell cycle, thus inducing resistance to radiation, while high expression of HDAC6 is negatively associated with response of cetuximab. Furthermore, we develop prognostic models with high accuracy to predict the therapeutic response, further validated by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assay in an independent validation cohort. This study provides a rich resource for investigating the mechanisms and indicators of chemoradiation and targeted therapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fahan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongxian Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Subei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhaoyu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ganfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sha Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Chen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Mahmoud AS, Abu Bakar MZ, Hamzah H, Tengkue Ahmad TA, Mohd Noor MH. Octreotide acetate enhanced radio sensitivity and induced apoptosis in MCF7 breast cancer cell line. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Segovia-Mendoza M, García-Quiroz J, Díaz L, García-Becerra R. Combinations of Calcitriol with Anticancer Treatments for Breast Cancer: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12741. [PMID: 34884550 PMCID: PMC8657847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies indicate that vitamin D3 (VD) deficiency is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. Underlying mechanisms include the ability of calcitriol to induce cell differentiation, inhibit oncogenes expression, and modify different signaling pathways involved in the control of cell proliferation. In addition, calcitriol combined with different kinds of antineoplastic drugs has been demonstrated to enhance their beneficial effects in an additive or synergistic fashion. However, a recognized adjuvant regimen based on calcitriol for treating patients with breast cancer has not yet been fully established. Accordingly, in the present work, we review and discuss the preclinical and clinical studies about the combination of calcitriol with different oncological drugs, aiming to emphasize its main therapeutic benefits and opportunities for the treatment of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Segovia-Mendoza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Janice García-Quiroz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Rocío García-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Qin H, Zhang H, Zhang S, Zhu S, Wang H. Protective Effect of Sirt1 against Radiation-Induced Damage. Radiat Res 2021; 196:647-657. [PMID: 34459925 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00139.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important method for the treatment of malignant tumors. It can directly or indirectly lead to the formation of free radicals and DNA damage, resulting in a series of biological effects, including tumor cell death and normal tissue damage. These radiation effects are typically accompanied by the abnormal expression of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), which deacetylates histones and non-histones. These Sirt1 substrates, including transcription factors and some catalytic enzymes, play a crucial role in anti-oxidative stress, DNA damage repair, autophagy regulation, anti-senescence, and apoptosis, which are closely related to triggering cell defense and survival in radiation-induced damage. In this article, we review the mechanisms underlying cellular responses to ionizing radiation and the role of Sirt1 in the process, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for protection against radiation by Sirt1 as well as novel targets for developing radioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoren Qin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Siwei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Bhutia SK. Vitamin D in autophagy signaling for health and diseases: Insights on potential mechanisms and future perspectives. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 99:108841. [PMID: 34403722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D regulates the pleiotropic effect to maintain cellular homeostasis and epidemiological evidence establishes an association between vitamin D deficiency and various human diseases. Here, the role of autophagy, the cellular self-degradation process, in vitamin D-dependent function is documented in different cellular settings and discussed the molecular aspects for treating chronic inflammatory, infectious diseases, and cancer. Vitamin D activates autophagy through a genomic and non-genomic signaling pathway to influence a wide variety of physiological functions of different body organs along with bone health and calcium metabolism. Moreover, it induces autophagy as a protective mechanism to inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune modulation. Furthermore, vitamin D and its receptor regulate autophagy signaling to control inflammation and host immunity by activating antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Vitamin D has been revealed as a potent anticancer agent and induces autophagy to increase the response to radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs for potential cancer therapy. Increasing vitamin D levels in the human body through timely exposure to sunlight or vitamin D supplements could activate autophagy as part of the homeostasis mechanism to prevent multiple human diseases and aging-associated dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India.
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Vohra LM, Soomro R, Jabeen D, Ali N, Khan N. Utility of post mastectomy radiotherapy among patients with T1/ T2 N1 disease: A retrospective cohort study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 65:102295. [PMID: 33948170 PMCID: PMC8079936 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pakistan has the highest incidence of breast cancer among Asian Countries but there is insufficient representation of local data addressing breast cancer treatment and outcome. We sought to determine the role of post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in T1- T2 breast cancer with 1–3 positive axillary lymph nodes. Methods Data was reviewed retrospectively of total 755 patients out of which 291 received PMRT and 464 did not from two large breast cancer centres. Results With a median follow up of 78 months, 4 (4.5%) patients developed loco regional recurrence (LRR) in the PMRT group while a substantial number 74 (24.4%) recurred in the non PMRT group (p = 0.000). Loco regional free survival rate (LRFS) and overall survival rate (OS) was significantly better for PMRT patients than non-PMRT patients (P = <0.000). Multivariate analysis identified young age, lymphovascular invasion, extra capsular extension, triple negative and ER/PR negative were independent prognostic factors affecting loco regional free survival (LRFS). Conclusion Disease recurrence is a substantial issue in 1–3 node group despite early stage, PMRT has an instrumental effect in improving LRFS and OS. Disease recurrence is a significant concern in post mastectomy patients with T1-T2 N1 disease. Post mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) has a substantial effect in reducing disease recurrence in this subset of patients. PMRT improves disease free survival rate (DFS) and overall survival rate (OS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna M Vohra
- Department of Breast Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rufina Soomro
- Department of Surgery, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dua Jabeen
- Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nargis Khan
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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8
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Liu H, Zheng W, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Pan Y, Zhang J, Bai Y, Shao C. lncRNA CASC19 Contributes to Radioresistance of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Promoting Autophagy via AMPK-mTOR Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031407. [PMID: 33573349 PMCID: PMC7866785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most frequent head and neck malignant tumors and is majorly treated by radiotherapy. However, radiation resistance remains a serious obstacle to the successful treatment of NPC. The aim of this study was to discover the underlying mechanism of radioresistance and to elucidate novel genes that may play important roles in the regulation of NPC radiosensitivity. By using RNA-seq analysis of NPC cell line CNE2 and its radioresistant cell line CNE2R, lncRNA CASC19 was screened out as a candidate radioresistance marker. Both in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that a high expression level of CASC19 was positively correlated with the radioresistance of NPC, and the radiosensitivity of NPC cells was considerably enhanced by knockdown of CASC19. The incidence of autophagy was enhanced in CNE2R in comparison with CNE2 and another NPC cell line HONE1, and silencing autophagy with LC3 siRNA (siLC3) sensitized NPC cells to irradiation. Furthermore, CASC19 siRNA (siCASC19) suppressed cellular autophagy by inhibiting the AMPK/mTOR pathway and promoted apoptosis through the PARP1 pathway. Our results revealed for the first time that lncRNA CASC19 contributed to the radioresistance of NPC by regulating autophagy. In significance, CASC19 might be a potential molecular biomarker and a new therapeutic target in NPC.
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Hua X, Long ZQ, Guo L, Wen W, Huang X, Zhang WW. IQGAP3 Overexpression Correlates With Poor Prognosis and Radiation Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:584450. [PMID: 33519444 PMCID: PMC7840781 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.584450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: IQ motif-containing GTPase activating protein 3 (IQGAP3), the latest identified member of the IQGAP family, may act as a crucial factor in cancer development and progression; however, its clinical value in breast cancer remains unestablished. We explored the correlation between IQGAP3 expression profile and the clinicopathological features in breast cancer. Methods: IQGAP3 mRNA and protein levels were detected in breast cancer cell lines and tumor tissues by real-time PCR and western blotting and compared to the normal control groups. Protein expression of IQGAP3 was also evaluated immunohistochemically in archived paraffin-embedded specimens from 257 breast cancer patients, and the associations between IQGAP3 expression level, clinical characteristics, and prognosis were analyzed. We assessed the relationship between IQGAP3 expression and sensitivity to radiation therapy which was determined by subgroup analysis. Results: IQGAP3 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer cell lines and human tumor tissues at both the mRNA and protein level compared to controls. Additionally, high levels of IQGAP3 expression were detected in 110/257 (42.8%) of archived paraffin-embedded breast cancer specimens. High IQGAP3 expression level was significantly related to clinical stage (p = 0.001), T category (p = 0.002), N category (p = 0.001), locoregional recurrence (p = 0.002), distant metastasis (p = 0.001), and vital status (p = 0.001). Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis showed that IQGAP3 expression was an independent prognostic factor among all 257 breast cancer patients in our cohort (p = 0.003, p = 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed IQGAP3 expression correlated with radioresistance and was also an independent predictor of radiotherapy outcome. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that high IQGAP3 expression predicts poor prognosis and radioresistance in breast cancer. Therefore, IQGAP3 may be a reliable prognostic biomarker in breast cancer and could be used to identify patients who may benefit from radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Yumnam S, Kang MC, Oh SH, Kwon HC, Kim JC, Jung ES, Lee CH, Lee AY, Hwang JI, Kim SY. Downregulation of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase by UVA suppresses melanoma progression via triggering oxidative stress and altering energy metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:77-87. [PMID: 33279616 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma, the most severe form of skin cancer, has poor prognosis and is resistant to chemotherapy. Targeting cancer metabolism is a promising approach in cancer therapeutics. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD) is a mitochondrial enzyme with diaphorase activity. Here we report a pivotal role of DLD in melanoma cell progression and proliferation. Suppression DLD expression by low intensity UVA (125 mJ/cm2) increased intracellular ROS production and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential thereby inducing autophagy cell death which were confirmed by increased LC3BII and decreased p62 expression in melanoma cells. Knockdown of DLD in melanoma cells also showed similar results. More so, suppression of DLD significantly inhibits in vivo melanoma growth and tumor proliferation. In addition, suppression of DLD increased the NAD+/NADH ratio in melanoma cells and also inhibits TCA cycle related metabolites. DLD downregulation markedly increased α-ketoglutarate and decreased succinic acid suggesting that DLD suppression may have decreased TCA cycle downstream metabolites, resulting in the alteration of mitochondrial energy metabolism Thus the downregulation of DLD induced autophagic cell death in melanoma cells and inhibits in vivo tumor growth and proliferation by increasing ROS production and altering energy metabolism. Our findings suggest that DLD plays a pivotal role in melanoma progression and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Yumnam
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Kim
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sung Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Seoul, Graduate School of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang SR, Zhang XC, Liang JF, Fang HM, Huang HX, Zhao YY, Chen XQ, Ma SL. Chalcomoracin inhibits cell proliferation and increases sensitivity to radiotherapy in human non-small cell lung cancer cells via inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated paraptosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:825-834. [PMID: 32066885 PMCID: PMC7470873 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcomoracin (CMR) is a kind of Diels–Alder adduct extracted from the mulberry leaves. Recent studies showed that CMR has a broad spectrum of anticancer activities and induces paraptosis in breast cancer and prostate cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of CMR against human non-small cell lung cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms. We found that CMR dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of human lung cancer H460, A549 and PC-9 cells. Furthermore, exposure to low and median doses of CMR induced paraptosis but not apoptosis, which was presented as the formation of extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation with increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, Bip and Chop, as well as activation of MAPK pathway in the lung cancer cells. Knockdown of Bip with siRNA not only reduced the cell-killing effect of CMR, but also decreased the percentage of cytoplasmic vacuoles in H460 cells. Moreover, CMR also increased the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to radiotherapy through enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress. In lung cancer H460 cell xenograft nude mice, combined treatment of CMR and radiation caused greatly enhanced tumor growth inhibition with upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins and activation of pErk in xenograft tumor tissue. These data demonstrate that the anticancer activity and radiosensitization effect of CMR result from inducing paraptosis, suggesting that CMR could be considered as a potential anticancer agent and radiation sensitizer in the future cancer therapeutics.
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12
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Zheng W, Chen Q, Wang C, Yao D, Zhu L, Pan Y, Zhang J, Bai Y, Shao C. Inhibition of Cathepsin D (CTSD) enhances radiosensitivity of glioblastoma cells by attenuating autophagy. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:651-660. [PMID: 32253787 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) but radiotherapy often fails to achieve the expected results mainly due to tumor radioresistance. In this study, we established a radioresistant subline from human glioma cell line U251 and found that Cathepsin D (CTSD), a gene closely related to the clinical malignancy and prognosis in glioma, had higher expression level in radioresistant clones than that in parental cells, and knocking down CTSD by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or its inhibitor Pepstatin-A increased the radiosensitivity. The level of autophagy was enhanced in the radioresistant GBM cells compared with its parent cells, and silencing autophagy by light chain 3 (LC3) siRNA significantly sensitized GBM cells to ionizing radiation (IR). Moreover, the protein expression level of CTSD was positively correlated with the autophagy marker LC3 II/I and negatively correlated with P62 after IR in radioresistant cells. As expected, through the combination of Western blot and immunofluorescence assays, inhibition of CTSD increased the formation of autophagosomes, while decreased the formation of autolysosomes, which indicating an attenuated autophagy level, leading to radiosensitization ultimately. Our results revealed for the first time that CTSD regulated the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma by affecting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. In significance, CTSD might be a potential molecular biomarker and a new therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zheng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianping Chen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Elangovan P, Jalaludeen AM, Ramakrishnan R, Amutha K, Pari L. In-vivo and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Troxerutin on Nickel Induced Toxicity in Experimental Rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:89-97. [PMID: 33224214 PMCID: PMC7667551 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.15487.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of troxerutin (TXN) on Nickel (Ni) toxicity by using rats and in-vitro model. Ni toxicity induced in male albino wistar rats (20 mg/kg body weight (b.w) was administered orally for 20 days). TXN was administered orally (100 mg/kg (b.w) for 20 days with administration of Ni. The toxic effect of Ni and the action of TXN was measure by determining the lipid peroxidation markers and antioxidant levels in plasma and various in-vitro antioxidant systems. TXN exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity in Ni induced toxicity by reversing the changes observed in TBARS, HP, Vitamin C, E and GSH. The free radical scavenging properties of TXN at different concentrations (10-50ug/mL) were investigated with various in-vitro methods such as 2, 2'-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS•+), hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion scavenging activity and reducing power. Among the different concentrations, 50 μg/mL of TXN was more effective compared to other concentrations in all in-vitro assays. The above study conclude that TXN possesses potent in-vivo and in-vitro antioxidant activity with effective free radical scavenger for potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Elangovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar – 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Abdulkadhar Mohamed Jalaludeen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar – 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ramalingam Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Joseph’s College of Arts & Science (Autonomous), Cuddalore 607001, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kasinathan Amutha
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Sankara Arts & Science College, Enathur, Kancheepuram,Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Leelavinothan Pari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar – 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Irimie AI, Braicu C, Pasca S, Magdo L, Gulei D, Cojocneanu R, Ciocan C, Olariu A, Coza O, Berindan-Neagoe I. Role of Key Micronutrients from Nutrigenetic and Nutrigenomic Perspectives in Cancer Prevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060283. [PMID: 31216637 PMCID: PMC6630934 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regarding cancer as a genetic multi-factorial disease, a number of aspects need to be investigated and analyzed in terms of cancer's predisposition, development and prognosis. One of these multi-dimensional factors, which has gained increased attention in the oncological field due to its unelucidated role in risk assessment for cancer, is diet. Moreover, as studies advance, a clearer connection between diet and the molecular alteration of patients is becoming identifiable and quantifiable, thereby replacing the old general view associating specific phenotypical changes with the differential intake of nutrients. Respectively, there are two major fields concentrated on the interrelation between genome and diet: nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Nutrigenetics studies the effects of nutrition at the gene level, whereas nutrigenomics studies the effect of nutrients on genome and transcriptome patterns. By precisely evaluating the interaction between the genomic profile of patients and their nutrient intake, it is possible to envision a concept of personalized medicine encompassing nutrition and health care. The list of nutrients that could have an inhibitory effect on cancer development is quite extensive, with evidence in the scientific literature. The administration of these nutrients showed significant results in vitro and in vivo regarding cancer inhibition, although more studies regarding administration in effective doses in actual patients need to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iulia Irimie
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Division Dental Propaedeutics, Aesthetic, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Lorand Magdo
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Diana Gulei
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Roxana Cojocneanu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cristina Ciocan
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Andrei Olariu
- Nordlogic Software, 10-12, Rene Descartes Street 400486 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ovidiu Coza
- Department of Radiotherapy with High Energies and Brachytherapy, Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Street Republicii, No. 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Medical Oncology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Street Louis Pasteur, No. 4, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" The Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Li F, Li Z, Jin X, Liu Y, Zhang P, Li P, Shen Z, Wu A, Chen W, Li Q. Ultra-small gadolinium oxide nanocrystal sensitization of non-small-cell lung cancer cells toward X-ray irradiation by promoting cytostatic autophagy. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2415-2431. [PMID: 31040665 PMCID: PMC6455003 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s193676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gadolinium-based nanoparticles (GdNPs) have been used as theranostic sensitizers in clinical radiotherapy studies; however, the biomechanisms underlying the radio-sensitizing effects of GdNPs have yet to be determined. In this study, ultra-small gadolinium oxide nanocrystals (GONs) were employed to investigate their radiosensitizing effects and biological mechanisms in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells under X-ray irradiation. METHOD AND MATERIALS GONs were synthesized using polyol method. Hydroxyl radical production, oxidative stress, and clonogenic survival after X-ray irradiation were used to evaluate the radiosensitizing effects of GONs. DNA double-strand breakage, cell cycle phase, and apoptosis and autophagy incidences were investigated in vitro to determine the radiosensitizing biomechanism of GONs under X-ray irradiation. RESULTS GONs induced hydroxyl radical production and oxidative stress in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner in NSCLC cells after X-ray irradiation. The sensitizer enhancement ratios of GONs ranged between 19.3% and 26.3% for the NSCLC cells under investigation with a 10% survival rate compared with that of the cells treated with irradiation alone. Addition of 3-methyladenine to the cell medium decreased the incidence rate of autophagy and increased cell survival, supporting the idea that the GONs promoted cytostatic autophagy in NSCLC cells under X-ray irradiation. CONCLUSION This study examined the biological mechanisms underlying the radiosensitizing effects of GONs on NSCLC cells and presented the first evidence for the radiosensitizing effects of GONs via activation of cytostatic autophagy pathway following X-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China, ;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zihou Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Division of Functional Materials and Nano Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China, ;
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China, ;
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China, ;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China, ;
| | - Zheyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Division of Functional Materials and Nano Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Division of Functional Materials and Nano Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China, ;
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China, ;
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Ramesh J, Ronsard L, Gao A, Venugopal B. Autophagy Intertwines with Different Diseases-Recent Strategies for Therapeutic Approaches. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7010015. [PMID: 30717078 PMCID: PMC6473623 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a regular and substantial “clear-out process” that occurs within the cell and that gets rid of debris that accumulates in membrane-enclosed vacuoles by using enzyme-rich lysosomes, which are filled with acids that degrade the contents of the vacuoles. This machinery is well-connected with many prevalent diseases, including cancer, HIV, and Parkinson’s disease. Considering that autophagy is well-known for its significant connections with a number of well-known fatal diseases, a thorough knowledge of the current findings in the field is essential in developing therapies to control the progression rate of diseases. Thus, this review summarizes the critical events comprising autophagy in the cellular system and the significance of its key molecules in manifesting this pathway in various diseases for down- or upregulation. We collectively reviewed the role of autophagy in various diseases, mainly neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases, and renal disorders. Here, some collective reports on autophagy showed that this process might serve as a dual performer: either protector or contributor to certain diseases. The aim of this review is to help researchers to understand the role of autophagy-regulating genes encoding functional open reading frames (ORFs) and its connection with diseases, which will eventually drive better understanding of both the progression and suppression of different diseases at various stages. This review also focuses on certain novel therapeutic strategies which have been published in the recent years based on targeting autophagy key proteins and its interconnecting signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Ramesh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India.
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | - Anthony Gao
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Bhuvarahamurthy Venugopal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India.
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Ren J, Liu T, Han Y, Wang Q, Chen Y, Li G, Jiang L. GSK-3β inhibits autophagy and enhances radiosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Diagn Pathol 2018; 13:33. [PMID: 29793508 PMCID: PMC5968472 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-018-0708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is one of the most common and effective treatment methods for cancer, and improving the radiosensitivity of tumor tissues during the treatment process is vital. We report the mechanisms of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) β-regulated autophagy and the effects of autophagy on radiosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Method Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine GSK-3β tissue expression in 89 NSCLC patients with follow-up data and the expression status of GSK-3β and autophagy in NSCLC tissues after X-ray radiotherapy. Western blots were used to quantitate changes in autophagy-related protein expression after A549 cells were treated with GSK-3β inhibitors and after H460 cells were transfected with GSK-3β mutants with different activities and X-ray irradiated. Clonogenic assays were used to measure the effect of autophagy on cellular proliferation. Results GSK-3β expression positively correlated with NSCLC differentiation (P < 0.05), and GSK-3β negativity was associated with a better prognosis in 89 NSCLC patients. After X-ray irradiation, the expression levels of GSK-3β and p62 were decreased in NSCLC tissues, and the expression levels of the autophagy-related protein LC3 were increased. A549 and H460 cells were selected as representative GSK-3β-high and GSK-3β-low expression cell lines. After transfecting H460 cells with different GSK-3β mutants [wild type GSK-3β (GSK-3β-WT), constitutively active GSK-3β (GSK-3β-S9A), and catalytically inactive GSK-3β (GSK-3β-K85R)] and subjecting these cells to X-ray irradiation, AMPK and LC3 expression levels decreased, and p62 expression levels increased. These effects were particularly significant for the GSK-3β-S9A mutant. In A549 cells, after GSK-3β inhibition and X-ray irradiation, AMPK and LC3 protein expression levels increased. Moreover, when autophagy was inhibited, cell proliferation decreased. Conclusion Our studies revealed that GSK-3β expression is associated with NSCLC differentiation, and patients with GSK-3β-negative tumors had a better prognosis. X-ray irradiation inhibited GSK-3β expression and promoted autophagy. Therefore, GSK-3β inhibits autophagy and enhances the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Ren
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Qiongzi Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yanzhi Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Liaohe Oilfield, Panjin, China
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18
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Abdel-Mohsen MA, El-Braky AAA, Ghazal AAER, Shamseya MM. Autophagy, apoptosis, vitamin D, and vitamin D receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0172. [PMID: 29561429 PMCID: PMC5895342 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis and to investigate the association between both of autophagy and apoptosis and vitamin D and its receptor in hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral infection and its implication in the progression into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).A cross-sectional study where serum levels of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3); marker of autophagy, caspase-3; marker of apoptosis, vitamin D3 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) were measured in healthy subjects as well as HCV and HCV-HCC patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.Collectively, the liver profile revealed hepatic dysfunctions in HCV patients with or without HCC. A significant reduction in the serum concentration levels LC3 and caspase-3 were observed referring to the down regulation of autophagy and host-mediated apoptosis in HCV patients with or without HCC. Deficiency of vitamin D and decreased levels of its receptor were observed in HCV and HCV-HCC patients.The perturbation in vitamin D/VDR axis, which modulates both of autophagy and apoptosis in HCV infection, may point out to its involvement and implication in the pathogenesis of HCV infection and the development of HCV-related HCC. Therefore, supplementation with vitamin D may not be the only solution to restore the vital biological functions of vitamin D but VDR-targeted therapy may be of great importance in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohammed Mohammed Shamseya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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19
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Pajic M, Froio D, Daly S, Doculara L, Millar E, Graham PH, Drury A, Steinmann A, de Bock CE, Boulghourjian A, Zaratzian A, Carroll S, Toohey J, O'Toole SA, Harris AL, Buffa FM, Gee HE, Hollway GE, Molloy TJ. miR-139-5p Modulates Radiotherapy Resistance in Breast Cancer by Repressing Multiple Gene Networks of DNA Repair and ROS Defense. Cancer Res 2018; 78:501-515. [PMID: 29180477 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is essential to the treatment of most solid tumors and acquired or innate resistance to this therapeutic modality is a major clinical problem. Here we show that miR-139-5p is a potent modulator of radiotherapy response in breast cancer via its regulation of genes involved in multiple DNA repair and reactive oxygen species defense pathways. Treatment of breast cancer cells with a miR-139-5p mimic strongly synergized with radiation both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in significantly increased oxidative stress, accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage, and induction of apoptosis. Several miR-139-5p target genes were also strongly predictive of outcome in radiotherapy-treated patients across multiple independent breast cancer cohorts. These prognostically relevant miR-139-5p target genes were used as companion biomarkers to identify radioresistant breast cancer xenografts highly amenable to sensitization by cotreatment with a miR-139-5p mimetic.Significance: The microRNA described in this study offers a potentially useful predictive biomarker of radiosensitivity in solid tumors and a generally applicable druggable target for tumor radiosensitization. Cancer Res; 78(2); 501-15. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pajic
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danielle Froio
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sheridan Daly
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise Doculara
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ewan Millar
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, South Eastern Area Laboratory Service (SEALS), St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter H Graham
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison Drury
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela Steinmann
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles E de Bock
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alice Boulghourjian
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Carroll
- The Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Toohey
- The Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra A O'Toole
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Growth Factor Group, Cancer Research UK, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca M Buffa
- Growth Factor Group, Cancer Research UK, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet E Gee
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georgina E Hollway
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy J Molloy
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Djavid GE, Bigdeli B, Goliaei B, Nikoofar A, Hamblin MR. Photobiomodulation leads to enhanced radiosensitivity through induction of apoptosis and autophagy in human cervical cancer cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1732-1742. [PMID: 28464474 PMCID: PMC5668202 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The radiomodulatory effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) has recently been studied in cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate cellular mechanisms involved in the X-ray radiosensitivity of HeLa cells pre-exposed to PBM. HeLa cells were irradiated with 685 nm laser at different energy densities prior to X-ray ionizing radiation. After irradiation, clonogenic cell survival, cell death due to apoptosis and autophagy were determined. Levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage and, cell cycle distribution after PBM were measured. PBM at different energy densities (5-20 J/cm2 ) was not cytotoxic. However, HeLa cells pre-exposed to 20 J/cm2 showed enhanced inhibition of colony formation following ionizing radiation. Enhanced radiosensitivity was due to increased oxidative stress, DNA damage, and radiation-induced apoptosis and autophagy. These results suggest that 685 nm PBM at a higher energy density could possibly be a promising radiosensitizing agent in cervical cancer, to decrease the radiation dose delivered, and therefore prevent the side-effects that are associated with cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Esmaeeli Djavid
- Medical Laser Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Bigdeli
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Goliaei
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Nikoofar
- Radiotherapy Department, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical sciences. Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USAHarvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Clinically relevant radioresistant cell line: a simple model to understand cancer radioresistance. Med Mol Morphol 2017; 50:195-204. [PMID: 29067564 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-017-0171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the major modalities for the treatment of human cancers and has been established as an excellent local treatment for malignant tumors. Conventional fractionated RT consists of 2-Gy X-rays, fractionated once a day, 5 days a week for 5-7 weeks in total 60 Gy. The efficacy of RT depends on the existence of radioresistant cells, which remains one of the most critical obstacles in RT and radio-chemotherapy. To improve the efficacy of RT, understanding the characteristics of radioresistant cells is one of the important subjects in radiation biology. Several studies have been reported to find out molecules implicated in radioresistance. However, it is noteworthy that cellular radioresistance has been mainly studied among cells with different genetic backgrounds and different origins. Therefore, making a system to compare between radioresistant and sensitive cells with the isogenic background is required. In this review, some aspects of cellular radioresistance mainly focusing on clinically relevant radioresistant (CRR) cell lines that can continue to proliferate even under exposure to 2-Gy X-rays, once a day, for more than 30 days, which is consistent with the conventional fractionated RT are discussed.
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Yuan GJ, Deng JJ, Cao DD, Shi L, Chen X, Lei JJ, Xu XM. Autophagic cell death induced by reactive oxygen species is involved in hyperthermic sensitization to ionizing radiation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5530-5537. [PMID: 28852312 PMCID: PMC5558116 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i30.5530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether autophagic cell death is involved in hyperthermic sensitization to ionizing radiation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells were treated with hyperthermia and ionizing radiation. MTT and clonogenic assays were performed to determine cell survival. Cell autophagy was detected using acridine orange staining and flow cytometric analysis, and the expression of autophagy-associated proteins, LC3 and p62, was determined by Western blot analysis. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified using the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA. RESULTS Treatment with hyperthermia and ionizing radiation significantly decreased cell viability and surviving fraction as compared with hyperthermia or ionizing radiation alone. Cell autophagy was significantly increased after ionizing radiation combined with hyperthermia treatment, as evidenced by increased formation of acidic vesicular organelles, increased expression of LC3II and decreased expression of p62. Intracellular ROS were also increased after combined treatment with hyperthermia and ionizing radiation. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenger, markedly inhibited the cytotoxicity and cell autophagy induced by hyperthermia and ionizing radiation. CONCLUSION Autophagic cell death is involved in hyperthermic sensitization of cancer cells to ionizing radiation, and its induction may be due to the increased intracellular ROS.
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Xin Y, Jiang F, Yang C, Yan Q, Guo W, Huang Q, Zhang L, Jiang G. Role of autophagy in regulating the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2147-2157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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He Q, Li J, Dong F, Cai C, Zou X. LKB1 promotes radioresistance in esophageal cancer cells exposed to radiation, by suppression of apoptosis and activation of autophagy via the AMPK pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2205-2210. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Shi Y, Zhao Y, Shao N, Ye R, Lin Y, Zhang N, Li W, Zhang Y, Wang S. Overexpression of microRNA-96-5p inhibits autophagy and apoptosis and enhances the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of human breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4402-4412. [PMID: 28588711 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA/miR) are short non-coding RNAs that function in the endogenous regulation of genes. miRNAs serve important roles in cellular events such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, autophagy and the cell cycle. They also control the genesis and progression of tumors. Autophagy is a self-digestive process that occurs as a response to stress, and serves two opposite roles in tumor promotion or inhibition that may result in resistance to therapy. A number of studies have revealed that miRNAs control autophagic activity by targeting autophagy-associated genes, particularly in cancer. These previous studies demonstrated that miR-96-5p is upregulated in several types of malignant tumors. However, other functions of miR-96-5p in breast cancer, particularly those that are associated with autophagy, remain unknown. miR-96-5p expression was demonstrated to be upregulated in breast cancer cells compared with in normal breast epithelial cells. The overexpression of miR-96-5p inhibited autophagy, particularly starvation-induced autophagy, in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, this inhibitory effect may have resulted in the suppression of Forkhead box O1. Additionally, the overexpression of miR-96-5p may promote cell proliferation, migration and invasion and inhibit apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. These data indicate that miR-96-5p is involved in the progression of breast cancer cells and may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Shi
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Nan Shao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Runyi Ye
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yin Lin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.,Guangdong Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Yunjian Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shenming Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Makowska A, Eble M, Prescher K, Hoß M, Kontny U. Chloroquine Sensitizes Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells but Not Nasoepithelial Cells to Irradiation by Blocking Autophagy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166766. [PMID: 27902742 PMCID: PMC5130215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma requires the application of high dosages of radiation, leading to severe long-term complications in the majority of patients. Sensitizing tumor cells to radiation could be a means to increase the therapeutic window of radiation. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells display alterations in autophagy and blockade of autophagy has been shown to sensitize them against chemotherapy. METHODS We investigated the effect of chloroquine, a known inhibitor of autophagy, on sensitization against radiation-induced apoptosis in a panel of five nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines and a SV40-transformed nasoepithelial cell line. Autophagy was measured by immunoblot of autophagy-related proteins, immunofluorescence of autophagosomic microvesicles and electron microscopy. Autophagy was blocked by siRNA against autophagy-related proteins 3, 5, 6 and 7 (ATG3, ATG5, ATG6 and ATG7). RESULTS Chloroquine sensitized four out of five nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines towards radiation-induced apoptosis. The sensitizing effect was based on the blockade of autophagy as inhibition of ATG3, ATG5, ATG6 and ATG7 by specific siRNA could substitute for the effect of chloroquine. No sensitization was seen in nasoepithelial cells. CONCLUSION Chloroquine sensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells but not nasoepithelial cells towards radiation-induced apoptosis by blocking autophagy. Further studies in a mouse-xenograft model are warranted to substantiate this effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Eble
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Prescher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Hoß
- Electron Microscopic Facility, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Udo Kontny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Hu L, Wang H, Huang L, Zhao Y, Wang J. Crosstalk between autophagy and intracellular radiation response (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2217-2226. [PMID: 27748893 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy induced by radiation is critical to cell fate decision. Evidence now sheds light on the importance of autophagy induced by cancer radiotherapy. Traditional view considers radiation can directly or indirectly damage DNA which can activate DNA damage the repair signaling pathway, a large number of proteins participating in DNA damage repair signaling pathway such as p53, ATM, PARP1, FOXO3a, mTOR and SIRT1 involved in autophagy regulation. However, emerging recent evidence suggests radiation can also cause injury to extranuclear targets such as plasma membrane, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induce accumulation of ceramide, ROS, and Ca2+ concentration which activate many signaling pathways to modulate autophagy. Herein we review the role of autophagy in radiation therapy and the potent intracellular autophagic triggers induced by radiation. We aim to provide a more theoretical basis of radiation-induced autophagy, and provide novel targets for developing cytotoxic drugs to increase radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelin Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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Liu S, Wang X, Lu J, Han L, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Ding S, Liu Z, Bi D, Niu Z. Ubenimex enhances the radiosensitivity of renal cell carcinoma cells by inducing autophagic cell death. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3403-3410. [PMID: 27900012 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is resistant to standard radiotherapy. Ubenimex, an aminopeptidase N inhibitor, is widely used as an adjunct therapy after surgery to enhance the function of immunocompetent cells and confer antitumor effects. Our previous study demonstrated that ubenimex induces autophagic cell death in RCC cells. Recently, the molecular mechanism of autophagy induction has been associated with radiosensitivity in RCC cells. In the present study, the ability of ubenimex to enhance RCC cell sensitivity to radiation via the induction of autophagic cell death was determined, and the mechanism of action of this effect was investigated. The 786-O and OS-RC-2 human RCC cell lines were treated with 0.5 mg/ml ubenimex and different doses of irradiation (IR). The cell viability was measured using a colony-formation assay and flow cytometry. Acridine orange (AO)-ethidium bromide (EB) staining was assessed by fluorescence microscopy as an indicator of autophagic cell death. Protein expression was assessed by western blotting. Autophagosomes were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. RCC cells were used to evaluate the sensitivity to radiation using clonogenic survival and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Furthermore, these parameters were also tested at physiological oxygen levels. The AO-EB staining and flow cytometry of the OS-RC-2 cells indicated that the combined treatment significantly enhanced autophagic cell death compared with ubenimex or IR alone. Therefore, treatment with ubenimex did not significantly alter cell cycle progression but increased cell death when combined with radiation. An Akt agonist could significantly weaken this effect, indicating that ubenimex may act as an Akt inhibitor. Furthermore, the western blot analysis indicated that the combined treatment inhibited the Akt signaling pathway compared with ubenimex treatment or IR alone. Ubenimex may enhance RCC cell sensitivity to radiation by inducing cell autophagy. This induction changes the role of autophagy from protective to lethal in vitro, and this switch is associated with the inhibition of the Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jiaju Lu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Liping Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Police Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yongfei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Sentai Ding
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Dongbin Bi
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Niu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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RLIP76 Depletion Enhances Autophagic Flux in U251 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:555-562. [PMID: 27473470 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that RalA-binding protein 1 (RLIP76) is overexpressed in gliomas and is associated with higher tumour grade and decreased patient survival. Furthermore, RLIP76 downregulation increases chemosensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide by inducing apoptosis. However, other mechanisms underlying RLIP76-associated chemoresistance are unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of RLIP76 depletion on autophagy. RLIP76 was knocked down in U251 glioma cells using shRNA and autophagy-related proteins, and PI3K/Akt signalling components were evaluated. RLIP76 depletion significantly increased cell autophagy as demonstrated by a significant increase in LC3 II, autophagy protein 5 (ATG-5), and Beclin1, and a decrease in p62 expression levels. Furthermore, RLIP76 knockdown increased autophagic flux in U251 cells as autolysosome numbers increased relative to autophagosome numbers. Autophagy induced by RLIP76 knockdown resulted in increased apoptosis that was independent of temozolomide treatment. Moreover, RLIP76 knockdown decreased PI3K and Akt activation. RLIP76 depletion also resulted in decreased levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. LY294002, a PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor, led to increased autophagy and apoptosis in U251 RLIP76-depleted cells. Therefore, RLIP76 knockdown increased autophagic flux and apoptosis in U251 glioma cells, possibly through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, this study provides a novel mechanism for the role of RLIP76 in glioma pathogenesis and chemoresistance.
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Ondrej M, Cechakova L, Durisova K, Pejchal J, Tichy A. To live or let die: Unclear task of autophagy in the radiosensitization battle. Radiother Oncol 2016; 119:265-75. [PMID: 26993419 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced autophagy is believed to represent a radioprotective mechanism of cancer cells. Thus, its inhibition should support radiation treatment and increase its efficacy. On the other hand, there is evidence that radiation alone or in combination with various chemical agents can induce autophagy that results into increased cell death, especially within transformed apoptosis-resistant cells. In this paper, besides description of autophagic process and its relation to cancer and radiotherapy, we compared two contradictory radiosensitization approaches that employ inhibition and induction of autophagy. In spite of the classical concept based on cytoprotective model, there is a plethora of recently developed inducers of autophagy, which indicates the future trend in radiosensitization via modulation of autophagy. Because contemporary literature is conflicting and inconsistent in this respect, we reviewed the recent studies focused on enhancement of sensitivity of cancer cells toward radiation in regard to autophagy, revealing some striking discrepancies. The deeper the knowledge, the more complex this situation is. To interpret results of various studies correctly one has to take into account the methodology of autophagy assessment and also the fact that radiosensitization might be mediated by other than intrinsic mechanisms related to autophagy. Notwithstanding, targeting autophagy remains an attractive anti-tumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ondrej
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cechakova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Durisova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Tichy
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic; Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Zhang X, Shi H, Lin S, Ba M, Cui S. MicroRNA-216a enhances the radiosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting beclin-1-mediated autophagy. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1557-64. [PMID: 26134156 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance has become a challenge in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, which limits the efficacy and outcomes of radiotherapy in clinical treatment. Autophagy, recognized as an adaptive response to cell stress, has recently been involved in the radioresistance of cancer cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are also involved in the radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. In the present study, we established a radioresistant pancreatic cancer cell line and found that miRNA-216a was significantly downregulated whereas the autophagy activity was increased as compared with the control. Forced expression of miR-216a was found to inhibit the expression of beclin-1, a critical autophagic gene, as well as autophagy. Using bioinformatics analysis and the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, we found that miR-216a directly interacted with 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of beclin-1. Furthermore, the forced expression of miR‑216a inhibited cell growth and colony formation ability and promoted the cell apoptosis of radioresistant pancreatic cancer cells in response to irradiation. By contrast, overexpression of beclin-1 abrogated the effects of miR-216a. Furthermore, miR-216a sensitized xenograft tumor to irradiation treatment and inhibited irradiation-induced autophagy by regulating beclin-1. Collectively, the results demonstrated that miR‑216a enhanced the radiosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting beclin-1-mediated autophagy, suggesting a promising molecular target for improving the radiotherapy of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangliang Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shengqv Lin
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Mingchen Ba
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhong Cui
- Department of Abdominal Surgery (Section 2), The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
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Epigenetic Regulation of KLHL34 Predictive of Pathologic Response to Preoperative Chemoradiation Therapy in Rectal Cancer Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 91:650-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chakradeo S, Sharma K, Alhaddad A, Bakhshwin D, Le N, Harada H, Nakajima W, Yeudall WA, Torti SV, Torti FM, Gewirtz DA. Yet another function of p53--the switch that determines whether radiation-induced autophagy will be cytoprotective or nonprotective: implications for autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:803-14. [PMID: 25667224 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of autophagy inhibition on radiation sensitivity was studied in human breast, head and neck, and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, in cell lines that were either wild type or mutant/null in p53, and in cells where p53 was inducible or silenced. Whereas ionizing radiation promoted autophagy in all tumor cell lines studied, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy and/or genetic silencing of autophagy genes failed to influence sensitivity to radiation in p53 mutant Hs578t breast tumor cells, HN6 head and neck tumor cells, and H358 non-small cell lung cancer cells. The requirement for functional p53 in the promotion of cytoprotective autophagy by radiation was confirmed by the observation that radiation-induced autophagy was nonprotective in p53 null H1299 cells but was converted to the cytoprotective form with induction of p53. Conversely, whereas p53 wild-type HN30 head and neck cancer cells did show sensitization to radiation upon autophagy inhibition, HN30 cells in which p53 was knocked down using small hairpin RNA failed to be sensitized by pharmacological autophagy inhibition. Taken together, these findings indicate that radiation-induced autophagy can be either cytoprotective or nonprotective, a functional difference related to the presence or absence of function p53. Alternatively, these findings could be interpreted to suggest that whereas radiation can induce autophagy independent of p53 status, inhibition of autophagy promotes enhanced radiation sensitivity through a mechanism that requires functional p53. These observations are likely to have direct implications with respect to clinical efforts to modulate the response of malignancies to radiation through autophagy inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Chakradeo
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Khushboo Sharma
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Aisha Alhaddad
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Duaa Bakhshwin
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Ngoc Le
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Hisashi Harada
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Wataru Nakajima
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - W Andrew Yeudall
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Suzy V Torti
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Frank M Torti
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center (S.C., K.S., A.A., D.B., N.L., D.A.G.), and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry (H.H., W.N., W.A.Y.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and Departments of Molecular Biology and Biophysics (S.V.T.) and Medicine (F.M.T.), University of Connecticut Health Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut
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Yang B, Yu D, Liu J, Yang K, Wu G, Liu H. Antitumor activity of SAHA, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, against murine B cell lymphoma A20 cells in vitro and in vivo. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5051-61. [PMID: 25649979 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; vorinostat), the second generation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of cutaneous manifestations of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). It has also shown its anticancer activity over a large range of other hematological and solid malignancies, but few studies have been reported in B cell lymphoma. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antitumor activity of SAHA on murine B cell lymphoma cell line A20 cells. We treated A20 cells with different concentrations of SAHA. The effect of SAHA on the proliferation of A20 cells was studied by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium (MTT) assay in vitro; the anti-proliferation activity in vivo was evaluated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) of xenograft tumor tissues through immunocytochemical staining. Apoptosis were detected by Hoechst 33258 staining and Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double-labeled cytometry in vitro. The effect of SAHA on cell cycle of A20 cells was studied by a propidium iodide method. Autophagic cell death induced by SAHA was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Angiogenesis marker (CD31) was measured by immunocytochemical staining to investigate the anti-angiogenic effect of SAHA. Western blot was used to detect the expression of signaling pathway factors (phospho-AKT, phospho-ERK, AKT, ERK, Nur77, HIF-1α, and VEGF). Our results showed that SAHA inhibited the proliferation of A20 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, induced cell apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest of cell cycle, promoted autophagic cell death, and suppressed tumor progress in NCI-A20 cells nude mice xenograft model in vivo. SAHA decreased the activation of AKT (phospho-AKT: p-AKT) and ERK1/2 (phospho-ERK: p-ERK) proteins and inhibited the expression of pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF and HIF-1α), downregulated its downstream signaling factor (Nur77), which might be contributed to the antitumor mechanisms of SAHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
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Meng MB, Wang HH, Guo WH, Wu ZQ, Zeng XL, Zaorsky NG, Shi HS, Qian D, Niu ZM, Jiang B, Zhao LJ, Yuan ZY, Wang P. Targeting pyruvate kinase M2 contributes to radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:985-93. [PMID: 25444918 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic hallmark of cancer, is associated with radioresistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2), a key regulator of glycolysis, is expressed exclusively in cancers. However, the impact of PKM2 silencing on the radiosensitivity of NSCLC has not been explored. Here, we show a plasmid of shRNA-PKM2 for expressing a short hairpin RNA targeting PKM2 (pshRNA-PKM2) and demonstrate that treatment with pshRNA-PKM2 effectively inhibits PKM2 expression in NSCLC cell lines and xenografts. Silencing of PKM2 expression enhanced ionizing radiation (IR)-induced apoptosis and autophagy in vitro and in vivo, accompanied by inhibiting AKT and PDK1 phosphorylation, but enhanced ERK and GSK3β phosphorylation. These results demonstrated that knockdown of PKM2 expression enhances the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cell lines and xenografts as well as may aid in the design of new therapies for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Bin Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Huan-Huan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wen-Hao Guo
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Clinical Medicine School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xian-Liang Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Nicholas G Zaorsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Hua-Shan Shi
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Clinical Medicine School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhi-Min Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Lu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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High dose ionizing radiation regulates micro RNA and gene expression changes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:814. [PMID: 25257395 PMCID: PMC4182888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High dose ionizing radiation (IR) induces potent toxic cell effects mediated by either direct DNA damage or the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). IR-induced modulations in multiple biological processes have been proposed to be partly regulated by radiosensitive microRNA (miRNA). In order to gain new insights into the role of miRNAs in the regulation of biological processes after IR, we have investigated changes in mRNA and miRNA expression after high dose IR. Results IR induced changes in the mRNA and miRNA profiles of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). When comparing non-irradiated and irradiated samples, we detected a time-dependent increase in differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs, with the highest differences detectable 20 hours after exposure. Gene ontology analysis revealed that very early events (up to 4 hours) after irradiation were specifically associated with p53 signaling and apoptotic pathways, whereas a large number of diverse cellular processes were deregulated after 20 hours. Transcription factor analysis of all up-regulated genes confirmed the importance of p53 in the early post-irradiation phase. When analyzing miRNA expression, we found 177 miRNAs that were significantly regulated in the late post-irradiation phase. Integrating miRNA and target gene expression data, we found a significant negative correlation between miRNA-mRNA and identified hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) as a transcription factor down-regulated in the response to IR. These regulated miRNAs and the HLF target genes were involved in modulating radio-responsive pathways, such as apoptosis, the MAKP signaling pathway, endocytosis, and cytokine-cytokine interactions. Conclusion Using a large dataset of mRNA and miRNA expression profiles, we describe the interplay of mRNAs and miRNAs in the regulation of gene expression in response to IR at a posttranscriptional level and their involvement in the modulation of radiation-induced biological pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-814) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kim EJ, Jeong JH, Bae S, Kang S, Kim CH, Lim YB. mTOR inhibitors radiosensitize PTEN-deficient non-small-cell lung cancer cells harboring an EGFR activating mutation by inducing autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2014; 114:1248-56. [PMID: 23592446 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical resistance to gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), in patients with lung cancer has been linked to acquisition of the T790M resistance mutation in activated EGFR or amplification of MET. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss has been recently reported as a gefitinib resistance mechanism in lung cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with acquired gefitinib resistance caused by PTEN deficiency to suggest radiotherapy as an alternative to EGFR TKIs. PTEN deficient-mediated gefitinib resistance was generated in HCC827 cells, an EGFR TKI sensitive NSCLC cell line, by PTEN knockdown with a lentiviral vector expressing short hairpin RNA-targeting PTEN. The impact of PTEN knockdown on sensitivity to radiation in the presence or absence of PTEN downstream signaling inhibitors was investigated. PTEN knockdown conferred acquired resistance not only to gefitinib but also to radiation on HCC827 cells. mTOR inhibitors alone failed to reduce HCC827 cell viability, regardless of PTEN expression, but ameliorated PTEN knockdown-induced radioresistance. PTEN knockdown-mediated radioresistance was accompanied by repression of radiation-induced cytotoxic autophagy, and treatment with mTOR inhibitors released the repression of cytotoxic autophagy to overcome PTEN knockdown-induced radioresistance in HCC827 cells. These results suggest that inhibiting mTOR signaling could be an effective strategy to radiosensitize NSCLC harboring the EGFR activating mutation that acquires resistance to both TKIs and radiotherapy due to PTEN loss or inactivation mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Kim
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
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YI HEQING, LONG BIN, YE XUEMEI, ZHANG LIJUN, LIU XIAODONG, ZHANG CHUNYAN. Autophagy: A potential target for thyroid cancer therapy (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 2:661-665. [PMID: 25054028 PMCID: PMC4106736 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The sharply increasing incidence of thyroid cancer has attracted considerable attention over the last few years. The combination of surgery, radioiodine ablation and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression is usually efficient for the majority of thyroid tumors. However, advanced thyroid cancer that is recurrent, metastatic and 131I-refractory, or medullary thyroid cancer, pose a therapeutic challenge. Autophagy is a process that metabolizes damaged cytoplasmic organelles and long-lived proteins in order to recycle cellular materials and maintain homeostasis. It has been confirmed that autophagy plays a dual role during cancer development, progression and treatment, mainly depending on the type and stage of the tumor. Autophagy modulation has become a potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases. The mechanism of thyroid tumorigenesis and cancer progression was largely demonstrated to be correlated with the dysregulation of the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways, as well as with abnormal epigenetic modifications. Those mechanisms are associated with autophagy regulation and may be beneficial for the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer. However, the number of available studies on the role of autophagy in thyroid cancer development, progression and treatment outcome, is currently limited. The aim of this review was to elaborate on the relevant knowledge and future prospectives of autophagy in the treatment of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- HEQING YI
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - BIN LONG
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - XUEMEI YE
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - LIJUN ZHANG
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - XIAODONG LIU
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - CHUNYAN ZHANG
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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Maycotte P, Thorburn A. Targeting autophagy in breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:224-240. [PMID: 25114840 PMCID: PMC4127596 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy here) is an intracellular degradation pathway enhanced in response to a variety of stresses and in response to nutrient deprivation. This process provides the cell with nutrients and energy by degrading aggregated and damaged proteins as well as compromised organelles. Since autophagy has been linked to diverse diseases including cancer, it has recently become a very interesting target in breast cancer treatment. Indeed, current clinical trials are trying to use chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, alone or in combination with other drugs to inhibit autophagy during breast cancer therapy since chemotherapy and radiation, regimens that are used to treat breast cancer, are known to induce autophagy in cancer cells. Importantly, in breast cancer, autophagy has been involved in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and to anti-estrogens. Moreover, a close relationship has recently been described between autophagy and the HER2 receptor. Here, we discuss some of the recent findings relating autophagy and cancer with a particular focus on breast cancer therapy.
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40
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Gold nanoparticle cellular uptake, toxicity and radiosensitisation in hypoxic conditions. Radiother Oncol 2014; 110:342-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Liu J, Zhu H, Yang X, Ge Y, Zhang C, Qin Q, Lu J, Zhan L, Cheng H, Sun X. MicroRNA-21 is a novel promising target in cancer radiation therapy. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:3975-9. [PMID: 24446181 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent an important nonprotein part of the human genome in tumor biology. Among the several types of miRNAs, microRNA-21 (miR-21) is dysregulated in several types of cancer and plays a key role in carcinogenesis, recurrence, and metastasis. Thus, it can be a potential target for cancer therapy including radiation therapy. In this review, we focus on miR-21, which has been identified in human cancer tissues, to suggest reasonable strategies for future research. miR-21 may have an influence on cell cycle, DNA damage repair, apoptosis, autophagy, and hypoxia of cancer during irradiation. We review the use of miR-21 in cancer radiation therapy and describe the known functions and possible underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-21 in radiosensitivity and radioresistance. Furthermore, the current and potential future applications of miR-21 in cancer radiation therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Rd, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Nagelkerke A, Bussink J, van der Kogel AJ, Sweep FCGJ, Span PN. The PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm of the unfolded protein response affects radioresistance by interfering with the DNA damage response. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108:415-21. [PMID: 23891100 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lysosome-associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3) is induced by the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) during hypoxia. LAMP3 has prognostic value in breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Here, we specifically investigated the role of the PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm in the radiation response of breast cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells was examined after siRNA-mediated knockdown of PERK, ATF4 and LAMP3. Activation of DNA damage repair proteins was evaluated by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Knockdown of the PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm and chemical inhibition of PERK could radiosensitise MDA-MB-231 cells significantly. Western blot analysis of several DNA damage repair proteins showed that LAMP3 knockdowns had an attenuated DNA damage response after radiation compared to controls. γ-H2AX foci analysis revealed that LAMP3 knockdowns had a reduced number of positive cells after irradiation, indicating that their DNA damage repair signalling response is decreased. In addition, the effect of autophagy inhibition was examined and revealed a radiosensitising effect and the presence of residual γ-H2AX foci. CONCLUSIONS The PERK/ATF4/LAMP3-arm causes radioresistance of breast cancer cells by increasing DNA damage repair signalling. Inhibition of PERK and/or autophagy may sensitise tumours to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Nagelkerke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Pang XL, He G, Liu YB, Wang Y, Zhang B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress sensitizes human esophageal cancer cell to radiation. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1736-1748. [PMID: 23555162 PMCID: PMC3607750 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i11.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cancer radiotherapy and its molecular mechanism.
METHODS: Tunicamycin (TM) was applied to induce ER stress in human esophageal cancer cell line EC109, and the radiosensitization effects were detected by acute cell death and clonogenic survival assay. Cell cycle arrest induced by TM was determined by flow cytometric analysis after the cellular DNA content was labeled with propidium iodide. Apoptosis of EC109 cells induced by TM was detected by annexin V staining and Western blotting of caspase-3 and its substrate poly ADP-ribose polymerase. Autophagic response was determined by acridine orange (AO) staining and Western blotting of microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain-3 (LC3) and autophagy related gene 5 (ATG5). In order to test the biological function of autophagy, specific inhibitor or Beclin-1 knockdown was used to inhibit autophagy, and its effect on cell apoptosis was thus detected. Additionally, involvement of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was also detected by Western blotting. Finally, male nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with EC109 cells were used to confirm cell model observations.
RESULTS: Our results showed that TM treatment enhanced cell death and reduced the colony survival fraction induced by ionizing radiation (IR), which suggested an obvious radiosensitization effect of TM. Moreover, TM and IR combination treatment led to a significant increase of G2/M phase and apoptotic cells, compared with IR alone. We also observed an increase of AO positive cells, and the protein level of LC3-II and ATG5 was induced by TM treatment, which suggested an autophagic response in EC109 cells. However, inhibition of autophagy by using a chemical inhibitor or Beclin-1 silencing led to increased cell apoptosis and decreased cell viability, which suggested a cytoprotective role of autophagy in stressed EC109 cells. Furthermore, TM treatment also activated mTORC1, and in turn reduced Akt phosphorylation, which suggested the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway was involved in the TM-induced autophagic response in EC109 cells. Tumor xenograft results also showed synergistic retarded tumor growth by TM treatment and IR, as well as the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
CONCLUSION: Our data showed that TM treatment sensitized human esophageal cancer cells to radiation via apoptosis and autophagy both in vitro and in vivo.
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Palumbo S, Comincini S. Autophagy and ionizing radiation in tumors: the "survive or not survive" dilemma. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:1-8. [PMID: 22585676 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a so-called "self-eating" system responsible for degrading long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles, whose products are recycled to maintain cellular homeostasis. This ability makes autophagy a good candidate for a survival mechanism in response to several stresses, including the tumor cell transformation. In particular, recent studies suggested that autophagy functions as a pro-death mechanism within different tumor contexts. It is, however, widely reported that autophagy represents both a survival mechanism or contributes directly to cell death fate. This interplay of the autophagy functions has been observed in many types of cancers and, in some cases, autophagy has been demonstrated to both promote and inhibit antitumor drug resistance. From a therapeutical point of view, the effects of the modulation of the tumor cell autophagic status, in response to ionizing radiations, are presently of particular relevance in oncology. Accordingly, this review also provides a perspective view on future works for exploring the modulation of autophagic indices in tumor cells as a novel molecular-based adjuvant strategy, in order to improve radiotherapy and chemotherapy effects in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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46
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Gwak HS, Kim TH, Jo GH, Kim YJ, Kwak HJ, Kim JH, Yin J, Yoo H, Lee SH, Park JB. Silencing of microRNA-21 confers radio-sensitivity through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway and enhancing autophagy in malignant glioma cell lines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47449. [PMID: 23077620 PMCID: PMC3471817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is a core part of therapy for malignant glioma and is often provided following debulking surgery. However, resistance to radiation occurs in most patients, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of radio-resistance are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that microRNA 21 (miR-21), a well-known onco-microRNA in malignant glioma, is one of the major players in radio-resistance. Radio-resistance in different malignant glioma cell lines measured by cytotoxic cell survival assay was closely associated with miR-21 expression level. Blocking miR-21 with anti-miR-21 resulted in radio-sensitization of U373 and U87 cells, whereas overexpression of miR-21 lead to a decrease in radio-sensitivity of LN18 and LN428 cells. Anti-miR-21 sustained γ-H2AX DNA foci formation, which is an indicator of double-strand DNA damage, up to 24 hours and suppressed phospho-Akt (ser473) expression after exposure to γ-irradiation. In a cell cycle analysis, a significant increase in the G2/M phase transition by anti-miR-21 was observed at 48 hours after irradiation. Interestingly, our results showed that anti-miR-21 increased factors associated with autophagosome formation and autophagy activity, which was measured by acid vesicular organelles, LC3 protein expression, and the percentage of GFP-LC3 positive cells. Furthermore, augmented autophagy by anti-miR-21 resulted in an increase in the apoptotic population after irradiation. Our results show that miR-21 is a pivotal molecule for circumventing radiation-induced cell death in malignant glioma cells through the regulation of autophagy and provide a novel phenomenon for the acquisition of radio-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Shin Gwak
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Guk Heui Jo
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Youn-Jae Kim
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kwak
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Heon Yoo
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Goehe RW, Di X, Sharma K, Bristol ML, Henderson SC, Valerie K, Rodier F, Davalos AR, Gewirtz DA. The autophagy-senescence connection in chemotherapy: must tumor cells (self) eat before they sleep? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:763-78. [PMID: 22927544 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.197590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of MCF-7 breast tumor cells or HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells to clinically relevant concentrations of doxorubicin (Adriamycin; Farmitalia Research Laboratories, Milan, Italy) or camptothecin results in both autophagy and senescence. To determine whether autophagy is required for chemotherapy-induced senescence, reactive oxygen generation induced by Adriamycin was suppressed by N-acetyl cysteine and glutathione, and the induction of ataxia telangiectasia mutated, p53, and p21 was modulated pharmacologically and/or genetically. In all cases, autophagy and senescence were collaterally suppressed. The close association between autophagy and senescence indicated by these experiments reflects their collateral regulation via common signaling pathways. The potential relationship between autophagy and senescence was further examined through pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine and 3-methyl-adenine and genetic ablation of the autophagy-related genes ATG5 and ATG7. However, inhibition of autophagy by pharmacological and genetic approaches could not entirely abrogate the senescence response, which was only reduced and/or delayed. Taken together, our findings suggest that autophagy and senescence tend to occur in parallel, and furthermore that autophagy accelerates the development of the senescent phenotype. However, these responses are not inexorably linked or interdependent, as senescence can occur when autophagy is abrogated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Goehe
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Golden EB, Pellicciotta I, Demaria S, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Formenti SC. The convergence of radiation and immunogenic cell death signaling pathways. Front Oncol 2012; 2:88. [PMID: 22891162 PMCID: PMC3413017 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) triggers programmed cell death in tumor cells through a variety of highly regulated processes. Radiation-induced tumor cell death has been studied extensively in vitro and is widely attributed to multiple distinct mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, mitotic catastrophe (MC), autophagy, and senescence, which may occur concurrently. When considering tumor cell death in the context of an organism, an emerging body of evidence suggests there is a reciprocal relationship in which radiation stimulates the immune system, which in turn contributes to tumor cell kill. As a result, traditional measurements of radiation-induced tumor cell death, in vitro, fail to represent the extent of clinically observed responses, including reductions in loco-regional failure rates and improvements in metastases free and overall survival. Hence, understanding the immunological responses to the type of radiation-induced cell death is critical. In this review, the mechanisms of radiation-induced tumor cell death are described, with particular focus on immunogenic cell death (ICD). Strategies combining radiotherapy with specific chemotherapies or immunotherapies capable of inducing a repertoire of cancer specific immunogens might potentiate tumor control not only by enhancing cell kill but also through the induction of a successful anti-tumor vaccination that improves patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encouse B Golden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University New York, NY, USA
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Lhakhang TW, Chaudhry MA. Interactome of Radiation-Induced microRNA-Predicted Target Genes. Comp Funct Genomics 2012; 2012:569731. [PMID: 22924026 PMCID: PMC3424689 DOI: 10.1155/2012/569731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The microRNAs (miRNAs) function as global negative regulators of gene expression and have been associated with a multitude of biological processes. The dysfunction of the microRNAome has been linked to various diseases including cancer. Our laboratory recently reported modulation in the expression of miRNA in a variety of cell types exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). To further understand miRNA role in IR-induced stress pathways, we catalogued a set of common miRNAs modulated in various irradiated cell lines and generated a list of predicted target genes. Using advanced bioinformatics tools we identified cellular pathways where miRNA predicted target genes function. The miRNA-targeted genes were found to play key roles in previously identified IR stress pathways such as cell cycle, p53 pathway, TGF-beta pathway, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, focal adhesion pathway, MAPK signaling, thyroid cancer pathway, adherens junction, insulin signaling pathway, oocyte meiosis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and renal cell carcinoma pathway. Interestingly, we were able to identify novel targeted pathways that have not been identified in cellular radiation response, such as aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, long-term potentiation, and neutrotrophin signaling pathways. Our analysis indicates that the miRNA interactome in irradiated cells provides a platform for comprehensive modeling of the cellular stress response to IR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin W. Lhakhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, University of Vermont, 302 Rowell Building, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - M. Ahmad Chaudhry
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, University of Vermont, 302 Rowell Building, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Anbalagan S, Pires IM, Blick C, Hill MA, Ferguson DJP, Chan DA, Hammond EM. Radiosensitization of renal cell carcinoma in vitro through the induction of autophagy. Radiother Oncol 2012; 103:388-93. [PMID: 22551566 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE For patients diagnosed with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), there are few therapeutic options. Radiation therapy is predominantly used to treat metastasis and has not proven effective in the adjuvant setting for renal cancer. Furthermore, RCC is resistant to standard cytotoxic chemotherapies. Targeted anti-angiogenics are the standard of care for RCC but are not curative. Newer agents, such as mTOR inhibitors and others that induce autophagy, have shown great promise for treating RCC. Here, we investigate the potential use of the small molecule STF-62247 to modulate radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using RCC cell lines, we evaluate sensitivity to radiation in addition to agents that induce autophagic cell death by clonogenic survival assays. Furthermore, these were also tested under physiological oxygen levels. RESULTS STF-62247 specifically induces autophagic cell death in cells that have lost VHL, an essential mutation in the development of RCC. Treatment with STF-62247 did not alter cell cycle progression but when combined with radiation increased cell killing under oxic and hypoxic/physiological conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the possibility of combining targeted therapeutics such as STF-62247 or temsirolimus with radiation to reduce the reliance on partial or full nephrectomy and improve patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Anbalagan
- The Cancer Research UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
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